after stating tbe case: When this case was before ns at tbe last term (140 N. O., 315), it appeared by admission of tbe parties that tbe plaintiff bad brought suit before tbe magistrate after 10 June, 1904, and at a time when tbe last instalment bad fallen due; and it was then contended with much force tbat having sued for one of tbe instalments, when all were due, and recovered judgment, the plaintiff could not sue and recover for any other instalment, because, to prevent unnecessary and oppressive litigation, tbe law construes tbe former adjudication to be a full satisfaction and a complete bar. Tbe position, whether intrinsically correct or not, seems to be sustained by high authority. Jarrett v. Self, 90 N. C., 478; Kearns v. Heitman, 104 N. C., 332; McPhail v. Johnson, 109 N. C., 571; 2 Parsons Cont., 464; Freeman _ Judgments, sec. 240; Ref. Dutch Church v. Brown, 54 Barb., 191; 24 Am. and Eng. Enc. Law (2 Ed.), p. 791, and note 1. 'It now appears from tbe testimony tbat tbe suit before him was actually commenced on 5 May, and tbe defendant contends that having recovered judgment, if for but tbe amount of one instalment, tbe plaintiff cannot again sue for tbe other instalment which was then due, upon the principle just mentioned, and tbat tbe judgment should be reduced by tbe amount of one instalment, or $75. So tbat we must now decide tbe question.
Tbe summons in tbe suit before tbe justice of tbe peace was dated 4 May and was received by tbe Sheriff for service 5 'May. A civil action is commenced when tbe summons is issued, and tbe presumption when nothing else appears is that tbe summons passed from tbe control of tbe Olerk and was delivered to tbe Sheriff, and therefore issued, at tbe time when tbe Sheriff received it, and this is generally determined by the entry on tbe process of tbe date it was received by tbe Sheriff, be being required by statute to make such an entry. Revisal, sec. 433. As it has been material again to consider *31this matter, it is well at this time to correct any misapprehension that may hare resulted from the use, in Houston v. Thornton, 122 N. C., at p. 375, of the following expression: “The presumption that it (the summons) was issued when it bears date is not rebutted by the bare fact of the date of the Sheriff’s endorsement of its receipt by him,” citing Currie v. Hawkins, 118 N. C., 593. The Court had reference to the special facts of the-case then being decided as well as to those of the case cited, for, in both, it appeared that the Clerk had given the process to a third person for the purpose of being delivered to the Sheriff, ,and this fact sustained the presumption, which was not therefore overcome by the Sheriff’s entry. Judicial expressions should always be construed with reference to the context. As said in Webster v. Sharpe, 116 N. C., 466, a summons is issued when the Clerk delivers it to the Sheriff to be served. See also Houston v. Thornton, supra. This being so, at least where there is no intermediary, but the process is delivered by the Clerk himself to the officer, the notation of the officer on it as to the date of its receipt by him must be the controlling evidence as to when it was issued.
In this case the suit was commenced on 5 May, as the Sheriff received the summons from the Clerk on that day. The plaintiff’s term of service began on 5 February and the third month expired on 4 May, so that the salary of the third month was due immediately on the expiration of that day, and suit could, therefore, have been brought for the same on the 5th day of that month. “Where wages are by express stipulation payable at stated periods during the term, the wages for any period are due and payable immediately on the completion thereof.” 20 Am. and Eng. Enc. (2 Ed.), 21; White v. Atkins, 8 Cush., 367-371; Harris v. Blen, 16 Me., 175; Green v. Robertson, 64 Cal., 75. As one full month’s work had been performed, one full month’s pay was then due and demandable. The plaintiff, therefore, could have recovered *32the amount of both the second and third instalments in the suit brought on the 5th of May, and is consequently barred from the recovery of either one of them in this action, under the principle settled by the .authorities above cited.
The defendant also contended that the plaintiff could not sue on the successive instalments as they fell due, but must sue on a quantum, meruit or for damages for the breach of the contract, and that his recovery for the one instalment was a complete satisfaction of all damages arising from the breach of the contract, as his recovery in either of the other two forms of action would have been. We do not assent to this proposition in its entirety. ■ Numerous and well-considered authorities hold, in accordance with what we consider the correct principle and the better reason, that when the contract is entire and the services are to be paid for by instalments at stated intervals, the servant or employee who is wrongfully discharged has the election of four remedies: 1. He may treat the contract as rescinded by the breach, and sue immediately on a quantum meruit for the services performed; but in this case he can recover only for the time he actually served. 2. He may sue at once for the breach, in which case he can recover only his damages to the time of bringing suit. 3. He may treat the contract ,as existing and sue at each period of payment for the salary then due, (We do not consider the right to' proper deduction in this case, as it is not now presented). 4. He may wg.it until the end of the contract period, and then sue for the breach, and the measure of damages will be prima facie the salary for the portion of the term unexpired when he was discharged, to be diminished by such sum as he has actually earned or might have earned by a reasonable effort to obtain other employment. This rule as thus stated is supported by the great weight of authority: 14 A. and E. Enc. (1 Ed.), 797; 20 A. and E. Enc. (2 Ed.), 36, et seq.; and it is clearly recognized and adopted *33by tbis Court in Markham v. Markham, 110 N. C., 356. Tbe difficulty in establishing the right to sue upon the contract for the whole amount of. the wages originated in the doctrine of “constructive service.” The law, in theory at least, required that the servant wrongfully dismissed before the expiration of his term must keep himself in readiness at all times to perform the required service, and an averment that he had done so was necessary in.an action on the contract for ,a breach. By a fiction of the law his constant readiness to perform was considered equivalent to actual service, so as to enable him to recover the full amount of the wages, the same as if the service had been actually performed, and it was so construed by the courts. But this principle was inconsistent with the rule as to the measure of damages, which permitted the master to show in diminution of the servant’s recovery for wages that the latter either obtained or could have obtained other employment, inasmuch as to be always strictly ready he must be always idle. The two requirements of the law-could not reasonably and logically coexist, and for this reason the doctrine of constructive service, first asserted by Lord Ellenborough in Gandell v. Pontigney, 4 Camp., 375, was repudiated in later oases and the servant’s remedy was restricted to either a quantum meruit (if he elected to rescind the contract) or an action for the damages resulting from the breach, and his right to an action for the wages, treating the contract as constructively performed, was denied. Goodman v. Pecock, 15 Q. B., 74; Gutter v. Powell, 2 Smith’s L. C. (9 Ed.), 1245 ; 20 A. and E. Enc. (2 Ed.), 40. This Court recognized the doctrine of constructive service in Hendrickson v. Anderson, 50 N. C., 246, and Brinkley v. Swicegood, 65 N. C., 626, to the extent of expressly asserting the right of the servant to recover the full amount of the wages for the unexpired portion of the term, provided his .action is brought after the end of *34the term, even though there had been no actual service during that time.
The case of Costigan v. Railroad, 2 Denio, 609, is cited and approved in Hendrickson v. Anderson, and in that case the doctrine is thus stated: “Where one contracts to employ another for a certain time at a specified compensation and discharges him without cause before the expiration of the time, he is in general bound to pay the full amount of wages for the whole time.” The Court also there holds that the said amount may of course be diminished by showing that the servant has during the same period' engaged in other business. This rule for the measure of the damages accruing for a wrongful dismissal is surely the equitable and, we think, the correct one, whatever may be the true principle upon which it should be held to rest. If the doctrine of constructive service is illogical, in view of the right of the master to have the damages diminished by showing that the servant engaged in other-business, and consequently was not always ready to perform the service, it does not follow that the rule itself as to the damages is not a sound one, for other cogent reasons may and have been .assigned in its support. As the master has, by his wrong in breaking the contract, prevented the servant from completing the work for which he had stipulated, the measure of the servant’s damages would be the amount which he will actually sustain in consequence of the defendant’s default; .and that is the amount of the wages he would have earned had the contract been fulfilled. Laying down the rule in Hendrickson v. Anderson, supra, this Court said: “It would seem to be a dictate of reason that if one party to a contract be injured by the breach of it by the other, he ought to be put in the same condition as if the contract had been fully performed on both sides. He certainly ought not to be a loser by the fault of the other; nor can he be a gainer without introducing into a broken contract the idea of something *35like vindictive damages. The true rule, then, is to give him neither more nor less than the damages which he has actually sustained; and so we find the authorities to be.” The Court then holds, as we have shown, that the damages are the full amount of wages for the whole time, less the amount received or which could have been realized from other employment. The right to full damages, measured by the wage-rate, arises from the master’s breach, and his wrongful act in preventing the servant from performing the service. ILe will not be permitted to take advantage of his own wrong ,and to allege, in his defense and to defeat a clear right, a non-performance by the servant which has proceeded from his own unlawful act,. especially when he at the same time insists that the servant should have obtained other employment in order to reduce the damages.
We have held that a party to a broken contract, who is unable to fulfill it by reason of the wrongful act of the other party, may recover for profits lost as well as gains prevented, if they are reasonably certain, such as those to be received from outstanding contracts for the sale of goods at a fixed price. Machine Co. v. Tobacco Co., 141 N. C., 284; Johnson v. Railroad, 140 N. C., 574. And yet, in that class of cases, the service contracted for was not fully performed. So here, the employee, by no fault of his own, loses his wages, which are fixed by the contract, and their amount should be Hie true measure of his damages under the ordinary rule obtaining in the case of other contracts. He could not recover these damages before the expiration of his term because of the other rule, that the master is entitled to- diminish them by the amount he may or could have received from other employment, which cannot be determined until the full period is at an end. Before that time the amount would be speculative. But at the end of the term, there is no sound reason why he should not be entitled prima facie to the full amount of wages, *36unless we make bis condition worse than it would bave been if tbe contract bad not been broken by tbe master. It would be an aggravation of tbe latter’s wrong if we bold that be may profit by it, and it would further present tbe temptation to break sucb contracts. Every dictate of reason and right requires that tbe rule should stand, even if tbe original reason assigned for it must fail. We may discard tbe reason as illogical, but not tbe rule, which is necessary to do justice and to promote fair dealing. Tbe doctrine, as we bave stated it, has been accepted by this Court, as tbe authorities we bave cited show, and we believe that it is sustained by tbe best-considered cases in other jurisdictions. In 20 A. .and E. Enc. (2 Ed.), 37, it is said: “Where the action is brought subsequent to the expiration of tbe term of employment, tbe decisions are practically unanimous to tbe effect that tbe measure of damages is prima facie tbe wages for tbe unexpired portion of tbe term, this amount to be diminished by sucb sums as tbe servant has earned, or might have earned by a reasonable effort to obtain other employment in tbe same line of business.” Wilkinson v. Black, 80 Ala., 329; McMullan v. Dickinson Co., 27 L. R. A., 409; Hale on Damages, 67. Numerous cases are collected in tbe notes to be found in 20 A. and E. Enc. (2 Ed.), 37, and we refer to them without any particular enumeration here.
In Pierce v. T. C. I. B. Co., 173 U. S., 1, tbe Court, applying tbe rule that, in an action for breach of contract tbe amount which would bave been received if tbe contract bad been kept is tbe measure of damages if it is broken, held that tbe servant is entitled to receive tbe full amount of wages, subject to proper deductions, even when tbe suit was brought for tbe breach prior to tbe expiration of tbe full period of service. When there is a breach of tbe contract by the master a liability arises out of bis implied undertaking to- indemnify tbe servant against all loss resulting from bis wrong, and this *37indemnity may accrue to tbe servant by instalments and is continuing in its nature. 27 L. E. A., 409. Tbe fact that tbe plaintiff sued and recovered judgment for tbe second in-stalment is no bar to tbis suit as to tbe one remaining, or tbe last instalment, for tbe latter was not tben due, and tbat judgment settled nothing except as to tbe second and third months’ wages, which were tben due ,and unpaid. It would be strange indeed if tbe plaintiff could be barred by tbat judgment when at tbe time it was obtained be could not have sued for tbe last instalment. Tbe law is tbe ether way. It has been so expressly decided. Armfield v. Nash, 31 Miss., 361; Isaacs v. Davies, 68 Ga., 169; La Coursier v. Russell, 82 Wis., 265; Strauss v. Meerteif, 64 Ala., 299. Tbe principle results from the right to sue as tbe instalments become due. Markham v. Markham, supra. Tbis disposes of tbe first and second prayers for instructions.
Tbe instruction requested in tbe third prayer was properly refused, as tbe duty of tbe employee to seek other employment could be considered only in diminution of damages. lie might not have been able to get employment, if be bad made proper effort, or not as good wages. “A recovery, of course, cannot be entirely defeated by showing tbat tbe servant obtained or could have obtained other employment; but it is always competent for tbe master to show these facts in mitigation of damages, tbe burden of proof in all cases being upon him.” 20 A. and E. Enc. (2 Ed.), 37. Plaintiff was entitled at least to nominal damages for tbe breach. Ibid., note 3.
Assuming tbe evidence ruled out by tbe Court to be competent, we do not think its exclusion was anything more than harmless error. No substantial wrong has been done to tbe defendant. Tbe witness Pennington bad already testified that the plaintiff contended only for one month’s salary; and if tbis is so, be must necessarily have been satisfied when be *38received it; so that the statement, that he appeared to be satisfied, was merely cumulative and .added no more weight to> the testimony than it already had. Wooten v. Outlaw, 113 N. C., 281. Besides, we are convinced that substantial justice has been done and that the evidence, if it had been admitted, would not have changed the result. Conly v. Coffin, 115 N. C., 563; Whitford v. New Bern, 111 N. C., 273.
The other exceptions are without merit, and perhaps need no special consideration. We will add, though, that upon careful examination we have not been able to find any evidence tending to show good ground for the discharge; and, as to the form of the summons, treated as a complaint, if the evidence did not correspond with it, there was only a variance, an objection to which cannot be raised here for the first time. But the form of the summons was sufficient and there was no substantial variance.
The Court committed an error in its charge to the jury upon the fourth issue, as the suit before the Justice constituted .a bar to the recovery of the third instalment of wages, which under the erroneous instruction was included in the verdict and became afterwards a part of the judgment. There must be a new trial as to the fourth issue, unless the plaintiff thinks he will be unable to show a state of facts different from those which now appear in respect to the actual time of issuing the summons in the former suit, and agrees before the opinion is certified to the Court beloAV to remit the amount of the third instalment, in which case the judgment will be reduced accordingly, and, as thus modified, it will be affirmed and so certified.
New Trial.