after stating tbe case: It is admitted that the plaintiff has fully complied with the stipulation in the deed as to the enclosure of the tomb of Augustus ITarvey and his wife, .and it is also admitted that there has not as yet been any violation of the second stipulation, that the premises should not be used as a cemetery. We will again refer to this clause in another connection.
The two questions discussed in the briefs of counsel relate to the sufficiency of the adverse possession of some of the heirs of Thomas McNair to bar the right of. their co-tenants, W. G. and Ed. Telfair. This subject has been so recently and so fully considered by us that it would seem to require no further discussion. We held in Dobbins v. Dobbins, 141 N. C., 210, that adverse and exclusive possession of the common property by one of the tenants, such as that described in this case, will toll the entry and bar the right of his co-tenant if continued for twenty years.
The other question, as to the abandonment, under the third stipulation, should present no insuperable difficulty. Conditions subsequent, especially when relied upon to work a forfeiture, are strictly construed. Woodruff v. Woodruff, 44 N. J. Eq., 353. The word “abandonment” has a well-defined meaning in the law which does not embrace a sale or conveyance of the property. It is the giving up of a thing absolutely, without reference to any particular person or purpose, .and includes both the intention to relinquish all claim to and dominion over the property and the external act by which this intention is executed, and that is, the actual relinquishment of it, so that it may be appropriated by the next comer. 1 Cyc., 4. “Abandonment must be made by the owner without being pressed by any duty, necessity or utility to himself, but simply because he desires no longer to possess a thing; and further, it must be made without a *130desire that any other person shall acquire the same; for if it were made for a consideration, it would be a barter or sale, and if without consideration, but with an intention that some other person should become the possessor, it would be a gift.” Stephens v. Mansfield, 11 Cal., 363. That case involved the very question we have in this one, to-wit, whether a sale and conveyance of property was an abandonment of it within the meaning of the law. The same Court has again said: “There can be no such thing ,as abandonment in favor of a particular individual or for a consideration, as such an act would be a gift or a sale.” Richardson v. McNulty, 24 Cal., 329. When there is a sale ox* gift, or a transfer in any other mode provided by law, the continuity of the possession is preserved and the- idea of abandonment is necessarily excluded. The authorities uniformly construe the word “abandon” as we have done, and distinguish it from a sale or transfer. Black’s Law Dict., p. 4; 1 Words and Phrases, pp. 4, 5 and 11; M. C. Ditch Co. v. Henry, 39 Pac. Rep., 1058; Mitchell v. Carder, 21 W. Va., 285; Derry v. Ross, 5 Colo., 300. “There is a great difference,” says the Court in Hogan v. Gaslcill, 42 N. J. Eq., 217, “between abandon and surrender; between abandoning a right or thing and the surrender of such a right or thing to another; between giving it up because it is regarded as utterly useless or valueless, and surrendering, assigning or transferring it to another as a valuable right or thing. When one surrenders a right or thing to another by solemn agreement in writing, he certainly does not abandon it in the sense in which all understand the word ‘.abandon.’ ” That case also presented the identical question we have here. The intention of the McNairs was to have the premises constantly occupied by some one, and a sale by the plaintiff to the defendant will not, of course, contravene that intention.
*131We deem it proper to refer to the question, though it is not mentioned in the briefs, whether by the second requirement, that the property should not be used as a cemetery, a condition subsequent is .annexed to the estate, or whether that prohibition should be regarded merely as a stipulation or a covenant to be enforced by a resort to the equitable power of the Court for the purpose of restraining its violation. We are clearly of the opinion that this clause should not be construed as .a condition subsequent, but rather as a covenant or a restrictive clause, observance of which may be compelled by a court of equity. While conditions subsequent may be created without the use of technical words, they must be clearly expressed, as they are not favored in law, and, if it is doubtful whether a clause is a covenant or a condition, the courts will so construe it, if possible, as to avoid a forfeiture. Graves v. Deterling, 120 N. Y., at p. 455; Woodruff v. Woodruff, 44 N. J. Eq., 349. Words in a deed, not in form expressing either a covenant or a condition, but sufficient to create either the one or the other, will be construed as a covenant rather than ,as a condition. Ghancellor Kent said: “Whether the words amount to a condition or a limitation or a covenant, may be matter of construction depending on the contract. The intention of the parties to the instrument, when clearly .ascertained, is of controlling efficacy, though conditions and limitations are not readily to be raised by mere inference and argument. The distinctions on this subject are extremely subtle .and artificial, and the construction of a deed, as to its operation and effect, will, after all, depend less upon artificial rules than upon the application of good sense and sound equity to the object and spirit of the contract, in a given case.” 4 Kent Oom., 132. It has been said that there' may be a covenant for almost anything (Lord Eldon in Church v. Brown, 15 Ves., 264), *132and that covenants bave frequently been inserted in conveyances to maintain tbe eligible character of property adjoining the parcel conveyed, by protecting the owners of it against nuisances or the erection of offensive structures or the carrying on of an injurious trade. It can be easily inferred from the case agreed, if not from the terms of the conveyance itself, that this clause was inserted in the latter to render more eligible the adjoining property in which the grantors had an interest. This is said to' be the reasonable presumption in most any case of this kind. “If we can construe this clause as an obligation to abstain from doing the thing described, which, by acceptance of the deed, became binding upon the grantee as an agreement enforcible in behalf of any interest entitled to invoke its protection, I think we are in conscience bound to give that construction, and thereby place ourselves in accord with that inclination of the law which regards with disfavor conditions involving the forfeiture of estates. In this connection, it may be noted that there is no clause in the deed giving the right to re-enter for condition broken. While the presence of such a clause is not essential to the creation of a condition subsequent, by which an estate may be defeated at the exercise of an election by the grantor or his heirs to re-enter, yet its absence to that extent frees still more the case from the difficulty of giving a more benignant construction to the proviso clause.” Pod v. Weil, 115 N. Y., at p. 371. We may say in this case, as was said in the case just cited, which is somewhat similar in principle to o-urs, that there is no interest which is not adequately protected by regarding the clause as intended to create a covenant or limitation in trust that the property shall not be used for the one certain purpose mentioned. It is more agreeable to reason, as it is to conscience, and it well comports with the character and object of the *133deed containing the provision against the use of the premises as a cemetery, if we bold that the office of the latter was simply to restrain the generality of the preceding clauses. the two cases wbicb we have already cited (Post v. Weil and Gh'aves v. Deterling, supra•) are so much in point and discuss the principle on wbicb our case, in this part of it, must turn, so fully and ably, that we may well be content to rest our decision upon the reasons clearly stated therein. See, also, Hart v. Dougherty, 51 N. C., 86; Stanley v. Colt, 5 Wall., 119; Lynn v. Hersey, 103 N. Y., 264; Baker v. Mott, 78 Hun., 141; 103 Pa. St., 613; Rawson v. Inhabitants of School District, 7 Allen, 125. the clause under consideration bas no provision for a forfeiture, while the next and last clause bas one, showing clearly the former was intended to operate as a covenant and not as a condition subsequent, a breach of wbicb may involve a forfeiture of the estate conveyed by the deed.
The covenant against using the premises as a cemetery will bind the grantee of the original covenantor with notice and be enforced in equity against him, .and in order to fix him with liability it is not necessary that the covenant should be one technically attaching to- and concerning the land, and so running with the title and binding those who succeed to it, the question being not whether the covenant runs with the land, but whether a party shall be permitted to use the land inconsistently with the contract entered into by bis vendor, and with notice of wbicb be purchased. Tulk v. Moxhay, 1 Hall & T., 105; Hodge v. Sloan, 107 N. Y., 244; Parker v. Nightingale, 6 Allen, 341; Morland v. Cook, L. R., 6 Eq. Cases, 252. Each case, of course, will depend upon its own circumstances, and the covenant will be enforced by the Court or its enforcement refused, as the nature of the *134particular case may, under the general principles of equity, seem to' require. Trustees v. Thacker, 81 N. Y., 311.
The stipulation in this case is restrictive, requiring the grantees to abstain from the use of the premises for a certain purpose. There is no clause in the deed specifying bow otherwise the premises shall be used or for what special purpose, so as to impress the legal title with a trust in respect to that particular use, or so ,as by its terms to create an estate upon condition subsequent, or a base, ór, more accurately speaking, a qualified fee. Hall v. Turner, 110 N. C., 292. The deed simply runs to the church or its trustees generally, without declaring any use to which the land shall be applied. Such a deed has been held to pass an absolute title in fee which is not forfeited by failing or ceasing to use the property for church purposes (Cook v. Leggett, 88 Ind., 211), unless in this case the property shall be abandoned, when by the express terms of the deed it will revert. The recent case of St. James v. Bagley, 138 N. C., 384, also is ample authority for this proposition, although it did not involve the precise point we have in this case, as did Cook v. Leggett. The question as to when a trust will or will not be raised is fully and learnedly discussed by Justice Connor in St. James v. Bagley. There are not even any precatory words used in the deed to the plaintiff, and there is nothing from which any intention to create a trust can fairly be inferred.
It appears that two of the heirs of Thomas A. McNair, namely W. G. and Ed. Telfair, are, not parties to this proceeding. They will, of course, not be bound by the admissions in the case or in any way concluded by the judgment. They are proper but not necessary parties under the circumstances of this case, especially as their presence is waived, and as the facts have been agreed upon and the parties to this submission are willing that we should decide as to the sound*135ness of the title upon those facts, the defendant taking the risk of establishing them if any controversy should hereafter arise between him and the two Telfairs. Under the circumstances we can proceed without them. This course has been pursued in St. James v. Bagley, supra, and in other cases to be found in our Reports.
Reviewing the whole matter, we have discovered no error in his Honor’s decision upon the case agreed.
Affirmed.