It appears from the ease agreed that the land’ in controversy was partitioned in 1897 by decree of the Superior Court of Duplin in a proceeding to which this plaintiff and defendant, and all the other owners, were parties, except the children of Pallie Whaley. The final decree confirming the partition was entered 5 March, 1897. In August, 1903, defendant Brown acquired title to- the share of the Whaley children. It is contended that he is estopped by the principles laid down in Carter v. White, 134 N. C., 466, from setting up against the plaintiff such outstanding interest so acquired. It is contended by defendant that (1) Garter v. White was first correctly decided, and the subsequent decision is erroneous; (2) a contract valid under a judicial decision in force when the contract is entered into cannot be impaired by a subsequent judicial decision.
In an able and learned argument, Mr. Allen, of counsel for defendant, asks us to overrule the last decision rendered in Carter v. White, 134 N. C., 466. It is not necessary that we should take that into consideration, ,as we are with the defendant upon the second contention, so far as it applies to the facts of this case, which are on “all-fours” .with those stated in Carter v. White. In both cases the defendant in partition proceedings, after final decree therein, acquired an outstanding interest from an owner who was not a id arty, and attempted to set it up against the plaintiff in such proceeding.
When the Garter case was before this Court at August Term, 1902, it was held that defendant was not estopped. It is said in the opinion: “So the plaintiff’s contention is that, by reason of said' decree, defendant is estopped from setting up his interest acquired from Land, notwithstanding Land was not a party to the special proceeding.”
The Superior Court held with the plaintiffs, and this Court said: “In so holding his Honor was in error.” When *119tbe case was considered again at Spring Term, 1904, tbe purport and general scope of tbe opinion of 1902 was recognized in both tbe opinion of tbe Court and tbe dissenting opinion of the Chief Justice.
Between the promulgation of the two decisions this defendant purchased thze outstanding interests of the Whaley children. In so doing we think be is protected by tbe principles of law set forth in the opinion of this Court in 131 N. C., p. 14, notwithstanding tbe majority of this Court in 1§04 took a different view.
We deduce the -well-settled principle from a number of authorities, that the law of contract enters into the contract itself and, in the construction, forms a part of it. It is practically a dormant stipulation in the contract, and it must be enforced as a part of it and as it is construed at the time the contract is made. Napier v. Jones, 47 Ala., 96; Davis v. Montgomery:, 51 Ala., 146; Herndon v. Neave, 18 S. C., 354; Haskett v. Maxey, 139 Ind., 66; 19 L. R. A., 379. the annotator says, in commenting on the last cited case: “The effect of judicial decisions as the law of a contract made while the decisions are in force, although they are overruled before the time for enforcing the contract, is recognized in the above decision. the justice of this doctrine is apparent.”
In Haskett v. Maxey, supra, the Court bold: “the construction of a statute of descent established by the decisions of the courts at the time of a quit-claim by heirs claiming under the statute becomes a part of the contract and must govern the rights of the parties as against a different construction thereafter adopted by overruling the former decisions.”
In Farrior v. Mortgage Co., 12 L. R. A., 856, the Supreme Court of Alabama says: “Persons contracting are presumed to know the existing law, but neither they nor *120tbeir legal advisers are expected to know the law better than the courts, or to know what the law will be at some future day. Any principle or rule which deprives a person of property acquired by him, or the benefit of the contract entered into, in reliance upon and strict compliance with the law in all respects as interpreted and promulgated by the court of last resort at the time of the transaction, and no fault can be imputed to him, unless it be held a fault not to foresee and provide against future alterations in the construction of the law, must be radically wrong. Such a principle or rule of law would clog business transactions, unsettle titles and destroy all confidence in the decisions of the Supreme Court of the State.” The principle is recognized by recent decisions of’ our own Court. In State v. Bell, 136 N. C., p. 677, it is applied in a criminal action by Mr. Justice Connor, speaking for the Court, in these words: “While it is true that no man has a vested right in a decision of the Court, it is equally well settled that where, in the construction of a contract or in declaring the law respecting its validity, the Court thereafter reverses its decision, contractual rights acquired by virtue of the law as' declared in the first opinion will not be disturbed.”
In a ease of great importance at last term the subject is elaborately considered by Mr. Justice Walker and the principle we apply in this ease fully recognized and applied there. Hill v. Railroad, 143 N. C., 539; 55 S. E. Rep., 854. In that case the learned Justice comments upon State v. Bell as follows: “This Court in State v. Bell gave practical effect to the rule that the reversal of a precedent should not be allowed to work an injustice, by requiring that the case then under consideration should be tried anew, not according to the principle as then decided, but according to the former adjudication, simply because the party is presumed *121to bay© acted in reliance upon it. Was that not the only fair and proper course to pursue, and would any other have commended itself to our sense of right ? The opposite rule would have met with strong condemnation, as being contrary to the plainest principles of justice.”
We think, upon well-established authority, supported by sound principles of justice and public policy, that the defendant is not estopped from setting up his interest in the land acquired in 1903. Upon the agreed facts, the judgment of the Superior Court is
Reversed.