The evidence presented at trial tended to show that defendant and a female co-worker, Mrs. Deborah Keel, were involved in a close personal friendship for about one year. Mrs. Keel testified that she ended the relationship during the summer of 1985, for although it had never developed into an extramarital affair, she felt uncomfortable maintaining it. Defendant became very upset and followed Mrs. Keel at least twice.
In mid-September a good friend of Mr. and Mrs. Keel, Kevin Maurer, received a telephone call from a man who identified himself as Tony Hill and asked Maurer to meet him at a local restaurant to discuss a woman whom Maurer was dating. Maurer agreed to the meeting but upon arriving at the restaurant found no one there. He returned home and soon received another telephone call from Hill, who asked whether he had gone to the restaurant, and explained his own absence as stemming from fear of something happening to him.
Mrs. Keel testified that she had spoken frequently of Mr. Maurer at work, as he was a close family friend, and that she *502kept an address book which contained his name and address on her desk. She remembered mentioning to the defendant that Maurer had a girlfriend and telling him her name.
Mr. Maurer, a twenty-seven-year-old financial analyst, returned home from work on 8 October 1987 at around 10:30 p.m. He walked past a beige Datsun parked in the parking lot of his apartment complex, and then turned around when he heard someone call his name. Standing next to the opened car door, pointing a gun at him, was a man whom he had never seen before but whom he positively identified in court as the defendant, Forrest Smith. Defendant identified himself as Tony Hill and ordered Maurer into the car. Maurer ran approximately 100 to 125 yards toward a friend’s apartment, expecting the door to be unlocked as it usually was, but upon reaching it discovered that it was locked. He called for help but then remembered feeling a flashing blue light inside his head, and awakened three days later. Maurer received gunshot wounds in his shoulder and upper spine, the latter which severed his spinal cord and rendered him permanently paralyzed below the shoulders. A State Highway Patrolman stopped a car matching the description of the beige Datsun given by another apartment resident, and an Elizabethtown police officer arrested the driver, whom they identified as defendant Smith.
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in finding as a nonstatutory aggravating factor that the offense was committed with premeditation and deliberation. The maximum imprisonment for felonious assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious injury is twenty years, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-1.1(a)(6) (1986), and the presumptive sentence is six years, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.4(f)(4) (1988).
The sentencing judge “may consider any aggravating and mitigating factors that he finds are proved by the preponderance of the evidence, and that are reasonably related to the purposes of sentencing,” whether or not such factors are specifically listed in the fair sentencing statute. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.4(a) (1988). One of the primary purposes of sentencing is “to impose a punishment commensurate with the injury the offense has caused, taking into account factors that may diminish or increase the offender’s culpability. . . .” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.3 (1988).
*503In evaluating the proper use of nonstatutory factors to aggravate a sentence the North Carolina Supreme Court has inquired whether the factor “makes the defendant more blameworthy than he or she already is as a result of committing a violent crime against another person.” State v. Hines, 314 N.C. 522, 335 S.E. 2d 6 (1985). If the factor does not have this effect, it is not properly used to aggravate the sentence. Id.; State v. Underwood, 84 N.C. App. 408, 352 S.E. 2d 898 (1987).
The presence of premeditation and deliberation is important in elevating culpability for violent crimes. Although prior to 1893 no distinction was made between types of murder in North Carolina, for example, modern statutes recognize the higher degree of culpability society assigns to crimes committed with premeditation and deliberation and divide homicide into degrees. State v. Benton, 276 N.C. 641, 174 S.E. 2d 793 (1970). These factors are recognized as elevating a defendant’s level of culpability because our society views as more culpable a violent offense perpetrated with careful planning and in a cool state of blood than one committed with malice but without premeditation and deliberation. State v. Smith, 221 N.C. 278, 20 S.E. 2d 313 (1942).
The evidence presented in the case at bar tended to show that defendant acquired personal information about his victim, adopted an alias, and contacted him to schedule a meeting about his girlfriend in order to observe what the victim looked like. Several weeks later on the night of the offense, defendant awaited the victim’s return home, spoke his name when the latter passed by, and then fired four shots at him as he tried to escape. The circumstances of this felonious assault, from which the trial court could properly find premeditation and deliberation by a preponderance of the evidence, tended to show a higher degree of culpability than other assault cases in which only the assaultive conduct itself is pertinent to the degree of culpability of the defendant.
Prior decisions have accepted the nonstatutory factors that a violent offense was premeditated and deliberated, see State v. Melton, 307 N.C. 370, 298 S.E. 2d 673 (1983) (second degree murder), and that it was planned, see State v. Chatman, 308 N.C. 169, 301 S.E. 2d 71 (1983) (first degree burglary), as reasonably related to the purposes of sentencing. Because these factors increase the *504defendant’s culpability and make him or her more blameworthy, they are properly considered aggravating if supported by adequate evidence.
Defendant contends that the evidence necessary to prove that he acted with intent to kill was also necessary to prove premeditation and deliberation. “Evidence necessary to prove an element of the offense may not be used to prove any factor in aggravation. . . .” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.4(a) (1988). Premeditation means that the defendant formed the intent to kill during some period of time before actually committing the crime; deliberation means that the defendant was in a cool state of blood when he formed the intent to kill. State v. Misenheimer, 304 N.C. 108, 282 S.E. 2d 791 (1981). Thus, proof of each factor requires presenting additional evidence beyond mere intent to kill; premeditation requires proof of the time when the intent to kill was formed, and deliberation requires proof of the defendant’s emotional state when he formed this intent. In the case at bar there was ample evidence, apart from that presented to prove intent to kill, to support the trial court’s finding that defendant acted with premeditation and deliberation.
Affirmed.
Judges Arnold and Cozort concur.