after stating tbe case: Tbe pleading on the part of plaintiff, styled a reply, and tbe demurrer, are both addressed, in terms, to tbe defendant’s “further answer.” Ordinarily tbis is irregular and not permissible. Enel. Pl. & Pr., vol. 6, p. 382. As tbis further answer, however, is designed and intended to set up two defenses — one, that tbe judgment was rendered on a demand growing out of a gambling transaction, and that same was procured by fraud — tbe course pursued iii tbis instance seems to be sanctioned by tbe Code, sec. 485, and, in any event, as this reply only amounted, in effect, to a demurrer, tbe court below very properly treated tbe demurrer as the only additional pleading on tbe part of plaintiff; and, being of opinion that the position presented was well taken and that tbe same went to tbe entire merits of tbe defense as contained in tbe answer, his Honor entered judgment sustaining tbe demurrer and awarding plaintiff recovery for tbe amount demanded. Assuming that tbe Corporation Court of Manchester, Ya., bad jurisdiction of tbe cause and of tbe parties, we concur in tbe ruling of tbe court below that tbe matter contained in tbe former answer does not set forth any valid defense to plaintiff’s claim.
As we have said, tbis further answer alleges that the original demand was on a gambling contract; that a recovery thereon is forbidden, both by our public policy and our statute law, and contends that tbis defense is now open to tbe defendant, notwithstanding tbe rendition of tbe Virginia judgment, but tbe question presented lias been recently decided against tbe defendant’s position by tbe Supreme Court of the United States, tbe final *241arbiter in such matters, in the case of Fauntleroy v. Lum, 210 U. S., 230.
In that case the pertinent facts are thus summarized in the opinion of the Court, delivered by Associate Justice Holmes: “This is an action upon*a Missouri judgment, brought in a court of Mississippi. The declaration set forth the record of the judgment. The defendant pleaded that the original cause of action arose in Mississippi out of a gambling transaction in cotton futures; that he declined to pay the loss; that the controversy was submitted to arbitration, the question as to the illegality of the transaction, however, not being included in the submission; that an award was. rendered against the defendant; that thereafter, finding the defendant temporarily in Missouri, the plaintiff brought suit there upon the award; that the trial court refused to allow the defendant to show the nature of the transaction, and that by the laws of Mississippi the same was illegal and void, but directed a verdict, if the jury should find that the submission and award were made and remained unpaid; and that a verdict was rendered and the judgment in suit entered upon the same. The plea was demurred to on constitutional grounds, and the demurrer was overruled, subject to exception. Thereupon replications were filed, again sotting up the Constitution of the United States (Article IV, p. 1), and were demurred to. The Supreme Court of Mississippi held the plea good and the replications bad, and judgment was rendered for the defendant. Thereupon the case was brought here.” And on these facts it was held that—
“1. A judgment is conclusive as to all the media concludendi, and it cannot be impeached, either in or out of the State, by showing that it was based on a mistake of law.
“2. A judgment of a court of a State in which the cause of action did not arise, but based on an award of arbitration had in the State in which the cause did arise, is conclusive, and, under the full faith and credit clause of the Federal Constitution, must be given effect in the latter State, notwithstanding the award was for a claim which could not, under the laws of that State, have been enforced in any of its courts.”
It was contended before us that the decision referred to is not conclusive in this case, because it proceeds on the assumption that the defense there insisted on could not be made available in the State of Missouri, where the judgment was rendered, and if it had been otherwise the case would have been differently decided; the argument being that the clause in the National Constitution controlling the matter (Article IV, sec. 1) only re-*242quires that the judgments o£ a sister State shall be given that faith and credit, which they are allowed in the State where rendered; that, in Yirginia, courts of equity will relieve against a judgment had on a gaming transaction, and, this being true, the defense should be made available in tie courts of North Carolina. The defendant here takes a correct position as to the meaning and proper application of this clause of the Federal Cons'ifution. As shown in the case we are now discussing (Fauntleroy v. Lum, supra), many authoritative decisions so hold (Christmas v. Russell, 72 U. S., 290; Hampton v. McConnel, 16 U. S., 234), and it has been embodied in the public statutes as the correct legislative interpretation of the constitutional provision, as follows: “And said records and judicial proceedings, so authenticated, shall have such faith and credit given to them in every court within the" Uni'ed States as they have by law or usage in the courts of the State from which they are taken.” U. S. Comp. Stat., vol. 1, sec. 905.
But the argument is at fault in the premise that the courts of equity in Virginia would interfere for defendant’s protection' on the facts presented in the case before us. True, in the case to which we were referred by counsel (White v. Washington, 46 Va., 645) it was held, in accordance with doctrine very generally accepted, that, in the absence of any fault or negligence on the part of defendant, a court of equity would relieve against á judgment obtained under such circumstances of surprise and fraud, that it would be clearly unjust and unconscientious to insist on its enforcement. 23 Cyc., pp. 989, 990, and authorities cited. And it was held, further, that in the case of a gambling transaction, and by correct interpretation of the Virginia statutes on the subject, equity would relieve where a judgment was rendered by default or under other circumstances showing that no inquiry was had on the subject; and this, though opportunity to defend had been afforded; but this very decision referred to and relied on also holds that if a defendant appeared and raised the question by proper pleas, and judgment was rendered after investigation' had, in such case the judgment would conclude while it stood unreversed and unassailed in the court where same was rendered.
Speaking to this question, Baldwin, J., delivering the opinion of the Court, among other things, said: “It must be admitted, however, that in an action founded upon a gaming promise or security, if the defendant elects to make his defense at law, and upon a full and fair trial of the question in that folmm a verdict is rendered against him, he cannot be permitted to renew the controversy, upon adverse testimony, in a court of equity; for *243if ibis were allowed, it would, in effect, be an appeal from the verdict of a jury. And yet, notwithstanding such election, if the defendant has been surprised at law, by reason of some fraud, misfortune or accident, which has prevented him from having a full and fair trial before the jury, he may still resort for redress to a court of equity. Nor will he be precluded from doing so by its appearing that he had an adequate opportunity of obtaining a new trial by application to the court of law. The case of a gaming promise or security is an exception to the general rule on the subject, that rule being derived from the obligation of the party, in most eases, to avail himself of his opportunity to defend himself at law; whereas, in the case of a gaming promise or security, he is under no such obligation.”
In this case, as stated, the defendant was served with process within the State of Virginia; he appeared, and by full and proper pleas raised the issue that the plaintiff’s demand arose out of a gaming transaction, and on investigation and trial had the question was resolved against him and verdict and judgment entered for plaintiff.
Under the case of White v. Washington, supra, and other decisions of like effect, unless more was shown, this concludes the parties in the State of Virginia, and, under the Federal Constitution. the same effect must be allowed the proceedings when offered here.
And this, too, is the answer to another position urged by defendant, that the Legislature of North Carolina, pending the present action, and before judgment rendered in this State, has amended our statute on gaming (Revisal 1905, sec. 1689) by-adding thereto: “Nor shall the courts of this State have any jurisdiction to entertain any suit or action brought upon a judgment- based on any such contract.” Laws 1909, ch. 853. While judgments are sometimes said to be contracts of record, and are regarded as possessing some of the incidental features of contracts, particularly in reference to joinder of causes of action and other regulations affecting the jurisdiction of courts concerning them, they are not in reality «contracts, lacking as they do the great essential of all contracts, mutuality of consent; and it is well established that they are not considered contracts in reference to the clause in the Federal Constitution which forbids that contracts should be impaired by S^'ate legislation, and there are notable decisions upholding legislation affecting pending Ikigation, both before and after judgment rendered. Evans v. McFadden, 105 Fed., 293, affirmed on appeal to Supreme Court of the United States, 185 U. S., 505; Sprott v. Reid, 39 Greene (Iowa), 549; Freeman on Judgments, sec. 4; *244Black on Judgments, secs. 7-11. No valid objection, therefore, can be made to this legislation because it was enacted pending litigation.
Again, in Provision Co. v. Davis, 191 U. S., 373, tbe Supreme Court of tbe United States bas held that in the case of a foreign corporation, complainant, a State, was not required, under Article IV, sec. 1, the full faith and credit clause, to provide a court having- jurisdiction to entertain an action on a judgment rendered in its favor in another State. . Whether by reason of section 2, Article IV, that “the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens of the several States,” a like ruling would have obtained if the complainant had been an individual citizen, was not determined. It will be noted that the North Carolina legislation in the present case, withdrawing causes of this character from the jurisdiction of her courl s, applies to all persons, both resident and nonresident, and to all judgments, both domestic and foreign; and under the various authoritative decisions construing these terms, “privileges and immunities,” in our National Constitution, notably Blake v. McClung, 172 U. S., 239; Butchers Union Co. v. Crescent Citz. Co., 111 U. S., 746; Conner v. Elliott, 59 U. S., 593, there would seem to be no reason for making, a distinction between actions on judgments in favor of foreign corporations and individual citizens, and no recognized principle that would prevent a State Legislature from withdrawing the jurisdiction of its courts from an action to enforce judgments, when it was admitted or clearly appeared that recovery had been awarded on a transaction forbidden by its public policy or, statute law, and that the matter had not been raised, considered or determined in the courts of the original forum.
The question is expressly reserved in Provision Co. v. Davis, supra, and is not necessarily determined in Fauntleroy v. Lum, supra, as that decision is chiefly made to rest, on the fact that the legislation there presented was addressed to the rights of the parties and the duty of the domestic courts concerning them, and not to their jurisdiction and power, though the opinion arguendo gives decided intimation against the validity of such legislation, except to the extent that like defense and inquiry would be open to defendant in the courts of the sister State where the judgment was obtained. But, however this may be, we are clearly of opinion that the legislation relied upon by defendant for his protection is not available for that purpose on the facts presented here, and for the reason indicated, that on pleas properly entered in. the Virginia court the very question was raised whether the plaintiff’s demand arose out of a gaming *245transaction, and on investigation bad was determined against tbe defendant; and when this occurs, as indicated in Fauntleroy v. Lum, supra, an erroneous ruling of tbe trial court would be an error of law, to be corrected only by some procedure in tbe court rendering tbe judgment; and while tbe judgment stands unreversed and unassailed, it comes directly witbin tbe protection of Article IV, sec. 1, its recognized and established purpose being to prevent any question in tbe domestic court as .to tbe validity of a claim which bad been considered and adjudged in tbe courts of another State.
Defendant further insists that tbe demurrer to bis further answer should be overruled because tbe same contains a valid and sufficient plea of fraud, as follows: “That plaintiff obtained said judgment upon fraudulent, false, material and pertinent testimony offered by him.” Some of the appellate courts of our sister States whose decisions are always received with the greatest respect and consideration have held that tbe plea of fraud is never available as a defense to a judgment rendered by tbe courts of another State, when such courts bad jurisdiction of tbe cause and tbe parties, basing such ruling upon decisions of tbe Supreme Court of tbe United States construing Article IV, sec. 1, of the Federal Constitution. As in Mooney v. Hinds, 160 Mass., 469, citing and relying on Christmas v. Russell, 72 U. S., 290; Maxwell v. Stewart, 89 U. S., 77; Hanley v. Donaber, 116 U. S., 1-4; Simmons v. Saul, 138 U. S., 439-459.
Undoubtedly, if tbe cases referred to correctly interpret tbe decisions of the Supreme Court of tbe United States, they must be followed here and elsewhere, for such decisions are final and controlling on tbe question presented; but, while there are many expressions in tbe opinions of our highest Court which seem to sanction tbe position contended for, we are of opinion that no authoritative decision of that tribunal directly so bolds, and that tbe great weight of well-considered authority is to tbe effect that in States such as ours,' where all distinctions between actions at law and suits in equity have been abolished and relief is administered in one form of action, fraud in tbe procurement of a judgment, when properly pleaded, is available as a defense to an action on a-judgment recovered in a sister State, though such State may have bad jurisdiction of tbe cause and tbe parties; and that this term, “fraud in tbe procurement of a judgment,” should and does include all such facts and circumstances as would induce and enable tbe courts of equity or courts having jurisdiction of.tbe matter in-tbe State where tbe judgment was rendered to interfere to prevent tbe enforcement, of an unconscionable recovery.
*246We have recently considered this question, and so held in the case of Levin v. Gladstein, 142 N. C., 482, and the decision in that case is well sustained-by authority in this and other jurisdictions. Miller v. Leach, 95 N. C., 229; Gray v. Richmond Bic. Co., 167 N. Y., 348; Davis v. Headley, 22 N. J. Eq., 115; Paine v. Oshea, 84 Mo., 129; Eaton v. Hartz, 6 Neb., 419; Black on Judgments, secs. 917, 918; Freeman on Judgments, sec. 576.
' There are decisions to the effect that when a judgment has been procured by means of an ordinary perjury on the part of a witness, without more, this does not present a case for the interference of a court in the exercise of its equitable powers, and it is very generally held that this plea of fraud, considered as available, does not apply to fraud anterior to the judgment, or rather the inquiry, and which by proper effort could have been asserted by way of original defense; but wherever, as stated, without, fault or neglect on part of defendant, there has been fraud successfully practiced in procuring a judgment, and under circumstances that would authorize the courts of the State where same was rendered to interfere by action to stay the enforcement of an unconscionable recovery, the same defense can in some way be made available when the judgment is” made the basis of an action in another State.
Referring to the decisions of the Supreme Court of the Unbed States cited and usually relied upon to support a contrary position: In Christmas v. Russell, supra, the judge delivering the opinion evidently had in mind the plea of fraud when attempted to be set up in an action at law, and when by the form of procedure it could not be regarded as a direct proceeding to impeach the judgment; and, as pointed oiit in Levin v. Gladstein, Associate Justice Clifford, for the court, said: “Domestic judgment, under the rules of the common law, could not be collaterally impeached or called in question if rendered in a court of competent jurisdiction. It could only be done directly by writ of error, by petition for a new trial or by hill of chancery.”
And the same may be said in the case of Maxwell v. Stewart, supra, where the decision of Christmas v. Russell is referred to as authority and without further comment or inquiry; and, as further pointed out in Levin v. Gladstein, the question was really not presented or involved in the case of Hanley v. Donaghue, supra, and .in the case of Simmons v. Paul, supra, some of the objections to the judgment- were on matters of form, where only a motion in the cause could be considered as a direct proceeding to impeach it, and on the further and substantial objection the decision was properly made to rest on the fact that *247tbe judgment in question was an adjudication of probate and tbe granting of letters of administration, citing and relying on tbe case of Broderick’s will, 88 U. S., 503-512, in wbicb it was held that, owing to tbe peculiar and exclusive jurisdiction of courts of probate, courts of equity in tbe exercise of their ordinary jurisdiction bad no power as a general rule to entertain suits to set aside or modify tbe decrees of these courts in such matters, and it may be that tbe Massachusetts decision, to wbicb we were referred, might be upheld on like ground. In North Carolina, however, as heretofore indicated, where only one form of action is now recognized, and in cases like tbe one here presented, whenever a final judgment is sued on, and tbe answer properly sets up facts impeaching tbe judgment, this, as shown in Houser v. Bonsal, 149 N. C., 51, is to be considered a direct, and proper proceeding to impeach the judgment; and if on the hearing it is shown that the judgment, though rendered in another State, was procured by fraud and under circumstances which would impel the courts of such State by independent, action to arrest its enforcement, this defense will be sustained here and the defendant afforded proper relief. The defense of fraud in procuring the judgment was therefore open to defendant, but is not available for his protection on these pleadings, because not sufficiently and properly alleged.
This question of fraud involves an issue of fact, and it is no sufficient averment to allege in general terms that a judgment was procured by fraud, but the facts constituting the alleged fraud must be set out with sufficient certainty and fullness to indicate the defense and apprise the opposing party of what he is called on to answer. This is not done in the further answer of defendant, and the general allegation designed and intended to raise the issue of fraud must be held sufficient and was properly disregarded in the court below. Ritchie v. McMullen, 159 U. S., 235; 9 Ency. Pl. & Pr., 687.
While we agree with the judge below that the plaintiff’s demurrer should be sustained, we do not concur in the ruling of his Honor to the effect that the demurrer went to the merits of the en'ire answer, and that in sustaining it the plaintiff was enti led to recover the sum demanded. From a perusal of this answer, it appears that in the first or first portion of it is contained a denial of jurisdiction on the part of the Corporation and Hustings Court in which the judgment was obtained. While there is some difference in the decisions as to the power of a domestic court to entertain the plea of fraud to a judgment rendered in a sister State, there is no such diversity as to a plea averring lack of jurisdiction. This is always open to defendant, *248and both, as to the parties and subject-matter, and even when the jurisdictional facts are recited in the judgment. Thompson v. Whitman, 85 U. S., 457; Miller v. Leach, supra; Gilman v. Gilman, 126 Mass., 26. There is no merit in the allegation, in this first answer, to the effect that personal service was obtained when defendant was temporarily and of his own volition in the city of Manchester (Harris v. Balk, 198 U. S., 213), but the first answer contains a denial that the Corporation and Hustings Court of the city of Manchester had jurisdiction either of defendant’s person or the subject-matter of the action; and in this connection avers, further, that plaintiff is a citizen and resident of Norfolk County, Virginia, and that defendant is now and always has been a citizen and resident of North Carolina. True, there is an averment in plaintiff’s complaint that the Corporation- Court is one of general jurisdiction, but this, too, is denied in the answer; and, while we are told by Baron Gomyns that the Court of Hustings is the most ancient and eminent court of the City of London, such courts do not seem to have had like dignity in the provinces, nor even to have been so termed, and all of these Corporation Courts were regarded as courts of inferior and limited jurisdiction (Lewis’ Blackstone Book 3, pp. 80-81), and this assuredly is prim,a facie the modern view as to their jurisdiction. Abbott Munic. Corporations, sec. 585, and authorities cited.
It may be that the Constitution and laws of the State of Virginia have conferred on these courts general jurisdiction to hear and determine claims of this nature, as the complaint alleges, but at present we are not so advised, and, denial having been made, the issue must be submitted and. determined as a question of fact. Hilliard v. Outlaw, 92 N. C., 266; Hooper v. Moore, 50 N. C., 130.
On the whole matter, we are of opinion, and so hold, that as to matters set out in the further answer the demurrer of plain-; tiff was properly sustained, and as to any defense therein the defendant is concluded, but that an issue is raised by the plead-; ings, in this State an issue of fact, as to whether, under the Constitution and laws of Virginia, and on the facts appearing in that trial, the Corporation Court of Manchester had jurisdiction to hear and determine the matters in litigation and render the judgment on which the present suit is brought.
The opinion will be certified down, that a trial of the issue indicated may be had.
Error.