— I shall place this cause upon a cingle point — the defence set up under the statute of limitation, which depends upon the right of the Defendants to use in this Court, their grants from the state as colour of title. I consider it entirely unimportant to either party, whether the lands were granted to Cossart in trust for the Unitas Fratrum, and if so, whether the trust was valid. For if both propositions were decided in the affirmative, if Cossart has lost his estate, the cestui que trusts have lost theirs also — "their interest being s *258mere shallow of the legal estate, -vanishes when that ceases to exist, that is, when a different one arises, or in jthe language of the law, where another comes in the post †0 an es{ate in the lands. I do not. mean where the estate, to which the trusts were annexed, falls into other hands than those appointed by the creator of the trust to take it; as where the devisee in trust, dies before the de-visor, there the heir takes the estate subject to the trust. Tho law is the same as to tenants by the curtesy, tenant in dower, and the bargainee under a bargain and sale, who are said not to come in by the trustee, but by the law, their estates being the same with that of the trustee, and cast upon them by law, although not created by the act of the party., Nothing but the technical expressions, the per and the post, and not going beyond the letter of the maxim into the principle upon which it is founded, can for a moment sustain the idea, that those estates were detached from the trusts. But the lord who comes in by escheat above his tenant’s estate, the abator, the intruder, the disseisor, who thereby acquire a new estate, are not affected by the trust; and if as against them the trustee loses the legal estate, the trusts imme» mediately vanish, a: the shadow disappears when the substance is gone. The trusts remain dormant, until the legal estate is regained by the trustee, when they immediately spring up again. The Plaintiffs, or more properly those who claim Cossart’s estate, cannot attach a trust upon the estate of the Defendants, through the medium of the state, upon the idea, that she, upon the alienage of Cossart, succeeded to his estate, subject to the Moravian trust if any existed; and that the lands were then granted, subject to the same trusts.— For in reality, Cossart’s estate did not come to the state at all, neither by the revolution, nor by the confiscation acts, according to the principles adopted in the case of Campbell v. McArthur.
*259The. Plaintiffs equity is to have the grants of the De-jendaut surrendered up, as fraudulently obtained, both as against the state, and against them. It is shown that long before the 4th of July, A. I), 1776, the lands jn question, were granted by Lord Granville, the then pro-psieior, to Cossart; and that the Defendants with a knowledge of that fact, for rumor in Court is knowledge, entered and obtained grants ¡Tor them from the state, under our entry laws, as vacant ami unappropriated lands, in violation of both the letter and the spirit of those laws. I say that rumor is knowledge in this Court, if the rumor turns out to be correct. For although in this case, as the Defendants say, there was but a report, a mere rumor that the Moravians claimed these lands, which some pretended to believe, but more disbelieved, this rumor was notice $ it should have put the® ¡apon enquiry. And if the rumor turned out to be correct^ and the lands had been granted, whether to the Mora-vians or to others it is unimportant, for the fact of their having been granted, and not the names of the grantees, rendered the conduct of the Defendants fraudulent, they must take the consequences. They cannot say, that they were innocent purchasers, who had paid their money.— They took upon themselves to determine as to the truth of the report. The report turns out to be true. Equity ¡requires that they should abandon their designs, and their persisting in them, after the rumor was ascertained to be founded in fact, is conclusive, that had they thought their design would have succeeded, they would have made the attempt with a perfect knowledge of the fact. In fine, it was a game of hazard ; they adventured, and have lost. The report turns oat to be true; tiie lauds have been granted, and they must take the consequences. But the Defendants say they were not granted to the Moravians, nor to any one in trust for them | that Cos-•sari held to his own use and benefit; that if their design, was fraudaba!* it was against the Moravians,, and not *260against Cossart. It is no defence either in the civil or criminal code, that the blow was not designed to entire the person stricken, but another? neither is it in this The Defendants stand therefore before this Court, as having obtained their grants upon suggestions which were not only untrue, but which they knew to be untrue; they ask to be permitted to retain them. Upon what principle shall this be permitted ? For what purpose ? They tell us now to connect them with a seven years possession, and thereby bar the recovery of the Plaintiffs under that very title of which they had notice when they obtained their grants, and to defeat which, by some indirect means, was their original object. If compelled to give evidence against themselves, this must be their answer; for without foreign aid, their deeds were worthless. The lands had been previously granted. The grantor had nothing in them. Besides, they were obtained from a grantor to whom fraud cannot be imputed, and if in dealings with such a grantor, any exist, the consequences must be borne by the grantee. It appears to me, that to refuse our interference w’ould be to reward iniquity, not to redress a wrong.
It is to be observed that the State, ex mero motu, or at the instance of the party aggrieved, would have caused these grants to be surrendered up to be cancelled. When this bill was filed, a Court of Equity, by the well settled decisions of our Court, was the proper place to apply, for redress against a fraudulent grant. Judge Haywood, it is true, for some time struggled against this practice, contending that the proper redress was at law ; but he ultimately yielded.
If Earl Granville had granted, or rather passed to> Cossart an equitable title, and the lands had come to the State subject to the equity, and the State had made the grants to the Defendants with notice, as in this case, can ¿here be a doubt but that this Court would have made the Defendants trustees for the Plaintiffs ? — and where *261 <-.h the difference? In reality there is none; it lies only ;in a name. In the one case they have the legal title-— in the. other the equitable. In the first case, they come into a Court of Equity, not for the legal title, but to protect it, to guard it from harm and injury, as if the boundaries are obscure, or the laud-marks wearing out— Equity will relieve by establishing them, and that upon the bill of one having the legal title. So also if a fraudulent deed has been obtained from the grantor, or from a stranger, and there is a probability of annoyance to him having the legal title. Equity will relieve by compelling a surrender of the fraudulent deed — Equity will remove every thing that improperly clouds or obscures a legal title, one great object of the Court being to give repose | to quiet and remove all fears and apprehensions arising from the fraud or iniquity of others, with regard, to property. All that is required to be shewn is, that, the fears are not idle, or imaginary, and that there ia improbability of harm.
Had this hill been ¡filed, calling for a surrender of these grants after the facts in relation to them had been established, ansi soon after they were issues!, the only possible defence which could then have been set up, would have been that the Plaintiffs apprehensions were groundless 5 that the grants were perfectly harmless $ for the Plaintiffs being the elder, and of coarse the better title, could wot he affected by them. To this it miglii then ¡be properly answered, as the event in this case has shown to be true, although the deeds aro fraudulent and void, yet they may be «sed to our annoyance. In the first /place, they cloud our title, and may injure us should we wish to sell. But worst of all, yon ¡nay connect them with a severs years possession, and bar our estate, 'Non may also, under coves* of them, perplex ns with a lawsuit for almost half a century. These are certainly Sot such idle fears, or imaginary injuries as would induce the Court to dismiss the bill, because the Plaintiff *262had not made oat a case of impending ham. If these anticipated injuries would be a sufficient reason for sustaining the bill, if filed immediately after tho grants we¡.e obtained, a fortiori, the reality is now sufficient ground for affording relief. The lapse of eight or ten year after our Courts were opened, before filing this bill, forms no defence, and more especially when in that short space of time, an attempt was made to obtain redress at law, and which failed, probably from the tom per of the times, for I imagine that no title derived from Cossart would then have been recognized. I feel, therefore satisfied, that this Court is bound to take from the Defendants their grants, and all benefits derived from them ; that they should be detached from the possession. In my mind, the possession set up under them by the Defendants, tends to weaken their case, as to retaining the grants. It shows in glaring colours the impropriety of permitting them to be retained, and settles the question as to the right of this Court to interfere. I have used thoughout this opinion the terms fraudulent, iniquitous, £fc. — I apply them in their legal sense only, not by any means intending to impute corruption or fraud in its ordinary acceptation to the Defendants j I use them for want of some milder terms.
I feel some difficulty in affirming the decree, on account of the place in which Montgomery's devisees stand before the Court. They unquestionably should have been Plaintiffs instead of Defendants; and it is difficult to conceive why they were not originally made Plaintiffs. It can be accounted for only from the ignorance of our Equity practitioners. But they are before the Court | r ., quenfly ,.cii mieras;. is hound. Their rights were as fully contested by the other Defendants, as if they were Plaintiffs. I cannot perceive that, any prejudice has arisen to any one of the parties on that account. * repeat again, that this Court does not take from the Defendants the benefit of their grants, because *263die LcjíI liad been before granted, hist fr-nuise in addi-íioa Í hereto, they knew that they had been granted. Their object was to deceive or defraud some wk*. it' not at first, most Certainly when they learnt that t'se Sands had been granted. They then well knew, that ;JI they acquired by Tirdr grants was taken fraudulent!'» '¡‘«¡ a some other person; and they cannot rightfully güín soy thing by if they are in fraud of the rights of others.
— It appears to me that the ground ie tenable,, that the devisees at Montgomery, have a right to mleuin against the Defendants, in considering this question, no reliance is placed upon the trust supposed to be in the Unitas Fralrmi. I also admit that when a person comes in to an estate in the post, as the King by escheat, such estate is held free from a trust; but an equity of redemption is not such a trust.
In a Court of Chancery, an equity of redemption is defined by Sir M. Hale, to be an equitable right inherent in the land, binding all persons in ikv post, that is, persons coming in paramount to, and not under the title of themor»gagee. The lord of the mortgaged lands when he enters for an escheat, takes them, subject to the rights of the mortgagor. (1 Powell on Mort. 11, 337 — Hard. 479.)
Lord Nottingham say’s an equity of redemption charges the land, and is not a trust, in a Court of Equity. the equity of redemption is the fee simple of the land, (Ibid. 338, 11.) If then the land esrhcahd to the stale, subject to Montgomery’s rights as mortgagor, it was bound by those rights in the bauds of the grantees of the state, if it be admitted, that if the sand had escheated to the state and was theu conveyed to the Defendants, and their estate was not a con tin nance of the estate of the mortgagee’s, so as thereby to subject them to the equity of redemption, for the mortgagee’s estate was at an end, and that the state held the lands as the lord by escheat was supposed to do before he granted them at all, via, that he came in In the *264 post, was in of another estate* and further if it be admitted that there vran no privity between that and the estate of which the mortgagee was possessed ; still he held them su|>jec(- to the equity of redemption.
The same remarks are applicable to a case where the lands do not escheat* as w here the King or the State seizes them without right, and grants them to another, the grantee comes in of a new estate, and holds in the post $ no reason can be given why he should not hold them, subject to the equity of redemption, as well as if they had escheated, and had then been granted. The principle is laid dowm as a general one, that the mortgagor can redeem against all persons coining in in the post, and the King by escheat, is only put as an instance. The reason assigned is, that when the money is paid, the mortgagor is placed in statu quo, the land having been only pledged for the money.
If then the lands of the Defendants are subject to the equity of redemption, is that right barred by length .of time ? In England, the right of the mortgagee is barred by twenty years adverse possession, by the express provision of the statute of limitations. The right of the mortgagor is barred by the same length of time in analogy to it. Here the mortgagee is barred by seven years adverse possession, by the act of 1715, (Revisal, chap. 2.) The mortgagor is barred by no time in analogy to that act, but only by twenty years, in analogy to the. rule of the English Chancery. On this point, I need make no remarks j I consider the question to be at rest. (Falls v. Torrance, 4 Hawks, 420.) It results then, that the mortgagee may be barred by seven years possession at law ; the mortgagor has twenty years to redeem in equity.
It is admitted, that the interest of a cestui que trust is dependant on that of the trustee in ordinary cases of trust, and if the trustee is barred by length offline, the trust is lost. But an equity of redemption is an inherent right *265in tlie ¡and, and binds She lord, or the state by escheat, as well as their erantee. And if the mortgagor had twenty years to redeem against the mortgagee, no reason can be assigned (as it appears to me,) w hy he should not have twenty years to redeem against the lord, or the state or their grantee; because the escheat to the King or the- State, and the grant by them to an individual, were acts over which the mortgagor had no centro], and bis rights on that account, ought not to be weakened.— Further, when it is said that the King holds escheated land subject to an equity of redemption, it is understood that he holds it in no manner more injurious to the mortgagor, than when it was held by the mortgagee $ and that consequently the grantees of the state in this case, take the land with the same burthen that existed, before it was granted to them. I therefore think In tills case, that the right of the mortgagor is not barred by lapse of time.
But it has been argued, that the mortgagee might have asserted his right at law against the Defendants, by bringing a suit for the land. It is true we now know lie might have done so, but the reasoning of the Judges in the case of Bayard v. Singleton, (Martin 58,) leaned to the position, that art alien to our constitution coaid sjot hold lands here j and this opinion was entertained by one of the most eminent Sawyers of that, day, (Judge Johnston) as appears by his opinion in the case of Den ex dem. of Stringer v. Phillips, (2 Hay. 158.) Indeed we see how fruitless the suit turned out to be, that was brought by Montgomery's trustee. If a suit has not beea brought by the mortgagee, the rights of the mortgagor are not to be injured on that account. It is not the case of a trust, which may be lost by the loss of the legal title ; but it is the case of an equity of redemption, inlie-rent in the land, where a bill will be sustained against noy person, if brought within twenty years.
*266An objection presents itself in this case to the form of proceeding. The devisees of Montgomery are not Plaintiffs, which they certainly ought to be, in the view 5 have taken of it: because it is principally for their benefit that a decree is sought against the Defendants. But to say the least of this suit, it is an extraordinary one ; at least, so far as relates to the time it has been depending., St appears, that a suit at law' was brought in Morgantori Superior Court sometime after the Revolutionary wary iu which a nonsuit; was entered in the year 1789. The present suit was commenced in the year 1793, not many years after a Court of Equity was first established in this State, < after the Revolutionary war. At that time, títere were doubtless but few of the profession who were well acquainted with Equity practice. The case has been brought, to this Court several times, and partially argued. This is the second time it has been argued on its mei’ifs. It has been argued at great length, and the Counsel for the Plaintiffs at each argument have taken the ground that the trust of the Dnitas Fratrum ought to be enforced. And in that view of the case, there cannot be the same objection to parties j because Benccein not; only represents the mortgagee, but also the interests of the TJnilas Fratrum. Aud admitting his pretensions to be well founded in the latter character, the deyisees of the mortgagor are properly made Defendants. This is Hot the case, however, in the view I take of it. Under all these circumstances, if a decree can be made which will reach the justice of the case, it ought to be done. The parties are all before the Court. It is the interest of the mortgagor and mortgagee, as well as their wish that a decree should be made. The case comes as fairly before the Court, and the interests of all parties can b© as well consulted, as if the devisees of Montgomery were Plaintiffs. The mortgagee as such, and not as repre-sensng the tTnitas Fratrum, prays for a decree, and h® interested in doing so. It is proper on his account-*267¿btei she mortgagor should bo put in possession of the ¡iaacl, and receive the profits , otherwise l¡e objects to the payment of the purchase money due to Cossart.
This view of the case steers clear of any injury to the BeSVisdanis, because if they are answerable to the devi-sees of the mortgagor in case they were Plaintiffs, they CEsnot he injured or placed in a worse situation, in case a decree is made against them on the same principles, in the present suit.
||| hope and think that this ease cannot, and will not be drawn into precedent, unless in cases marked with the same circumstances of delay and embarrassment, to which it has been subjected. Further delay would breed further litigation, and be productive of no good to either party'. My opinion therefore is, that, a decree should bo entered for the Plaintiffs, or rather that the former decree be affirmed.
— Let the petition be dismissed with í/OívtSo