This ease has not been tried upon the real and decisive issue raised by the pleadings, but we will consider this question presently and in its order. A careful review of the evidence, the course of the trial, and development of the case, the charge of the court and the issues, leads us to conclude that the jury disobeyed the instructions upon the sixth issue, and it may be clearly inferred that the trial judge set aside the verdict as to the sixth and seventh issues because of this fact. The jury were charged that, if it was found from the evidence the representation in the application mentioned in the first three issues was material, they should answer the sixth issue “No,” or if they found that the agent of defendant, V. T. Lamb, did not ratify the “binding receipt” (if it was void), and that John B. Gardner was sick with typhoid fever when he received the policy, they should answer the sixth issue “No,” even though they found that the representation 'was not material. This instruction was not followed by the jury. The false and material representation has something to do with the ‘Finding receipt” and to the extent hereinafter indicated.
The effect of the “binding receipt” was correctly stated by Judige Qline, and it is thus defined in Yance on Insurance, p. 160: “The binding slip is merely a written memorandum of the most important terms of a preliminary contract of insurance, intended to give temporary protection pending the investigation of the risk by the insurer, or until the issue of a formal *372policy. By intendment, it is subject to all tbe conditions in tbe policy to be issued. These informal writings are but incomplete and temporary contracts — memoranda given in aid of parol agreements. Sucb memoranda usually fix all tbe essential provisions tbat are variable, but tbey are not ordinarily intended to include all tbe terms of tbe agreement, and always look to tbe formal policy tbat is expected subsequently to issue for a complete statement of tbe contract made. Hence, as heretofore stated, tbe contract evidenced by tbe binding slip is subject to all tbe conditions of tbe contemplated policy, even though it may never issue, and tbe same is true of other informal written contracts.” Lipman v. Insurance Co., 121 N. Y., 454.
In what has been said or what will hereinafter be said, it must not be understood tbat we are deciding whether, where a “binding slip” has been delivered to tbe applicant, tbe company, in tbe event of bis death or illness occurring subsequently, but before tbe acceptance of tbe application, can arbitrarily or even unreasonably reject it or withhold its approval or the approval of tbe medical director, and thereby avoid its liability, under tbe clause in tbe binding slip requiring tbe approval of tbe application by tbe medical director of tbe company before tbe issuance shall take effect. This course was-taken in Grier v. Insurance Co., 132 N. C., 542, tbe policies having been delivered in both cases, tbe only difference in tbe two being tbat in Grier’s case there was no allegation of fraud or a false and material representation, while in this case there is. We are confining ourselves to a consideration of tbe false representation and its effect upon tbe later transactions. Nor do we pass upon tbe question whether tbe “binding slip” was actually delivered, as tbe jury have, by clear implication from their answer to tbe fifth issue, found as a fact tbat it was, contrary to defendant’s contention tbat it was not delivered. When properly executed, the “binding slip” protects tbe applicant for insurance against tbe contingency of sickness intervening its date and tbe delivery of tbe policy, if tbe application for insurance is accepted. If tbe application is not accepted in tbe proper exercise' of tbe company’s right, and tbe insurance, therefore, is refused, tbe “binding slip” ceases eo instanti to have any effect. It does *373not insure of itself, but is merely a provision against any illness supervening it, if there is afterwards an acceptance of the application, upon which it depends for its vitality. This view, which is the prevailing one, if there is anything to the contrary, is clearly stated by the Chief Justice in Grier v. Insurance Co., 132 N. C., 542, where it is said that the risk of future illness, that is, after the date of the “binding receipt,” is taken by the company, if it afterwards accepts the application or the insurance becomes effective, and the insurance relates back to the date of the receipt; and further, that the receipt of the premium acknowledged in the policy and the recital of the fact that the policy was delivered while the insured was in good health cannot be contradicted, in the absence of fraud or other sufficient equitable element, as they affect the validity of the contract of insurance, which cannot be impeached in this collateral way. This.is sound doctrine, when confined within its proper limits, and not only is it such, but it is also eminently just. The com-2oany can show that the manual delivery of the policy was conditional, for this goes to the execution of the contract, or it may prove fraud or other equitable matter in the same way, for the purpose of showing that it never took effect as a contract, as in Garrison v. Machine Co., 159 N. C., 285; Pratt v. Chaffin, 136 N. C., 350; Powell v. Insurance Co., 153 N. C., 124; but when the policy is once delivered and becomes effective as a contract, statements therein which, if falsified, will affect its continued validity, cannot be contradicted with a view to avoid the insurance. The entire subject is fully discussed in Grier’s case, supra, and to some extent in Kendrick v. Insurance Co., 124 N. C., 315, and Rayburn v. Casualty Co., 138 N. C., 379. See, also, Joyce on Insurance, sec. 64.
It became material to inquire whether the company, by its agent with competent authority, had ratified the execution of the binding receipt, as the policy itself was delivered to John B. Gardner, while he was ill with typhoid fever which resulted in his death, the application, which he signed, providing that it should be issued and delivered and the premium paid while he is in good health, in order to be binding upon the company. We will not stop to consider the question whether the evidence *374was sufficient to warrant the peremptory instruction of the court, that Y. T. Lamb had,the requisite power to ratify, as the evidence may be changed at the next trial and present the matter in a different aspect, rendering premature and futile any discussion of it at present; and, besides, this decision may cause it to be considered in a different w;ay. Of course, an agent must have authority in order to bind his principal. This is axiomatic. 1 Joyce on Insurance, sec. 64.
But, as. we have intimated, the underlying question in this case, which affects both what is called the “binding slip or receipt” and the validity of the policy, is, whether the company, by itself or its duly authorized agent,” has waived the benefit of the false representation made in the application, with full knowledge of the facts. If the representation made in the application was false and material,. and the jury so found, and the company was ignorant of its falsity, it vitiates the so-called binding receipt” and the policy, unless the company has in some way waived it by its conduct and with full knowledge of ■ the facts. “A false representation avoids a contract of insurance when material, and wholly without reference to the intent with which it is made, unless it is otherwise provided by statute.” 'Yance on Insurance, p. 269. We need not inquire whether this rule is too broadly stated by Mr. Yance, as it applies, with the meaning intended by him, to the facts of this case, and it has been stated by this Court substantially in the same terms. Every fact which is untruly stated or wrongfully suppressed must be regarded as material, if the knowledge or ignorance of it would naturally and reasonably influence the judgment of the underwriter in making the contract at all, or in estimating the degree or character of the risk, or' in fixing the rate of premium. 16 Am. and Eng. Enc. of-Law (2 Ed.), 933; Yance on Insurance, 284. This definition was adopted by us in Fishblate v. Fidelity Co., 140 N. C., 689, and has since been approved several times, and is also the definition of other courts. Bryant v. Insurance Co., 147 N. C., 181; Alexander v. Insurance Co., 150 N. C., 536; Annuity Co. v. Forrest, 152 N. C., 621; A. L. Insurance Co. v. Conway, 75 S. E. (Ga.), 915; Maddox v. Insurance Co., 65 S. E., 789; Tally v. Insur *375 ance Co., 111 Va., 778; Penn. M. Life Insurance Co. v. N. S. and Trust Co., 38 L. R. A. (N. S.), 33; 3 Cooley’s Briefs on Insurance, p. 1953; Yance on Insurance, pp. 267, 269:
It may be stated as-a general rule that where, in an application for insurance, a fact is specifically inquired about, or the question is so framed as to call for a true statement of the fact, or to elicit the information desired, reason and justice alike demand that there should be a fair and full disclosure of the fact, or at least a substantial one. 3 Cooley’s Briefs on Insurance, p. 2009 (d).
Our case is not essentially different from Alexander v. Insurance Co., supra, in which this Court said: “The company was imposed upon (whether fraudulently or not is immaterial) by such representation, and induced to enter into the contract. In such case it has been said by the highest Court that, ‘Assuming that both parties acted in good faith, justice would require that the contract be canceled and premiums returned.’ Insurance Co. v. Fletcher, 117 U. S., 519,” citing Bryant v. Insurance Co., supra, as decisive of the question. Our statute, Ee-visal of 1905, sec. 4808, affirms this view, .for while it declares that all statements in an application for insurance shall be construed as representations merely, and not as warranties, it further provides that no representation, unless material or fraudulent, shall prevent a recovery, the meaning of which plainly is; that a material representation shall avoid the policy if it is also false and calculated to influence the company, if without notice of its falsity, in making the contract at all, or in estimating the degree and character of the risk, or in fixing the premium. Bryant v. Insurance Co., supra. Our case is well within this -rule.
It is not necessary, as said in Fishblate’s case, “that the act or conduct of the insured, which was represented by him in the application, should have contributed in some-way or degree to the loss or damage, for which the indemnity is claimed.” Whether it was material depends upon how, if at all, it would have influenced the company in the respect we have just stated. The determining factor, therefore, in such case is, whether the answer would have influenced the company in deciding for *376itself, and in its.own interest, the important question of accepting the risk, and what rate of premium should be charged. The questions generally are framed with a view to estimating upon the longevity of the applicant, and any answer calculated to mislead the company in regard thereto should be considered as material. There are some contingencies that cannot be provided against, but the company is entitled to have a fair and honest answer to every question, which will enable it to exercise its judgment intelligently and to have the necessary information as a basis upon which to make its calculations, although its best deduction therefrom may only approximate the actual result in the particular case. 3 Cooley’s Briefs on Law of Insurance, pp. 1952, 1953; Insurance Co. v. Conway, 11 Ga. Appeals, 557. The applicant is required to act in the utmost faith in giving the information. Insurance Co. v. Conway, supra. In life insurance, it is important for the company to know the individual history and characteristics of the applicant, his idiosyncrasies, or the peculiarities of his mental -and physical constitution or temperament, and his environment at the time of his application. In no other way could the 'risk or hazard be well determined, or the premium fixed. Is he weak in body or in mind, and if so, to what extent and in what particular way, and what are his inherited traits or the mental and qihysical characteristics of his progenitors? The inquiry must be not only individual, but ancestral, and the investigation searching as to his past life and future intentions, as experience has shown, in order to make anything like a reliable estimate of the risk to be incurred. And his habits and surroundings are also to be known, considered, and weighed. Has he been exposed to any contagious, infectious, or transmissible disease, is a perfectly legitimate inquiry. Does he propose to change his residence, so that his exposure to climatic or other diseases will be greater and the hazard correspondingly increased? These and many other questions of like kind any prudent man engaged in the business of life insurance would be more than likely to ask, and the answers to them would surely tend to shape the judgment of the underwriter and influence his decision in regard to the risk. • Any insurance company that *377would, issue a policy or contract for insurance upon any other basis and without proper inquiry would be so reckless as to forfeit the confidence of the public.
However it may be generally, in our case it appears that the applicant had been intimately associated with his wife, who was afflicted with typhoid fever, requiring seventeen medical visits for treatment. He nursed his wife and a child in the same house afflicted with the same disease, throughout their illness, and shortly afterwards was himself attacked by it and died. There was ample evidence to show that typhoid fever is transmissible from one person to another in various ways — by flies and other insects, drinking-water, milk and other substances of a like kind, when infected by flies, which carry the fatal germs from the stools or excreta of the typhoid patient. It was testified that when there is typhoid fever in a house or on the premises, it presents a very dangerous situation for those who occupy them or who visit there, as they are thereby brought in close contact with the germ-laden substances and are more exposed to infection. A person physically -able to resist or throw off the disease may escape, or he may be so fortunate as not to become the victim of the germ bearers, but he is nevertheless in dangerous surroundings, where the chances of infection are greater than if he were more remote from the premises of the patient. There was also evidence that the application for insurance would have been rejected had the question been correctly answered. John B. Gardner knew, or rather must have known, at the time he answered the question, that he had very recently been intimately associated with his sick wife as her nurse during her severe illness, and the company, if ignorant of the fact, was misled by his answer as to the truth of the matter. Under the charge of the court, which is sustained by our decisions, and was in accordance with the established doctrine, the jury found that the representation was false and was also material, and there was evidence to support the finding. This being so, the question is, Did the defendant, with knowledge of the facts by itself or its agent, waive its right to insist upon this false statement, and, thereby, ratify the “binding slip”? If it did, then the slip being valid; the company took *378the risk of the illness of the assured occurring subsequent to its date, and the policy was rightfully delivered by defendant’s agent to Gardner, although he was sick at the. time. Grier v. Insurance Co., supra. If it did not thus waive its right, the next question will be, Did the agent deliver the policy, not knowing that the statement in the application was false, and being led thereby to believe that the slip was valid and, of itself, bound him- to deliver the policy, and was he influenced by this fact to deliver the policy ? This all relates to the valid execution of the policy, and does not contradict or vary its terms.
It will not be denied, we should think, that there can be no legal waiver of a right without a knowledge of the right which is claimed to have been relinquished. The doctrine is well stated in 29 Am. and Eng. Enc. of Law, at p. 1093: “There can be mo waiver, unless the person against whom it is claimed had full knowledge of his rights and of facts which will enable him to take effectual action for their enforcement. No one can acquiesce in a wrong while ignorant that it has been committed, and that the effect of his action will be to confirm it.” If there was any fraudulent or collusive agreement between the agent and Gardner for the delivery of the policy in disregard of the company’s rights, it would avoid the entire transaction and defeat plaintiff’s recovery, for fraud vitiates everything. In such case, the agent would be representing himself, and not his principal, and his authority to speak or act for him would cease, as the party claiming the insurance and who assisted in the fraud or was porticeps criminis cannot take 'advantage of his own or the agent’s wrong. “A contract made by an agent under the influence of bribery (or fraud or collusion) or one made to the knowledge of the other party, in fraud of the principal, is voidable by the latter.” Tiffany oh Agency, pp. 229-326; Sprinkle v. Indemnity Co., 124 N. C., 405. But the other party (here Gardner) must have had knowledge of the principal’s right and that the agent was defrauding his principal, or was disobeying instructions, or acting without the scope of his employment, or he must have colluded with him and thereby obtained something belonging to thé principal without being legally entitled thereto. “An agent cannot be allowed to put *379himself into a position in which his interest and his duty will-be in conflict, and if a person who contracts with an agent so deals with him as to give the agent an interest against the principal, the latter, on discovering the fact, may rescind the contract, notwithstanding that it was within the scope of the agent’s authority. Thus, a gratuity given, or promise of commission or reward made to an agent for the purpose of influencing the execution of the agency, vitiates a contract subsequently made by him, as being presumptively made under that influence.” Tiffany on Agency, p. 229. Under such circumstances of fraud or collusion, notice to the faithless agent of Gardner’s illness or any other vital fact would not be imputed to the company, his defrauded principal. Tiffany on Agency, pp. 262-3; Sprinkle v. Indemnity Co., 124 N. C., 405; Bank v. Burgwyn, 110 N. C., 267; Stanford v. Grocery Co., 143 N. C., 419. The Sprinkle decision is very much in point, both as to the fraud of the agent and its effect upon the question of notice to the principal of his faithless conduct. The case, in this aspect, may be submitted to the jury, if the defendant so desires and tenders a proper issue for the purpose.
We can now see how important it is to have additional issues or a modification of the present ones, except the first four of them, for in the light of the- entire case — pleadings, evidence, charge and verdict — neither the plaintiff nor the defendant was entitled to a judgment, the verdict having fallen short of presenting all the essential facts, and the Court, therefore, being unable to determine the rights of the parties and pronounce judgment. As some confusion may arise" if we retain any part of the verdict, for instance, as to the first four issues, we will set aside the entire finding and let the parties begin anew, which will be in the nature of a repleader, though not technically so, and it is so ordered.'
New trial.