after stating the case. We think the demurrer was properly overruled on both grounds, but that there is error in the judgment in allowing the full amount of the bond in the absence of sufficient allegations in the complaint to enable the Court to hold as matter of law that the penalty of the bond is in the nature of stipulated or liquidated damages.
The plaintiff alleges that he is endamaged in the sum of *256one thousand dollars, and while this is not such a specific allegation of fact as is deemed admitted by demurrer, yet it is sufficient to entitle him to an inquiry as to his actual damages in view of the admission of his cause of action. It is not stated in the bond that it is intended to cover stipulated or liquidated damages, and while such an inference might be drawn from some of tire attending circumstances, it is not srrfficiently strong to overcome the general rule of interpretation. As the primary object of the allowance of damages is to recompense the plaintiff for the actual loss sustained. from the injury, that is, to make him whole, courts are always inclined to construe a bond as penal in its nature, unless such a construction would tend to defeat its essential object. This is true even when it is expressly stated that the amount of the bond 's intended as stipulated damages. There are cases where the full amount so stipulated is allowed, as, for instance, where it is extremely difficult or practically impossible to ascertain the actual damage; but even then we think that, to entitle the plaintiff to- more than nominal damages, sufficient facts should appear, either by proof or admitted allegations, that some actual loss has been sustained, and that the amount of the bond is not unreasonable. These questions are fully discussed by this Court in Lindsay v. Anesley, 28 N. C., 186; Thoroughgood v. Walker, 41 N. C., 15; Burrage v. Crump, 48 N. C., 330; Wheedon v. Trust Co., 128 N. C., 69.
The general rule is thus stated by Chief Justice Marshall in Tayloe v. Sandiford, 7 Wheat., 13, 17: “In general, a sum of money in gross to be paid for the performance of an agreement is considered as a. penalty, the legal operation of which is to cover the damages which the party in whose favor the stipulation is made may have sustained from the breach of contract by the opposite party. It will not of course be considered as liquidated damages, and it will be incumbent on *257tbe party wbo claims them as such to show that they were so considered by the contracting parties.” This principle is further: discussed in 4 Am. & Eng, Enc., 699; 19 Ibid., 397, 402; 5 Cyc., 848.
We are not inadvertent to the line of decisions distinguishing between ordinary contracts and those stipulating against carrying on a trade or business; but while in such cases the courts are more inclined to allow liquidated damages, yet in all cases .the clear intention of the parties and the reasonableness of the amount must affirmatively appear to withdraw the case from the operation of the general rule.
We are deciding the case as it is presented to us; but upon a trial on the merits it may be made to appear that liquidated damages were reasonably intended. We would suggest that both the plaintiff and the defendant be allowed to amend their pleadings so as fully to present the question at issue.
The defendant strenuously contends that the contract is against public policy as' being in restraint of trade. We are not prepared to say that the contract is so unreasonable as to be void under our line of decisions, and we are not disposed to extend the rule in favor of the multiplication of saloons. The following cases from our own Reports may be taken as exemplifications of the general rule: Baker v. Cordon, 86 N. C., 116, 41 Am. Rep., 448; Cowen v. Fairbrother, 118 N. C., 406, 32 L. R. A., 829, 54 Am. St. Rep., 733; Kramer v. Old, 119 N. C., 1, 56 Am. St. Rep., 650, 34 L. R. A., 389; King v. Fountain, 126 N. C., 196; Hauser v. Harding, 126 N. C., 295; Jolly v. Brady, 127 N. C., 142. We think that this is a case which must be finally determined upon all the facts as they may be made to appear upon the trial of the issues.
Error.