after stating tbe case: Tbe Revisal, sec. 2088, provides that where either party to a proposed marriage is under eighteen years of age and resides with tbe father, or mother, or uncle, or aunt, or brother, or elder sister, . . . tbe register of deeds shall not issue a license for such marriage until tbe consent in writing of tbe relation with whom such infant resides, or, if be or she resides at a school, of tbe person by whom tbe minor was placed at school, “and under whose custody or control be or she is,” shall be delivered to him, and tbe written consent shall be filed and preserved by tbe register. Section 2090 provides that a register of deeds who shall knowingly, or without reasonable inquiry, personally or by- deputy, issue a license for tbe marriage of any two persons to which there is any legal impediment, or where either of tbe persons is under tbe age of eighteen years, without tbe consent required by law, shall forfeit and pay $200 to any parent, guardian, or other person standing in loco parentis, who shall sue for the same. These two actions are in pari materia and must, therefore, be construed together. Bowles v. Cochran, 93 N. C., 398.
We do not understand that the question of reasonable inquiry by the register as to the age of the applicant for license, or other impediment to the marriage, is involved in this case. *568There is no suggestion in the record about it. The case agreed presents the single question, whether, upon the admitted facts, the written consent of the mother was sufficient to justify the issuing of a license. There is no controversy as to the age of the applicant, and the written consent of the mother would indicate at once that she was under eighteen years of age, as such consent is not required when the parties are over eighteen years of age. Our opinion is that the issuing of the license upon the written__ consent of the mother alone, and without the written consent of the father, was not a compliance with the statute. The consent of the persons named in the statute, and in the order named, should be obtained. If a child is not residing with its father, but is residing with its mother, then the written consent of the latter is sufficient, and so on with the others named. The father is considered in law as the head of the household and is entitled preferentially to the custody of his child, his right being superior to that of the mother. He is the child’s natural guardian. 29 Cyc., 1588; Ely v. Gammel, 52 Ala., 584; Donk v. Leavitt, 109 Ill. App., 385; Gates v. Renfroe, 7 La. Ann., 569; Bosworth v. Beiller, 2 La. Ann., 293. In the case last cited, the Court said: “In case of differences between the parents as to the marriage of a minor child, the father’s authority prevails.” This, though, is but a general rule, and in its application, when a controversy arises between the father and mother as to the child’s custody, the courts are governed by the interests of the child. We stated this principle in Newsome v. Bunch, 144 N. C., 15: “The father is, in the first instance, entitled to the custody of his child. But this rule, of the common law has more recently been relaxed, and it has been said that where the custody of children is the subject of dispute between different claimants, the legal rights of parents and guardians will be respected by the courts as being founded in nature and wisdom, and essential to the virtue and happiness of society; still, the welfare of the infants themselves is the polar star by which the courts are to be guided to a right conclusion, and, therefore, they may, within certain limits, exercise a sound'discretion for the benefit of the child, and in some eases will order it into the custody of a third person for good and *569sufficient reasons. In re Lewis, 88 N. C., 31; Hurd on Habeas Corpus, 528 and 529; Tyler on Infancy, 276 and 277; Scliouler on Demestic Relations, sec. 428; 2 Kent’s Com., 205. But as a general rule, and at the common law, the father has the paramount right to the control and custody of his children, as against the world; this right springing necessarily from and being incident to the father’s duty to provide for their protection, maintenance, and education. 21 A. and E. Enc., 1036; 1 Blackstone (Sharswood), 452 and note 10, where the authorities are collected. This right of the father continues to exist until the child is enfranchised by arriving at years of discretion, ‘when, the empire of the father gives place to the empire of reason.’ 1 Blk., 453.” The case of In re Turner, 151 N. C., 474, is to the same effect, and in it we referred approvingly to the following language of Chancellor Kent: “The father, and on his death the mother, is generally entitled to the custody of the infant children, inasmuch as they are their natural protectors, for maintenance and education. But the courts, of justice may, in theii* sound discretion and when the morals or safety or interests of the children strongly require it, withdraw the infants from the custody of the father or mother and place the care and custody of them elsewhere.” See, also, Latham v. Ellis, 116 N. C., 30; In re Lewis, 88 N. C., 31; Ex parte Alderman, 157 N. C., 507.
But it is not necessary that we should resort to the principle just considered in order to decide the question before us, except in so far as it may shed light upon the meaning of the statute. The case agreed shows, as we construe it, that the daughter was residing with her father, for it states that she was living in Ms home and was supported by him. The mother may also have been living in the same house and residing with her husband in his home, but, upon the facts stated, it cannot well be contended that her daughter was residing with her within the meaning and intent of the law. The-language of the statute is plain, that if she is residing with her father, his written consent must be produced and delivered to the register before the license is issued; otherwise the officer incurs the penalty.
*570Const-ruing a somewhat similar statute, it was said in Riley v. Bell, 89 Ala., 597: “The minor was a female, under eighteen years of age, and had never before been married. The statute, in such cases, provides that The probate judge must require the consent of the parents, or guardians of such minors, to the. marriage, to be given either personally or in writing.’ Code, sec. 2315. This obviously means the consent of the father, if he be living and is not rendered incapable of giving it by defect of understanding or other good cause; or, if there be no father, then of the mother. The basis of the statute is the common-law principle, that'the father, and on his death the mother, is generally entitled to the custody of the children, and that, as parents, they are the natural protectors for maintenance and education. 2 Rent’s Com., 205, 85-86. The father in this case was living, but at the time temporarily absent from the State. It is shown that the mother gave her written consent to the minor daughter’s marriage. This was insufficient to meet the requirements of the statute, and did not exempt the defendant from liability to the penalty in question.” If anything, the language of our statute more clearly and strongly calls for the same interpretation and requires the written consent of the father, if living and not unable or disqualified in some way to give it.
It was urged in the argument that this statute, being penal, should be construed strictly, but in Coley v. Lewis, 91 N. C., 21, with reference to- a similar contention, the Court said: “While penal statutes must, in case of doubt, be strictly construed in their operation against others, a primary rule is to ascertain from the words used the intent of the enactment, and give such reasonable meaning as will prevent the mischief intended to be remedied and secure the ends the statute was intended to sub-serve.” But even a strict construction leads us to the conclusion that there was no error in the judgment.
No error.