The defendant, R. A. Brown, had been removed from the guardianship of Lilly Ury, and this action was then brought by the plaintiff, as the newly appointed guardian, against the defendant R. A. Brown and the other defendants, sureties on his guardian bond, for an account and settlement of the guardianship. The case was referred to the Clerk of the Superior Court to state the account. The report of the referee was filed and confirmed by the Court. The first exception of the defendant which we will consider is the one to the receiving by the referee, • as evidence, an admission made by the defendant R. A. Brown in the proceeding instituted for his removal as guardian, to the effect that he qualified as guardian of Lilly IJry for the purpose of using the funds belonging to her in his own business, and that he applied the same to his own purposes. We do not deem it necessary to discuss that exception any further than to say that it was error on the part of the referee to have received that admission in evidence. In any aspect of the case it is harmless error. - The defendants in their answer in the present case admitted that the defendant R. A. Brown used the guardian funds in his own business and for his own benefit.
The next exception was to a conclusion of law of the referee, and affirmed by the Court, that the defendant R. A. Brown, because of his having used the funds belonging to the estate of his ward in his OAvn business, should be charged with eight per cent.-per annum on the fund up to February 21, 1895 (the date of the change of law of interest), and after that time with six per cent, per annum. The exception cannot be sustained. The point is expressly decided in *200 Carr v. Askew, 94 N. C., 194. There the defendant guardian bad neglected to invest the fund and bad applied it to bis own purposes, and the Court decided that be should be charged with interest at the highest rate. At that time six per cent, per annum was the general rate, but under section 3835 of The Code as much as eight per cent, interest was allowed to be charged and collected, if there was a special contract in writing signed by the party to be charged therewith, or by his agent to that effect. The referee in that case had made a finding that in Wake County, where the guardian resided, he could have loaned the fund out on proper security at eight per cent, per annum, but that taking into consideration the interval occurring between the taking in and re-loaning of moneys, a continuous rate of seven per cent, per annum would have been the maximum that could have been realized. In that case, on the subject of the rate of interest with which the guardian should have been charged, the Court said: “These exceptions we think cannot be sustained, * * * and for the further reason that the evidence taken by the referee upon that matter varies from six to eight per cent. And we think it was reasonable and just under the proofs that the intermediate sum of seven per cent, should be adopted as the average and maximum of interest with which the defendant should be charged, compounded until the death of his ward in 1883, and with simple interest after that time. As a general rule, when a trustee has not only neglected to invest the fund, but has applied it to his own purposes, as by using it in his trade, he may be charged with interest at the highest rate. Adams Eq., 664. But in this case the defendant had annually made a fair return for thirteen years, and for a good portion of that time charged himself with eight per cent, interest. That is a circumstance which might very properly have been taken into consideration by the referee in exonerating him from being charged with the *201highest rate of interest.” That language is conclusive that the Oourt was of opinion that the guardian there would have been chargeable with eight per cent., the special rate allowed by the proviso in section 3835 of The Code, but for the findings of the referee, and that the guardian had charged himself with eight per cent, for a considerable part of the time.
The rate of interest allowed in special contracts under section 3835 is what the Court meant by the highest rale of interest.
The only other one of the exceptions of the defendant necessary to be considered was a conclusion of law arrived at by the referee, and affirmed by the Court, that the defendant E. A. Brown, having used his ward’s money in his own business, and having never otherwise invested it, should not be allowed commissions on the interest or income from the fund in his hands belonging to the estate of his ward. That exception must be sustained on the authority of Carr v. Askew, supra. On a similar exception to the one raised in the case before us the Court there said: “We think this exception should be sustained. It was held by this Court in Burke v. Turner, 85 N. C., 500, That a guardian is not entitled to commission on money collected and used by him in his own business,’ but that was a case where the guardian not only used the money in his own business but was guilty of gross negligence in not making his returns. * * * jn -(kig Case, although the guardian used the money of his ward for his own purpose, he made his annual returns with strict punctuality and fairness for thirteen years, so that it might be seen at all times for what sum he was liable to his wards, and he and his sureties were perfectly responsible. Although he violated the law, and abused the trust reposed in him by the use of his ward’s money, we *202do not tbink it was suck gross malfeasance as should exclude kirn from tke right to be allowed commissions.”
In tke case before ns, tke defendant R. A. Brown, guardian, made regular returns throughout tke whole period of his guardianship and charged himself with six per cent, interest. The cases are similar on the point of commissions to be allowed and the exception is sustained.
We have examined the other exceptions of the defendant and we find that they are without merit and ought not to be sustained. The parties to this action can, when the certificate of this opinion is received in the Court below-, by consent, have the judgment of the Superior Court modified to the extent of having commissions allowed to the defendant Brown as above set out, t.o save the trouble and expense of having the matter recommitted to the referee to make the allowance of commissions.
Modified and Affirmed.