Tbis was an. action by tbe North Carolina Christian Conference and several members of tbe “Eoek Spring Christian Church, colored,” for an injunction against Eev. John Allen, Thomas Grissom, John Meadows, Ben. Smith, and James Bailey from interfering with the plaintiffs in their occupation and control of said “Eoek Spring Christian Church” building and property and their conduct of public worship in said building.
*526It appears by the evidence, both for the plaintiffs and defendants, that said “Rock Spring Christian Church,” and it is so found by tire judge, is of the Christian faith, whose govern- ' ment is congregational, and that the North Carolina Conference ^of said church is a merely voluntary association, exercising no control over the churph property or the congregations, and hence the plaintiff, the North Carolina Christian Conference, has no right or interest in the church property and is not a proper party to this action.
In Simmons v. Allison, 118 N. C., 770, we had occasion to call attention to the distinction between those churches whose organization is connectional, such as the Protestant Episcopal, the various Methodist churches, the Presbyterian, the Roman Catholic, and others which are governed by large bodies, such as dioceses, conferences, and synods and the like, in which the individual congregations bear the same relation to the governing body as counties bear to the State, and, on the other hand, the congregational system which is in use among the Baptists, the Congregational, and the Christian and other denominations. In these latter, the individual congregation is each an independent republic, governed by the majority of its members and subject to control or supervision by no higher authority. To the latter order the “Rock Spring Christian Church” belonged. The churches of the congregational system often combine into associations, conferences, and general conventions. But unlike such organizations under the connectional system, these bodies under the congregational system are purely voluntary associations for the purpose of joining their efforts for missions and similar work, but having no supervision, control, or governmental authority of any kind whatsoever over the individual congregations, which are absolutely independent of each other.
To the latter system the “Rock Springs Christian Church, colored,” belonged. It appeared in evidence that this congregation had reelected the Rev. John Allen their pastor, in the fall of 1909. He had already served as such for eight years. Soon afterwards, on Sunday, 18 December, 1909, Rev. J. A. Alexander appeared at the church, claiming that he was sent by *527the North Carolina Christian Conference. At that time there were three trustees, Arch. Freddy, Alex. Brooks, and Thomas Grissom. The first two named being a majority of the trustees, •sided with Eev. J. A. Alexander, and they claiming control of the building, said Alexander held services therein. Eev. John Allen and the majority of the congregation objected, but Brooks and Freddy claimed to be the legal custodians of the property. The majority of the congregation, with the Eev. John Allen, with commendable forbearance, refrained from any interference. It appears from the evidence of the plaintiff that the objecting membership, headed by the Eev. John Allen, were very largely in the majority. It appears in the evidence that from 7 to 12 members, including the two trustees, were with Alexander, and that 36 members, including one trustee, sided with Eev. John Allen. This small minority, after holding services, were dismissed, whereupon Fastor Allen and his 36 members took possession and held services, in spite of the prohibition of Alex. Brooks and Arch. Freddy. It was the regular day for church conference. The minutes show that the meeting then regularly met and reelected John Allen pastor by 36 votes; that resolutions were also passed removing Alex. Brooks as trustee for “forbidding the members to meet in the church,” and A. E. Freddy for “forcing his way into the church and removing the lock”; and thereupon the defendants John Meadows and James Bailey, named herein as defendants, were elected trustees in their place. The contest, therefore, turns upon the validity of the election of said trustees at a regular church meeting and the removal of the other two, for Thomas Grissom, the other trustee, had sided with the majority and the Eev. John Allen.
Eevisal, 2670, provides that any religious body “may from time to time, and at any time, appoint in such manner as such body, society, or congregation deem proper, a suitable number of persons as trustees”; and Eevisal, 2671, provides: “The body appointing shall remove such trustees or any of them.” In Thornton v. Harris, 140 N. C., 499, it was held that under those sections any church has a right “to remove its trustees at will.” The trustees of a church have no property interest as *528against the governing body of tbe cbureb. Tbey are merely agents, or, as it is expressed in one of our opinions, “A church trustee is a mere locum, tenens ” Speaking algebraically, trustees are merely x, y, and z. For legal purposes, they represent the church as to the world. But as to the cestuis que trustent they can be appointed at will. The statute requires no notice or cause to be shown. The discipline of the Christian denomination with which the “Rock Springs Church” -is affiliated provides for ten days notice for trial of “offenses.” But this applies to moral delinquencies or infractions of church discipline —in short, to trials for offenses. It could not abridge, and does not even refer to, the power given by the statutes to remove or appoint trustees at will.
The “Rock Springs Church” under the congregational polity is an independent entity, recognizing no superior in its government. Under the polity of the denomination to which it belongs the majority of the members control its government and management. The minutes of the church show that they had cause to remove Preddy and Brooks as trustees, who had taken possession of the church, because, being a majority of the trustees, they had held the building for hours for a small minority and in behalf of a minister not elected by the congregation, against the majority of the members and regularly elected pastor. Even if the congregation had not possessed the right to remove Brooks and Preddy at will, still there was no restriction in the statute, or in- the church discipline, limiting the number of trustees, and the election of the two new trustees was certainly valid. These two, with Thomas Grissom, who had remained loyal to the majority, constituted a majority of the trustees, and it was error to enjoin them from controlling the property and conducting public worship.
The minutes of the church show that after the 36 members, together with their duly chosen pastor, John Allen, obtained possession of the church, upon its vacation by Rev. Alexander and the small minority, services were regularly conducted. Such services appear to have been opened by singing, not inappropriately, the hymn “When I can read my title clear.” The *529text discussed by tbe pastor, Eev. John Allen, is given as Jeremiah, cbap. II, verse 24. Tbe nature of tbe sermon preached on that text and its application to tbe occasion is not so clear.
Tbe defendants have a majority of tbe trustees — three out of five — even if Preddy and Brooks were not properly removed; and they have all tbe trustees if they were legally removed, as we think is tbe case under our statute, and tbe judgment below must be
Eeversed.