It will not be necessary to consider in their order the objections to evidence and exceptions thereto, as the case will be disposed of in the consideration of the errors alleged in the instructions of his Honor to the jury.
The defendant rested his defence on the merits upon two grounds: (1), because he was abating a nuisance; (2), because the action of the Board of Aldermen, approving his act, related back and justified the conduct of defendant. His Honor held that neither position can be maintained by defendant on the evidence, and he directed the jury if they believed the evidence to answer the first issue “Yes.”
We have examined the acts constituting the charter of Asheville in force at the time of the act complained of and the general law concerning cities and towns, and find that, by section 8803 of The Code, applicable to all towns and cities unless other modes arc expressly provided in the charter, the commissioners “shall provide for keeping in proper repair the streets and bridges in the town in the manner and to the extent they may deem best.” By the charter of Asheville, oh. Ill, Private Acts of 1883,.sec. 19, *630among the powers expressly, given to the Board of Aider-men are to “provide for repairing and cleansing the streets and sidewalks/’ also “to suppress and remove nuisances.” And by sections 37 and 38 an elaborate system is provided for the condemnation of land for streets and the assessment of benefits and damages, “ whenever in the opinion of the aldermen it is advisable to obtain land or the right of way in the city for the purpose of opening new streets or widening or straightening streets already established or for making of culverts or water-ways for carrying water out of the streets.” But we have been unable to find any special provision, however desirable it may be that some special provision should by law be made, for the grading of the streets, and the assessment of benefits and damages arising upon the change of such grades.
This city has, then, special power and the general powers incident to all towns and cities for keeping its streets in repair, which powers would, in our opinion, include authority to make such changes in the grading of its streets as the Board of Aldermen might deem necessary; and that the city was only liable for damages caused by such grading when the work was done in an unskillful manner. Meares v. Wilmington, 9 Ired., 73; Wright v. Wilmington, 92 N. C., 136. It is equally clear that one, acting for himself and without authority from the Board of Aldermen, who undertook to change the grade of a street, would render himself liable in an action by the party injured for such damage as might have been sustained by the owner of lands or buildings upon said street, by reason of such assumption of the functions of the city by him. And if such person assumed to be acting for another than the rightful authority such other person might ratify the act after it was done, and so’become a joint trespasser with the wrong-doer himself.
*631But the effect of a ratification by the city of an act done by an unauthorized person under color of authority from the city, which act, if it had been done by the city itself, would have been rightful, would be to relieve such person from liability as a trespasser. A municipal corporation has, by its charter, granted to it certain portions of the sovereignty of the State, for the purpose of assuring to the people the right of local self-government. It acts under delegated authority, and within the scope of its powers it represents the sovereignty itself.
And the fact that the ratification of defendant’s act was done* after action brought against him by the plaintiffs for the injury sustained, cannot affect the result of such ratification. “The rule of law is that he for whom a trespass' is committed is no trespasser uuless he agrees to the trespass; but if bo afterwards agrees to it his subsequent assent has relation back, and is equivalent to a command, according to the well-established maxim, omnia ratihabitio retro-trahitar d mandato priori xquparatv.r.’' Hall v. Pickersgill, 5 E. C. L. Rep., 83.
The city had the right to grade the street, and by its subsequent assent it has in effect commanded the act complained of; if it were a person who had no right to do the act and the same wore done in its behalf it would be a joint trespasser with defendant, but having that right the defendant is relieved of liability if he assumed to do it for and on behalf of the city. The city has assumed any liability which may have accrued to defendant and now this liability would be only for injuries sustained by reason of unskillfulness in the work!
This doctrine of ratification will in some instances apply to torts as well as to contracts. One may under some circumstances adopt a wrong and become a wrong-doer by ratification, as where one acts for another, not assuming to *632 act for Himself, but for the other person, withoutanv precedent authority, and afterwards the act is ratified by the principal. Cooley on Torts, 127. “If an individual ratifies an act done on his behalf the nature of the act remains unchanged; it is still a more trespass, and the party injured has the option to sue either; if the Crown ratifies the act, the character of the act becomes altered, for the ratification does not give the party injured the double option of bringing his action against the agent who committed the trespass or the principal who ratified it, but a remedy against the Crown only (such as it is), and actually exempts from liability the person who commits the trespass.” Buron v. Denmar, 2 Exc. Rep., at p. 188.
So, an act which, if done by the individual, may be a trespass, but which if done by proper authority is lawful, may be ratified by such authority when it was done in its behalf. For instance: Defendants, creditors of an uncer-tificated bankrupt, seized his goods to hold for the assignee not yet appointed ; this act was ratified by the assignees, who liad a right to seize them; and although this ratification was done after action brought by the bankrupt against the trespasser's it was held that the .defendants were not liable to plaintiff. Hall v. Pickersgill, supra.
It must be an act which would have been lawful if done by proper authority, for, whore a State Tax-collector seizes property in satisfaction of taxes, refusing to accept in payment certain coupons, according to a statute of Virginia, he is liable for trespass because the act was void. Poindexter v. Greenhow, 114 U. S., 270.
The learned counsel for plaintiffs, contending that the city could not ratify the act of defendant, especially after suit brought, rely upon Page v. Belvin, 14 S. E. Rep., 843; but in that case it was held that by the terms of the charter of the city of Richmond the grading of streets could *633not be done until there had been a resolution'or ordinance of the city council 'previously enacted directing the improvement to be made; the act would have been unlawful if done by the city in any manner except in that prescribed by the charter; therefore the city could not ratify an act which it was not authorized to do itself. “The council can' only act by previously enacted ordinances.” In this case it was also held that by reason of the injury a right of action against defendants liad vested, and upon settled principles it could not be divested by subsequent action of the council. In the case before us the city of Asheville 'could liave graded the street under its powers in the charter, without such previous action. If the grading was done by one assuming to act for it such act, upon equally well-settled principle, was subject to ratification, and such ratification, as we have seen, had relation back to the act itself, and took away no vested right, because the right to recover damages was subject to be defeated by the subsequent ratification.
The same distinction will be found in all other cases cited for this position, for in each of them the act or contract was not in its origin binding upon the corporation by reason of not having been made in the mode prescribed by the charter, and therefore not a subject of ratification. In Zottman v. San Francisco, 20 Cal., 102, cited by plaintiffs’ counsel, it was said: “Ratification is equivalent to a previous authority; it operates upon the contract in the same manner as'though the authority to make the contract had existed originally.” There having been some evidence tending to show that the defendant assumed to act for the constituted authorities of Asheville, it follows that when his Honor held that defendant’s contention could not be maintained upon the evidence as to the ratification and its relation back to the alleged wrongful act, he did not *634advert to tlie testimony tending to prove that defendant assumed to act for or on behalf of the city; this was a material fact to be passed upon by the jury, and in case they found it in favor of defendant he would have been entitled to the instruction.
As to the question whether the defendant was liable for the removal of the wall and earth which had been erected at the opening of Market street into the public square, his Honor'held that upon the evidence defendant could not relieve himself from liability to plaintiffs upon the ground that he was abating a nuisance. As the acts of grading the street and of removing the wall may be separated, it is important to inquire whether this wall and the earth packed between it and plaintiffs’ line, upon the street, *vas a nuisance, and could defendant have abated it? "Without-going back to a discussion of what constitutes a nuisance in general, we may say, as applicable to our present case, that any permanent obstruction of a street or road, a public highway, by which the public are impeded in their passage over said highway, is a iniisanco, and that according to the evidence this wall and filling in, erected upon the street or public square, certainly in the absence of any' express authority from the Board of Aldermen to do so— and this authority cannot be proven by testimony to the individual consent of one or more members of the Board— was a public nuisance, because it obstructed a portion of the street or square. State v. Long, 94 N. C., 896.
It was broadly stated in State v. Dibble, 4 Jones, 107, that any unauthorized obstruction in a navigable stream by means of a bridge or a dam of any kind is a public nuisance which any one may abate. This proposition is qualified by Mr. -Justice Ricadk in a case of much the sanio character, State v. Parrott, 71 N. C., 11: “A common or public nuisance maybe abated by any person who is annoyed *635therebyAnd this was a most proper qualification, for although the first'expression has been often used by the Judges, it was applied to the special facts then under consideration. It would be a. proposition most dangerous to the peace of communities to say without qualification that any one may abate a public nuisance. As we are not attempting to write a treatise or a text-book it will not be necessary or proper for ns to discuss the subject 'of the abatement of nuisances in its ever varying phase; our province is to apply known principles already established to the facts of particular cases. It would not be difficult to demonstrate the general rule to be that as to nuisances entirely public no private person has a right to abate them, and it is very well established that where a nuisance is both public and private in its effect it may be abated by those to whom it is a priviite nuisance. Wo do not undertake to lay down any general rule as to how far the individual may go in the abatement of the nuisance which is an injury to him. ¡Suffice it to say that his Honor should have instructed the jury that the encroachment upon the street or square, not being proven to have been authorized, was a public nuisance. And upon the evidence it was a question to be submitted to them, under proper instructions whether thin encroachment upon the public highway was specially injurious to defendant, for upon the determination of this question rested his right to remove it without resort to an action. We refer to 2 Wood on Nuisances, chapter 21, for an interesting and instructive discussion of the subject of abatement of public nuisances by act of private persons, and an industrious collection of authorities thereon. There must be a new trial. Error.
*636(PLAINTIFFS’ AI’PKAl).
The plaintiff made the following exceptions to rulings of the Court on the admissive and objective evidence:
■ 1. On cross-examination plaintiff' was permitted, over objection by his counsel, to give to jury the description of the store and ground prior to the injury complained of. Plaintiff objected. Overruled, and plaintiff excepted.
2. Witness Lee was allowed to testify that defendant owned property across from .plaintiff' on Market street, and that access to it was made less convenient by plaintiff’s wall. Plaintiff excepted. This evidence was admitted at the time over plaintiff’s objections on the position main-* taiued by defendant that the plaintiff’s wall was a nuisance, which defendant had a right to abate. The Court, being of opinion, on the whole evidence, that defendant had shown no such nuisance as would justify his action, so ruled, and the effect of this evidence was withdrawn from the jury.
3. This witness was also allowed to testily, over plaintiff’s objection, the time and dost required to put square, etc., in condition it was in prior to the injuries. Plaintiff excepted.
4. Defendant Pearson was allowed to testify that the action of the defendant had enhanced the value of plaintiff’s property, describing how the change of grade was beneficial. Plaintiff objected. Overruled, and plaintiff excepted.
o. The minutes of the Board of Aldermen -were read establishing grade of street at present level. Admitted, and plaintiff excepted. This was admitted on the claim of defendant that he could show authority from' the city for his act, but the defendant having failed to show such *637authority or that lie claimed to act pursuant to such, it was decided that the resolution of the Board of Aldermen was no protection to defendant, and the effect of the evidence was withdrawn from the jury. The connection of evidence will more fully appear in the copy of entire evidence made by the Clerk.
The plaintiff requested the Court for the following-instructions :
“1. That the plaintiffs are entitled to recover in this action for damages arising both before and after suit; that any damage found to be done to the property of the plaintiffs by reason of the defendant’s cutting down the street are original and can bo recovered for as full compensation in tins action.
“2. That if from the evidence the jury shall find that* the defendant cut down the street willfully and wrongfully and with malice to the plaintiff’s, and wickedly and without regard to .the rights of the plaintiffs, they can find such punitory or vindictive damages as they shall find ought to be paid.
“3. That if the jury find from the evidence that the plaintiffs’ property has been made worth less than before in money by reason of the defendant cutting down the street in front of it, the damage would bo such permanent and original damage as would entitle the plaintiffs to recover full compensation in this action.”
The Court explained the nature of the action, stating among other matters not objected to:
“1. That plaintiff claimed in this action damages for injury to his building by defendant in digging down and carrying away the earth from the public square adjacent to his property. Defendant contended that he had done plaintiff no actionable wrong:
Because he had authoritj7 from the city of Ashe-*638ville for his conduct, or such conduct had boon subsequently ratified by the city.
“(2). Because he was removing a nuisance; that neither position could be maintained by the defendant, and on the evidence, if the jury believed it, they should answer the first issue ‘Yes.’
“2. Measure of damages was the cost of replacing the earth as far as its removal worked an injury'to plaintiffs’ property, and the inconvenience working pecuniary injury to plaintiffs in use of building for the time required to replace the earth under all circumstances of the case. This inconvenience could be estimated in this case by the impaired rental value of the property for the time the earth was necessarily away, there being -no evidence of actual loss of rents for such time.
“3. Evidence as to increased or diminished value of property not to be considered by the jury in question of damages to property as a building site. Only considered on value of building as tending to show increase or diminution of rental value for the time building remained in its injured condition.
“4. Damage not entire loss to building. As between the parties plaintiffs had a right to replace the earth, and the subsequent order of the city authorities making the change ' permanent was not the act of Pearson. The city authorities have control of the grade of their streets, when acting-in their judgment, and for this defendant is not responsible. But their action in this instance would not relate back so as to justify the conduct of defendant, who neither acted nor claimed to act under their authority, and the rule for damages was as above given.”
There was verdict for plaintiffs as set out on record. Plaintiffs moved for a new trial for errors of Court in its rulings on question evidence, and for error in the charge in *639measure of damages. Motion overruled and plaintiff excepted.
•Judgment on verdict and appeal taken.
Plaintiffs excepted for that the Court erred:
“1. In overruling the plaintiff’s objection to evidence and admitting the same over his said objections, as herein-before specified.
“2. In refusing to admit certain evidence offered by them, as hereinbefore specified.
“8. In refusing to give the instructions prayed for by the plaintiffs, as hereinbefore set forth, to-wit, in refusing to give prayers for instructions Nos. 1, 2 and 3.
“4. In instructing the jury as follows: ‘That the measure of damages was the cost of replacing the earth as far as its removal worked an injury to plaintiffs’ property and the inconvenience working pecuniary injury to plaintiffs in use of building for the time required to replace the earth.’
In instructing the jury that the damage of plaintiffs was not the entire loss to the building, as between the parties the plaintiffs had the right to replace the earth, and the subsequent order of the city authorities making the change permanent was not the act of Pearson; that the city authorities have control of the grade of streets when acting in their judgment, and, for this, defendant is not responsible.”
The conclusion we have reached upon defendant’s appeal renders it unnecessary that we should consider any of plaintiffs’ exceptions other than those directed to the charge of his Honor upon the measure of damages.
We are of the opinion that there is no error of which the plaintiffs can complain in the instructions given, and defendant’s appeal did not show any exception to this part of the charge. As it appeared upon the trial that the *640removal of the wall and earth and the grading of the street had been adopted by the city and consequently that the earth and wall could not be replaced, it would be difficult to compute any other damage resulting to plaintiffs than such inconvenience as may have arisen and existed between the time of the act complained of and the adoption thereof by the city. There was no testimony upon which the jury could have been instructed that they might give vindictive damages. . No Error-.