It was in evidence that the prisoner Lilliston and one Clark were two “fakirs” who had been attending the Raleigh Fair, and on Thursday and Friday nights, they with others were at a house of ill-fame, engaged in gambling and drinking, and that a difficulty sprung' up there on Friday night between these men over charges of cheating. On Saturday, 21 October, they went to the railroad station in Raleigh to take the train to leave the city, and there in the crowded reception room they engaged in shooting at each other — the next room, separated only by a glass partition, being occupied by ladies and children. It is admitted by the prisoner that Clark fired two shots and then ran out of the east door and that Lilliston fired five shots. And these two men, who showed this contemptuous defiance of law and of the lives of so many peaceable people who were entitled to the protection of the law in their lives and persons, escaped unharmed, while one bystander was killed, another seriously wounded, and others narrowly escaped. If they fought willingly in such a place, the reckless disregard of *859law.amounts to malice, and if any bystander was killed both were guilty of murder — one as principal and the other as aiding and abetting. The homicide occurred in a crowded waiting room. The doctrine is well settled that “malice is implied when an act dangerous to others is done so recklessly or wantonly as to evince depravity of mind and disregard of human life, and if the death of any person is caused by such an act, it is murder. The most frequent instance of this species of murder is where death is caused by the reckless discharge of firearms under such circumstances that some one would probably be injured, and even where the discharge was accidental, resulting from handling the weapon in a threatening manner it was held murder.” 21 Am. & Eng. Enc. (2 Ed.), 153, and cases cited in the notes.
The jury have acquitted Clark; and Lilliston, convicted of murder in the second degree, presents in substance three grounds of alleged error in the conduct of the trial by tire learned and impartial judge. He contends that the judge should have told the jury that there was no evidence against him either of murder in the second degree or manslaughter. It is admitted that Clark stood towards the southeast and fired northwestwardly two shots, one of which struck above the ticket office. Mr. Horton testified that he dropped behind the radiator and was struck on the buttock (which was exposed) by Clark’s second bullet, which entered, he says, from the side Clark was on,, and which could not have come from the direction where Lilliston was at that time. Of the five shots fired by Lilliston, the location of four found embedded in the building are admitted. The State contends that Lilliston’s other ball was the one found in the body of Smith, the deceased. There was evidence, if the jury believed it, that Lilliston dodged behind Smith, and that in the excitement, Lilliston, the lodgment of whose other balls showed that he was firing wildly, shot Smith. The prisoner contended that this was not true, also that it was Lilliston’s *860ball that struck Horton, and further that a man named Arnold shot Smith. Only seven balls were traced, including those lodged in the bodies of Smith and Horton. All these matters were purely issues of fact for the jury and not for the court. The court, in the words of the prisoner’s prayer, charged the jury that “the defendant Lilliston contends that there is evidence before the jury that Arnold, one of the State’s witnesses, shot and killed Smith in the north aisle of the waiting room near the ticket office. The court charges the jury that if you have a reasonable doubt as to whether Arnold killed Smith or as to whether Lilliston killed Smith, it will be your duty to acquit Lilliston.” The prisoner admitted that Smith was not killed by Olark. The bullet did not come from that side. He offered evidence tending to show that he fired in self-defense only, and there was evidence to the contrary, both that he began the difficulty, that he engaged in it willingly and continued firing while the other 'man was running.
These questions of fact,were ably presented to the jury by' counsel of great skill and long experience. There was evidence, as the judge properly held, to submit the case to the jury, and their finding is not reviewable by us. Had the judge who tried this cause and heard the witnesses and could judge from their bearing as to the weight to be given their evidence, felt any doubt of the correctness of the verdict, it was in his power and it would have been his pleasure to set it aside. He refused to do iso.
The prisoner also excepts to the following excerpt from His Honor’s charge: “Another principle of law is where in an indictment for murder the State has satisfied the jury beyond a reasonable doubt that the prisoner slew the deceased in-lentionally with a deadly weapon, nothing else appearing, the law presumes that the defendant is guilty of murder in the second degree, and the burden of proof shifts to the defendant to satisfy the jury, not beyond a reasonable doubt, but to sim*861ply satisfy them, that he was excusable or that the crime is for a lesser offense, to-wit, manslaughter, which is, as I told you, the unlawful and felonious killing of a human being with malice aforethought, that is to say, that the defendant is called on to satisfy the jury of the existence of such facts and circumstances as will rebut the presumption of malice raised by the use of a deadly weapon, and reduce the grade of the offense from murder in the second degree to manslaughter, or to go further and satisfy the jury of the existence of such facts and circumstances as will justify the killing on the plea of self-defense, that is, that the prisoner had reasonable apprehension and did apprehend that it was necessary for him to shoot in order to protect his own life or save himself from great 'bodily harm.” This charge is to be construed with the context, and reading it in connection with the whole charge we do not find any reversible error. State v. Tilley 25 N. C., 424; State v. Boon, 82 N. C., 649; State v. Holman, 104 N. C., 867; State v. Gentry, 125 N. C., 735.
The prisoner further excepts to the following paragraph of the charge: “Self-defense exists where one is suddenly assaulted and in the defense of his person where an immediate and great bodily harm would be the apparent consequence of waiting for the assistance of the law, and there is no other probable means of escape, he kills the assailant.” This paragraph is quoted from 1 Wharton Crim. Law (9 Ed.), section 306. We see no ground for criticism of the word “apparent.” It is favorable to the defendant. Had it been omitted and the word “actual” had been used, the prisoner would have excepted. Nor do the words “and there is no other probable means of escape” improperly restrict the right of self-defense upon the circumstances of this case. The judge did not restrict self-defense to cases of sudden assault, but the prisoner contended that this was a sudden assault, and the judge charged that in such cases the right of self-defense exists if there is apparent danger from “wait-*862iug for the assistance of the law and there is no other probable means of escape.” In State v. Kennedy, 91 N. C., 578, it is said: “There may be cases, though they are rare' and of dangerous application, where a man in personal conflict may kill his assailant without retreating to the wall.” This is cited and approved in State v. Gentry, 125 N. C., 733. The doctrine of State v. Blevins, 138 N. C., 668, and State v. Hough, ibid., 663, is not in point here. Those cases hold that where a man is murderously assaulted, without fault on his part, he is not required to retreat to the wall, but may stand his ground and kill to save his own life; but to confer such right it must appear that the assault upon him was sudden, fierce and continuous. But, here, this was not true, for Clark fired only twice and then ran, and the prisoner testified that he fired himself five times, commencing when Clark was near the radiator in the center of the large room, and that he fired the last as Clark went out the east door. This evidence of Lilliston tends to show that Clark was not firing, but running, trying to escape. There was much other evidence to the same purport. In such state of faots the law is thus laid down in State v. Hill, 20 N. C., 629 : “Even if the prisoner had not begun the affray, but had been assaulted in the first instance, and then a combat had ensued, he could not excuse himself as for a killing in self-defense, unless he quitted the combat before a mortal blow was given, if the fierceness of his adversary permitted, and retreated as far as he might with safety, and had then killed his adversary of necessity to save his own life.”
Here, though, “the fierceness of the adversary” abated immediately after the second shot (when he fled) ; the prisoner testified that he shot five times, some, if not all, of which shots were fired while Clark was getting from the radiator to the door, and as he went out of the door. It is worse than if he had killed the fleeing man, for he not only shot unnecessarily, not for his own protection, but in a crowded *863waiting room where his balls were much more liable to hit than if he had only one man before him. His Honor told the jury that “where two people are engaged in an unlawful act, such as an affray in a public place, shooting at each other willingly, that is fighting willingly, and not forced to fight in self-defense, and one kills a bystander, it ig murder in the second degree or manslaughter, according as it is accomplished with or without malice.” If Lilliston had killed Clark, the jury would have been justified, upon Lilliston’s own evidence taken alone, in finding him guilty in that there was no necessity to do so to protect himself. He fired wildly, as he testifies himself, and the brief of his counsel says: “The evidence shows that four of the five balls Lilliston fired are located in the walls and seats of the waiting room.” Lillis-ton’s fifth and last ball, his counsel contends, was the one that struck Iiorton. Horton says that it was the second ball that was fired and that it struck him coming from Clark’s direction. This disputed question was left to the jury, as was also the prayer as to Smith having been shot by Arnold, and the jury said that beyond all reasonable doubt in the minds of the twelve, Lilliston's ball was the one that killed Smith.' It is useless to recapitulate the voluminous and somewhat conflicting evidence. The case was fairly and impartially tried and we find no reversible error.
The prisoner filed a motion in this court for a new trial for newly discovered evidence which he avers would prove that Arnold fired the fatal shot. This motion has never been allowed in this court in a criminal case. But had it been made in a civil action, in which it is sometimes though rarely allowed, this motion would be disallowed, both because it would be merely cumulative of the evidence which was offered and which was submitted to the jury with a prayer thereon as requested by the prisoner, and, for the stronger reason, that the State filed, before the argument here, the affidavit of O. L. Parham, jailer of Wake County, *864that Lilliston “was in possession of the evidence of Mrs; "Willie Richardson before his trial, because he (Parham) had heard him (Lilliston) talking about it with others in jail.” He did not offer that evidence at the trial. The court, even in a civil case, would not seriously consider a motion for a new trial upon evidence which was withheld from the jury by the party moving.
It has uniformly been held that motions “for new trial for newly discovered-evidence” and “rehearings” cannot be entertained in this court in criminal actions.
In State v. Jones, 69 N. C., 16, Reade, J., held that this court had no power to rehear in a criminal action, saying: “In equity cases and in civil actions, the practice has been common, but, in criminal cases, never to our knowledge.”
In State v. Starnes, 94 N. C., 982, where a motion for a new trial for newly discovered evidence was made in a criminal action, it was denied, Smith, C. J., saying: “No such proposition in reference to criminal prosecutions has ever been made or entertained, so far as our investigations have gone, in this court. The absence of a precedent (for we cannot but suppose such applications would have been made on behalf of convicted offenders if it had been supposed' that a power to grant them resided in this appellate court) is strong confirmatory evidence of what the law was understood to be by the profession. We are clearly of the opinion that no such discretionary power, as that invoked, is conferred upon this court. In appeals from judgments rendered in indictments, our jurisdiction is exercised in reviewing and correcting errors in law committed in the trial of the cause, and to this alone. State v. Jones, 69 N. C., 16.”
In State v. Starnes, 97 N. C., 424, Smith, C. J., again says: “The motion, as far as our own and the researches of counsel disclose, is without precedent in the administration of the criminal law on appeals to this court, and is so fundamentally repugnant to the functions of a reviewing court, *865whose office is to examine and determine assigned errors appearing in the record, that we did not look into the affidavits offered in support of the motion, nor hesitate in denying it.”
In State v. Rowe, 98 N. C., 630, Davis, J., says: “Upon careful consideration, we must adhere to the principle that in criminal actions the appellate jurisdiction of this court is limited to a review and correction of errors of law committed in the trial below. State v. Jones, 69 N. C., 16; State v. Starnes, 94 N. C., 973.” The cases cited show that the court adhered to its previous rulings On grounds broad enough to apply both to motions for “new trials for newly discovered evidence” and for “rehearings.” The court then proceeded -to point out that there was no ground for the innovation which was sought, since the governor could look into the entire merits of the case and render any relief justice should demand.
In State v. Edwards, 126 N. C., 1055, the court dismissed the motion as a well settled matter, merely saying that “such motions are not entertained in criminal cases, as has been often held.” In State v. Councill, 129 N. C., 511, the matter was fully considered and the court held that this court could not grant either rehearings or new trials for newly discovered evidence in criminal actions. In State v. Register, 133 N. C., 746, it is again said that “the prisoner also moved this court for a new trial for newly discovered testimony, but such motions can only be made in civil actions. Our precedents are uniform that this court has no jurisdiction to entertain such motion in criminal actions.”
So the point is settled if the uniform practice of this court and its repeated and uniform decisions to the same effect can settle anything. But it is contended that all these decisions and the uniform practice are erroneous and should now be reversed. Counsel cite the statutes. In Laws 1815, chapter 895, the power was first conferred to grant new trials in criminal cases (and' the prisoner’s brief admits *866that it was then restricted to the Superior Court judges) as follows: “The judges of the Superior Courts of law are hereby empowered and authorized, upon application of the defendant, to grant new trials in criminal cases when the defendant or defendants are found guilty, in the same manner and under the same rules, regulations and restrictions as in civil cases, any law, usage or custom to the contrary notwithstanding.”
In 1805 the title of the Court of Conference had been changed to “Supreme Court” and in 1810 the Supreme Court had been authorized to elect a chief justice, though it was not constituted as at present till the Act of 1818, which went into effect 1 January, 1819. In 1854 chapter 35, section 35, of the Revised Code, the words “Courts of Law were substituted for “Superior Court Judges,” the object being as stated in prisoner’s brief, to limit the authority to the judge when sitting in a court of law instead of a court of equity.
The prisoner rests his argument to overrule the uniform decisions and settled practice of this 'court upon the following section 3212 of the Revisal, which reads, “The courts may grant new trials in criminal cases when the defendant is found guilty under the same rules and regulations as in civil cases.” This clearly refers to the time “when he is found guilty,” and when that section is turned to, it will be found further that it is under sub-head “Trials, Superior Court ” under which are grouped all the provisions peculiar to trials in that court, to-wit, sections 3262 to 3273, inclusive, and the note of the commissioners to said section 3272 shows that it was chapter '895, Laws 1815, and Revised Code, chapter 35, section 35, above quoted, which the prisoner’s brief admitted applied only to the Superior Court, and was brought forward as Code (1883), section 1202, which was in force when the above decisions were made, and is now again brought forward in the Revisal, section 3272.
The Constitution, Article IV, section 8, is conclusive: *867“The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction to review, upon appeal, any decision of the courts below, upon any matter of law or legal inference, and the jurisdiction of said court over ‘issues of fact’ or ‘questions of fact’ shall be the same as exercised by it before the adoption of the Constitution of 1868.” The power the court is now asked to exercise is not a matter of law or legal inference and even if it could be deemed “issues of fact” or “questions of fact,” such power was not exercised prior to the adoption of the Constitution of 1868, as we have seen. Indeed, even when the court below granted or refused a new trial for other cause than error of law, as for newly discovered evidence, this court had no jurisdiction to consider it. Holmes v. Godwin, 69 N. C., 471. Motions for new trials for newly discovered evidence were equitable in their nature and did not extend to criminal actions until the aforesaid Act of 1815, chapter 895, now Revisal, 3272, which extended the power only to the Superior Court.
But even if the Constitution and the precedents did not forbid it and it were an open question, this court ought not to grant new trials for newly discovered evidence in criminal actions for several reasons: Eirst, There is no necessity for it (the sole ground on which they are allowed in civil actions), for the Governor is vested with power to investigate the facts more fully than we could, and to do what justice shall require. There is no complaint that the executive has not been sufficiently liberal in its exercise. Again, it is the well known complaint of our governors that, in matters of this kind, insistence and pressure have been often too great. This court has no time for such applications and no disposition to seek or invite them. The Constitution has wisely restricted our power in criminal eases, to reviewing on appeal “decisions of the courts below in matters of law or legal inference.”
And lastly, the odds against the State in a trial for a capi*868tal offense are already sufficiently great. The prisoner has 23 peremptory challenges against four for the State; the prisoner can be found guilty only by a unanimous verdict, beyond the reasonable doubt, of twelve men; but if one juror entertains such a doubt, there can be no conviction. In England to this day, the defendant cannot appeal in a criminal case, but, here, though the defendant can appeal, the State cannot, however erroneous the rulings of the judge (though formerly the State could appeal here from a verdict of not guilty and still can do so in Connecticut and some other States). There are, too, many fine distinctions and technicalities which are urged on an appeal, and still other advantages in favor of one charged 'by a grand jury with killing his fellow man and disadvantages to the State, besides the unlimited right of appeal to the Governor and the absence of any restriction upon his power of commutation, reprieve of pardon. Even if the court possessed the power, it should not add another serious disadvantage to those under which the State is already placed, when endeavoring to enforce the guaranty of safety of life and limb to its citizens, by seeking the conviction of those who have done murder. These disadvantages are far greater now than is necessary to make sure the acquittal of the innocent. The “bloodiest” possible administration of the law is that which permits murder, by making conviction of the guilty more difficult
“Mercy murders, pardoning those who kill.”
In refusing to entertain such motions in criminal cases, we are adhering to the uniform practice and rulings of the court from the first day of its existence down to the present. We are refusing to make an-innovation. The object of punishment for murder is not to reform the offender, but by the certainty of infliction and its unpleasant nature, to deter others from the like offenses. The number of homicides in North Carolina, as recorded in the United States census and the annual reports of the Attorney-General of this State, is *869muck larger annually, in proportion to population, than in most of the other States. The object to be sought in the ad’ ministration of the law is to diminish the number. This cannot be done by adding to the disadvantages now imposed upon the State, in such trials beyond what has been done in the past. If punishment deters from crime (which is its object), then that homicides are more frequent here than in most States, shows a lack of efficient enforcement of the law in such cases. It is not for the courts to add additional difficulties to its enforcement.
No Error.