after stating the facts. The construction of this will was before this Court in Kornegay v. Morris, 122 N. C., 199. The facts,.in the light of which we are now called upon to construe the will and pass upon the plaintiff’s title, differ from those set out in that case, in that Eannie E. Kornegay was then made a party defendant and adopted the *662answer of the defendant Morris, which alleged that the plaintiff in that case could not convey a clear and indefeasible title, .and it was so held. In this ease the said Fannie E. Kornegay joins in the execution of the deed. In the opinion filed by Mr. Justice Furches, after considering the several contingencies provided for i'n the will, he says: “But if Albert dies without leaving issue, the widow Fannie E. is to have the fincóme’ from the estate left John and Albert, until her death or marriage. This gives her a contingent estate in this property. Her estate is also contingent, depending upon the death of Albert without leaving issue. This contingency may never happen, and she may never receive any benefit from this estate. But if Albert should die without leaving issue, before she dies or marries, she may then enforce the collection of the rents arising therefrom upon or against the lot itself, as this income would be a lien on the property itself.” The two questions therefore presented for our decision in this case are whether the contingent interest of Fannie E. Kornegay' can be assigned or conveyed by her deed and whether Mrs. Annie Slocumb has parted with the contingent interest which she took under the will of W. F. Kornegay. In Watson v. Smith, 110 N. C., at p. 6, Shepherd, J., speaking of the effect of a deed conveying a contingent interest, says: “Taking the limitation to be either a contingent remainder or an executory devise, we are of the opinion that the interest of John W. Watson and others was at least a ‘possibility coupled with an interest’ and its assignment for a valuable consideration and free from fraud or imposition, while void in law, will be upheld in equity,” citing Watson v. Dodd, 68 N. C., 528, in which case Pearson, C. J., says that assignments of such contingent interest will be upheld in a court o'f equity, and that if the estate should afterward vest, the Court would compel the assignor to make title in the ab*663sence of fraud, or imposition. Gray v. Hawkins, 133 N. C., page 1.
The only doubt which we have had in disposing of the case is in regard to the effect of the deed executed by Mrs. Slo-cumb to the plaintiff. It would seem that when the will of James F. Kornegay was before the Court in Kornegay v. Morris, supra, no notice was taken of the fact that W. E. Kornegay executed a will devising his entire estate to his wife during her life or widowhood, remainder to his two brothers and Mrs. Slocumb. The case is discussed and disposed of upon the theory that the interest of W. F. Kornegay descended to his heirs at law. We find no difficulty in holding that Mrs. Fannie E. Kornegay, by joining with the plaintiff in the deed tendered the defendant containing appropriate words to release her contingent interest in the income as well as all title to the land with warranty, parts with her interest, the consideration being the full value of the land. Her deed operates either by way of an assignment, valid and enforcible in equity or by way of estoppel. Foster v. Hackett, 112 N. C., 546; Wright v. Brown, 116 N. C., 26.
It is well settled that such contingent interest as W. F. Kornegay took under the will of his father passed under his will. Code, sec. 2140; Fearne on Rem., sec. 752; Underhill on Wills, sec. 50; Fortescue v. Satterthwaite, 23 N. C., 566. His widow having married, the interest of her husband passed under his will to the plaintiff, his brother James J. and Mrs. Slocumb. James J. having died without issue, his interest passed to the plaintiff. Hence, if the plaintiff died without issue the title, subject to a charge to the extent of the income during the life or widowhood of Mrs. Fannie E. Kornegay, will pass to his heirs at law and Mrs. Slocumb. Mrs. Slocumb therefore upon the death of the plaintiff without issue, would take under the will of W. F. Kornegay a one-third undivided interest, subject to the right *664of Mrs. Fannie E. Kornegay. It must be conceded, tbat some obscurity rests upon tbe effect of an assignment of sucb interest by reason of expressions used by tbe judges. Sucb interests bave been spoken of as possibilities and classed witb bare expectancies, as tbat of a child to inherit from tbe parent, etc. Again, the validity of such an assignment bas been sustained as an executory contract to convey, passing no present interest or estate but a mere right in equity to be enforced by suit when tbe contingency upon which tbe estate vests occurs. Sucb assignments are sometimes sustained upon tbe doctrine of estoppel, especially when tbe deed contains a warranty of-title. It bas also been held tbat an assignment of sucb interest, while not passing any present legal title or estate, does pass tbe equitable title of tbe assignor, which is perfected by converting tbe assignor into a trustee for tbe benefit of tbe assignee when tbe estate vests. This court in Fortescue v. Satterthwaite, 23 N. C., 566, by Daniel, J., said: “It is true, as stated in tbe argument, tbat a possibility cannot be transferred at law. But by a possibility we mean sucb an interest, or tbe chance of succession which an heir apparent bas in bis ancestor’s estate. * * * Hut executory devises are not considered as mere possibilities, but as certain interests and estates." After citing Gurnell v. Wood, Willes, 211, and Jones v. Roe, 3 T. R., 93, in which may be found an interesting review of tbe cases, tbe learned Judge says: “In tbe last case tbe Judges seem to bave considered it as settled tbat contingent interests, such as executory devises to persons who were certain, were assignable. They may be assigned, says Atberly, p. 555, both in real and personal estate, and by any mode of conveyance by which they might be transferred, bad they been vested remainders.” It is true tbat tbe deed in tbat case was sustained upon other grounds, but the language used shows tbe opinion held by tbe learned and eminent Judge who wrote for Ruffin, Gaston and himself. In *665 Bodenhamer v. Welch, 89 N. C., 78, Ashe, J., discusses tbe question, with bis usual clearness and learning, stating tbe dis-tinctionbetween a “merepossibility” and“apossibility coupled with an interest,” wbicb latter, be says, “may of course be sold,assigned,transmitted or devised; such a possibility occurs in executory devises, contingent remainders, springing or exec-utory uses.” He cites a number of authorities to sustain the proposition that such interests or estates may be assigned. In that case it was held that such an interest passed to tbe assignee in bankruptcy, and when sold by him vested in tbe purchaser. Judge Ashe notices tbe language of Pearson, C. J., in Watson v. Dodd, 68 N. C., 528, and says: “There can be no doubt then that tbe contingent interest of tbe bankrupt may be assigned, and whether assignable at law or in equity, whatever interest tbe bankrupt bad vested in bis assignee.” In Watson v. Dodd, supra, tbe question before tbe Court was whether tbe interest of a contingent remainder-man could, before tbe contingency happened upon wbicb tbe estate was to vest, be subjected to sale for tbe payment of debts. That, was tbe only question decided. Pearson, C. J., says, arguendo: “If one entitled to a contingent interest of tbe kind we are treating of, assigned it and received therefor a valuable consideration, and there was no fraud or imposition and tbe estate afterwards vested, a court of equity would compel tbe assignor to make title or else would hold the estate as a security for tbe consideration paid, according to circumstances, under its jurisdiction of specific performance of ex-ecutory contracts.” This language is noted by Shepherd, J., in Watson v. Smith, 110 N. C., 6. He says: “It is possible be (Pearson, C. J.,) bad in mind tbe assignment of a mere possibility such as tbe expectancy of an heir at law, as in McDonald v. McDonald, 58 N. C., 211. In Bodenhamer v. Welch, 89 N. C., 78, it is held that such an interest may be assigned (we suppose that an equitable assignment is meant), *666and we are of the same opinion; but even if this were not so, it is clear that the assignment in question, if treated as an executory contract, may be specifically enforced against the assignors and their heirs, should the life tenant die without issue, and this is all that is necessary, according to the stipulations in the case agreed, to entitle the plaintiff to the relief he asks. The plaintiff, the life tenant, has by the assignment acquired an equitable right to the interest of the remainder-man.” We have quoted the language of the learned Justice for the twofold purpose of showing that the decision is based upon the agreed facts in that case.and that by the assignment the plaintiff acquired an equitable right to the interest of the remainderman and not a mere right in equity to file a bill for specific performance. In Watson v. Dodd, supra, it is. said that the assignment will be sustained as an executory contract if based upon a “valuable consideration.” In Wright v. Brown, supra, it is said the consideration necessary to sustain the assignment must be “sufficient.” In other cases the Court uses the term “a fair consideration.” If the deed of Mrs. Slocumb operates only as an executory contract and all that is acquired is a right to sue for specific performance^ we should hesitate to declare that the defendant acquires a “good and indefeasible title” to the land. It is evident that he is paying the plaintiff full value for the lot. If his title in respect to the interest of Mrs. Slocumb is dependent upon the view which a judge or jury may take at some uncertain time in the future of the adequacy of the consideration paid her by the plaintiff, when probably, by reason of the growth of the city, or the placing of valuable improvements on the property, it has enhanced in value, and the parties to the transaction are dead, we should not compel him to pay his money and take the risk of the result of a lawsuit. Before the defendant is required to complete the purchase and pay the money he should have something more than the mere right to sue for *667specific performance of an executory contract. The basic principle upon which such assignments are sustained should be settled — certainly so far as the question of consideration is concerned. Of course if any “fraud or imposition” be practiced upon the remainderman the deed or assignment would be set aside as in case of and under the same equitable principles as other deeds. An examination of the authorities and text-books develops an effort of the judicial mind to escape from the uncertainty which has oppressed the subject and bring the law into harmony with the well recognized principle enlarging the power to assign things in action in the same manner and with the same certainty as things in possession. The general subject underwent an exhaustive examination in the case of Holroyd v. Marshall, 10 H. L. Cas., 209. Mr. Bispham, in his very able work on Equity (6 Ed.), 236, says: “The true ground upon which this and similar decisions are to be placed appears to be, that a court of equity enforces such assignments on the ground that the assignee is entitled to have specific performance of the contract to assign, as soon as the property comes into existence, in the hands of the assignor. But it must not be understood by this remark that the assignor’s right is merely in the nature of a right to the specific performance of executory Contracts, or is to be measured by the limitations by which that equitable remedy is controlled. The assignee’s right is something more. It is a present title not existent at law, but thoroughly recognized in equity; and to that title equity stands ready to give full effect the instant the property comes into being. It is true that neither in equity nor at law can ,a contract to transfer property, not then in existence, operate as an immediate and complete alienation, for the simple reason that there is nothing which can be immediately transferred. But instantly upon the acquisition of the thing, the assignor holds it in trust for the assignee, whose title *668 requires no act on his part to perfect it. The assignee therefore has an equitable title from the time of the assignment The principle thus stated by Mr. Bispham has been and is now uniformly applied to mortgages of after-acquired property. Certainly it would seem equally applicable when the subject matter of the assignment is a contingent remainder — the person who is to take being certain. By the Statute of Wills such interests are made devisable, and by act of Parliament and the Legislatures óf several States, made the subject of a conveyance at law. Hopkins Real Prop., 305. While there is no statute in this State upon the subject, the Legislature at its session of 1903 provided for the sale of such interests by the courts for the purpose of re-investment. In the deed executed by Mrs. Slocumb with her husband, the interest which she had and with which she parts is described by reference to the two wills under which she acquired it. She expressly disposes of such interest as she now has or may hereafter have in the property. This form of conveyance prevents the operation of an estoppel. Wellborn v. Finley, 52 N. C., 228. It, however, clearly appears that she understood what her rights were and intended to effectually part with them.
Without bringing into question the decision in Watson v. Dodd, supra, or any of the cases cited, we think that we should, so far as possible, consistently with elementary principles of law, hold that the deed of Mrs. Slocumb operates to vest in the plaintiff the equitable title to all of the interest, title and estate which she has or may, by the happening of the contingency provided for, have in the locus in quo; that this title is something more than the mere right in equity; that in the event of the plaintiff’s death without offspring, the title will be perfected without any act on the part of the plaintiff or those claiming under him; that the consideration agreed upon by the parties is sufficient and adequate to pass *669such equitable title, and sustain it in the event the perfect title shall come to Mrs. Slocumb or her heirs.
We have given the subject a somewhat extended examination because of the uncertainty surrounding it. We feel that in the conclusion which we have reached we are promoting the wise and salutary policy of the law, which seeks to liberate titles from obscure and uncertain limitations and render alienation easy and simple. There are few greater clogs upon the growth of the industrial life of a people, or the encouragement of home building, than obscurity, uncertainty and insecurity of titles to land. In respect to transfers or assignments of mere possibilities, especially expectant interests in the estates of parents, we adhere strictly to the principles announced by this Court in McDonald v. McDonald, 58 N. C., 211; Mastin v. Marlow, 65 N. C., 695; Boles v. Caudle, 133 N. C., 528; Bispham Eq., 241. Such assignments are not promotive of either the moral, social or material welfare of the people, and should be anxiously and jealously watched by the courts. It will be an evil day for us when children spend their inheritance before it comes to them, encouraging manifold evils to themselves and to society. The judgment of the Court below must be affirmed.
Affirmed.
Hoke, J., dissenting.