The defendant, Kirby, at the time oí his election, and the other defendants, at the time of their appointment, were public officers and they are entitled to hold their offices, their terms not having yet expired, unless their right to the same has beeen divested by an Act of the last General Assem bly, ratified on the 8th day of March, 1897, and entitled “An Act to Charter the Eastern Hospital for the Colored Insane and the Western Hospital for the Insane and North Carolina Insane, at Raleigh, and to provide for their government.” In examining that Act with the view of arriving at its construction and effect, we are not disposed to inquire into the motives of the legislators in enacting the bill into a law, nor is it necessary to do so to arrive -at a proper legal conclusion. If the General Assembly has in some of the provisions of the Statute gone beyond its powers, such a course may be attributed to another motive than a wilful attempt to violate the Constitution. In the great opinion delivered in the ease of Hoke v. Henderson, 15 N. C., 1, Chief Justice Ruffin said for the court: “ All men are fallible, and in the dispatchof business, the beat of controversy and the wish to effect a particular end, may inadvertently omit to scrutinize their powers and adopt means adequate indeed to the end, but beyond those powers.”
*217Before proceeding to an examination of the Statute it will be in order to announce that, after full and able argument and after a careful examination of authorities cited by counsel from the courts of this and other States, we adhere to the opinion that an office is property and is the subject of protection like any other property under the provisions of Section 17 of Article 1 of the Constitution. Hoke v. Henderson, supra; King v. Hunter, 65 N. C.. 693; Cotten v. Ellis, 52 N. C., 545; Bailey v. Caldwell, 68 N. C., 472; Bunting v. Gales, 77 N. C., 283. And yet it is true that public offices being for the public good and convenience, are not so completely the subject of property as are many other species of possessions. Property in an office is qualified to some extent by the duties which the holder owes to the public in their performance. As, for instance, a public office cannot be sold or assigned. The holder cannot, as a rule, depute to another the performance of the duties of the office. And for misfeasance or malfeasance, the courts or other competent authority under such laws as may be in force on the subject, may deprive the holder of the same. But if, such limitations and restrictions be excepted, a public office is as much the subject of property as a man can have in anything. The emoluments of the office are private property “as much,” as was said in Hoke v. Henderson, supra, “as the land which one tills, or the horse he rides, or the debt which is owing to him.”
The emoluments of a public office being then private property, it would seem to follow logically that, the terms for which the defendants were elected and appointed, respectively, not having expired, they could not be ousted except for cause, for the committal of some malfeasance in office, or unless they had failed and refused to perform the duties of their office, or unless the offices themselves had been *218abolished. As long as the office is continued, the term of office, it does seem in reason' and justice, ought to be the private property of the holder; and to take it from him and give it to another by legislation is in effect and reality a judicial act, and the sentence is pronounced without trial and without a hearing. And the law is to that effect. It is clearly decided in Hoke v. Henderson, supra, and approved in Bunting v. Gales, 77 N. C., 283, that, as long as the office is in existence, the term likened to a grant for which the holder has been elected or appointed canont be, lessened to the prejudice of the grantee. In Cotten v. Ellis, supra, it appeared that the office of Adjutant General hact not been abolished, but that the duties of the office had been transferred to another before the plaintiff’s term had expired, and Chief Justice Pearson, delivering the opinion of the court, said: “The legal effect of the (first) appointment was to give the office to the applicant (in mandamus) and he became entitled to it as a ‘vested right’ for the term of three years, from which he could only be removed in the manner prescribed by law and of which the legislature had no power to deprive him. This is settled. Holte v. Henderson, 15 N. C., 1.”
In Kiny v. Hunter, supra, Judge Reade, who delivered the opinion of the court, said: “Nothing is better settled .than that an office is property. The incumbent has the same right to it that he has to any other property. There is a contract between him and the State that he will discharge the duties of the office — and he is pledged by his bond and his oath; and that he shall have the emoluments — and the State is pledged by its honor. When the contract’ is struck it is as complete and binding as a contract between individuals, and it cannot be abrogated or impaired except by the consent of both parties.” And in Bailey v. Calkwell, the opinion was in these words: “The *219case of Cotten v. Ellis, 52 N. C., 545, is directly in point. Cotten bad been appointed adjutant general for three years, with a salary of $200. The legislature passed an Act repealing the law under which Gotten had been appointed, both as to his appointment and salary. Gotten served out his term and demanded pay, which the Governor (Ellis) refused. And this court decided that he was entitled to it. The principles of that case are the sarr. e as in this, and it is unnecessary to repeat them.”
So that, whatever the law may be in other States, it is settled beyond question in North Carolina, that a public office is property, is a vested right, exists by contract between the State and the holder, and that as long as the office is continued the holder cannot be deprived of his term against his consent, unless he has committed some act which works a forfeiture. We have no desire to disturb the decisions of our court on this subject. They are founded on the principles of justice and of safe public policy.
But the plaintiffs further contend that the offices which the defendants hold were abolished by the Act of 1897, and that they themselves are now the persons entitled to the same. It is undoubtedly the law in North Carolina that an office can 'be abolished, and that as a result the officer loses his office and his property in it. This is no breach of the contract on the part of the State. The holder accepted the office subject to this contingency. No one could contend that, because an office was in the estimation of the legislature useful and necessary at the time of its creation, such an office would continue to be forever a public necessity. If an office once useful should become useless and an unnecessary charge upon the people, it is not only a right of the legislature to abolish.it, but it is its duty to do so. And, as we have said, every man elected or appointed to an office created by the legislature takes it with the implied *220understanding that the continuance of the office is a matter of legislative discretion, the office depending upon the public necessity for it. In Hoke v. Henderson, supra, it is said that “It may be quite competent to abolish an office; and true that the property of the office is thereby of necessity lost. Yet it is uite a different proposition that, although the office be continued, the officer may be discharged at pleasure and his office given to another. The office may be abolished because the legislature esteems it unnecessary.”
Of course, an office created by the Constitution cannot be abolished by the legislature.
We are now brought to the consideration of the contention of the plaintiffs that the offices which the defendants have been, and are now in possession of,"have been abolished by the Act of 3 897. The first section of the Act provides “That section 2240 of The Code be amended by striking out the Mowing words: * * * ‘Eastern North Carolina Hospital, located near Goldsboro, * * * and the State Insane Asylum, near Raleigh.' ” * * * The Insane Asylums near Goldsboro and Raleigh are not known by the names of “Eastern North Carolina Hospital” and “State Insane Asylum,” in Section 2240 of The Code. The draftsman of the bill seemed to be ignorant of the corporate names of the different Insane Asylums in this State. Ordinarily, the failure of an Act to give the complete and full name of a corporation where there could be no reasonable doubt as to which institution was meant, would be of no significance; but, where it is undertaken by legislative enactment to change the names of such institutions and to confer new names upon them, it does seem that pains would be taken to at least find out the true corporation names of those discarded. And, when such is not done, the presumption of fact arises that the change was of no material *221consequence or importance in the mind of the legislature. Such carelessness would not have happened if the legislators themselves had thought the matter of any importance. Throughout this Act, and also the one passed at the same session providing for the support of these institutions, the old and new names of incorporation are frequently used, interchangeably. But suppose the true corporate names had been called in section 1 of the Act and the new names properly conferred, could any reasonable man imagine that the. change in the names of these asylums could possibly have altered the foundations of them or affected the duties and rights of any person officially connected with them? Surely, no one ¡vculd answer in the affirmative.
But the plaintiffs further contend, because the Act declares that the office of Superintendents of the old corporations are abolished, and the office of principal and resident physician substituted therefor, the latter, elected for four years instead of sis', as was the Superintendent, and that because the government of the new corporation shall be under the management of nine trustees, called the Board of' Trustees, elected for a term of four 3rears instead of in classes of three for six years, the terms expiring at different times, as under The Oocle, and are called the Board of Directors, the offices under the old corporation are abolished and the new ones take their places. This contention cannot be sustained.
The legislature of 1870-’7l, upon the return to power of one of the political parties, undertook to remove the officers of the North Carolina Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, who were of another political faith, and in the Act for that purpose (Chapter 55) resorted to this same device of changing the names of the offices to carry out their purpose. The Act (1870-’71), called the new board, *222which it created, the Board of Trustees, in substitution of the old board, which was called the Board of JDio-ectors, and used the very word used in the Act of 1897, “abolished.” It declared that the Hoard of Directors should be abolished aud the powers, rights and duties heretofore prescribed by law to said board shall hereafter be granted to and imposed upon the Board of Trustees.” It seems that the new Board, called the Board of Trustees, took possession of the property and affairs of the corporation, but upon an action being commenced by the old Board of Directors against the Board of Trustees, and brought to this court on appeal, it was held that the legislative appointment was invalid, and that the title to the offices was in the old board of directors. It was also held that the Legislature had the right .to change the name of the board, by which the institution was governed, from the Board of Directors to that of the Board of Trustees, but that in doing so it left the board the offices to be filled by officers. Nichols v. McKee, 68 N. C., 429. The Act did not in fact abolish the offices changing the name of the board, although the Act declared that the Board of Directors was abolished. The offices were left as before, and the abolition of the Board of Directors was one of words only.
The draftsman of the Act of 1897 would have done well to look at the Act of 1870-’71, and the decision of this court upon it. We have examined the Act of 1897 carefully, and there is not one single duty required of the new Board of Trustees that was not required of the old Board of Directors. There is no change as to duties, rights or powers. There is nothing in .the Act but the same old offices with changed names, with the same duties, rights and privileges as were provided under the old law. In fact the latter part of Section 3, which amends Sections 2241. *2232242, 2243 and 2244 of The Oode, by striking out the old names of the asylums and substituting new ones, declares that “Those Sections of The Oode thus amended, and Chapter 2, Yol. 2, of The Oode, -except as hereinafter provided, are re-enacted.” There follows the above proviso no .other provision except the one changing the name of the office of Superintendent to that of Principal and Resident Physician. And the latter part of Section 6 of the Act provides, “that Chapter 2, Volume 2, of The Code shall in all respects apply to the corporations hereby created, except as modified by Section 8 of this Act” — Section 8 being in these words: “It is not the intention of the General Assembly that the trustees herein provided for shall be offices within the meaning of section 7 of Article XIY of the Constitution, and they are declared to be special trustees for the special purposes of this Act.” These places have been held to be offices, as we have declared in this opinion, and the Legislature by simply declaring that they shall not be offices does not change the nature of the thing.
In the case of Clark v. Stanley, 66 N. C., 60, Chief Justice Pearson delivering the opinion of the court, defining what a public office is, said: “A public office is an agency for the State, and the^person whose duty it is to , perform this agency is a public officer. The essence of it is the duty of performing an agency, that is, of doing some • act or acts or series of acts for the State.” It is idle under the decisions of this Court to say that such a position as these defendants hold is not an office, as it would be to say that a horse is not a horse because one may choose to call him some other animal.
Ye are of the opinion, upon a careful examination of the Act, that it is an amendment, as it declares itself to be, of Chapter 2, Vol. 2, of The Oode, and not a reapeal of that *224chapter. It is true, that in the first Section it declares that the charters of said hospitals, by whatever name, and all Acts amendatory of said charters, are hereby repealed,” yet, with the exception of a change in the names of the offices and of the institutions (with some insignificant details about the salaries of the superintendents and the appointment of the directors), the whole of Chapter 2, Vol. 2, of The Oode is re-enacted, or, as the Act itself declares, “And the provisions of Chapter.2, Yolume 2, of The Code, applicable to the directors of the North Carolina Insane Asylum, not in conflict with the provisions of this Act, are hereby made applicable to the Board of Trustees of this • State Hospital for the Insane and the Western Hospital for the Insane, and as modified by this Act, are hereby reenacted. ”
In State v. Williams, 117 N. C., 753, it is said: “The re-enactment by the legislature of a law in the terms of a former law at the same time it repeals the former law, is not in contemplation of law a repeal, but is a reaffirmance of the former law whose provisions are thus continued without any intermission.” The effect of the Act, then, is that it has only a prospective operation as to the change of the name of the Institution and the names of the offices connected with it, and that the defendants (the incumbents) are entitled to hold on to their offices — the defendant, Kirby, for the term for which he was elected, and the other defendants for the terms for which they were appointed and until their successors are duly elected and appointed and qualify.
There is no error in the judgment of the court below and the same is affirmed, except that part of the judgment as to the right of John R. Smith, which is not set out in the complaint, and is therefore set aside, that matter not being before the court.