The sole question for decision is whether the clause in the 1933 deed attempting to restrict the title of Maggie Giles to a term of her natural life with remainder to the heirs of J. D. Giles is valid and effective when it appears only in the introductory recital to the deed and is not referred to elsewhere. The trial judge concluded that the language was ineffectual. We agree.
Other sections of the deed must be examined to understand the question presented and this Court’s decision. The granting clause reads as follows: “Freddie Giles . . . has bargained and sold, and by these presents does grant, bargain, sell and convey to said Maggie Giles heirs and assigns. . . .”
The habendum clause, following the description, reads as follows: “TO HAVE And To Hold the aforesaid tract or parcel of land, and all privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging, to the said Maggie Giles and her heirs and assigns, to her only use and behoof forever.”
The warranty provides that Freddie Giles covenants, “with said Maggie Giles and her heirs and assigns. . . .”
Plaintiffs rely primarily on four decisions of our Supreme Court: Triplett v. Williams, 149 N.C. 394, 63 S.E. 79 (1908), Artis v. Artis, 228 N.C. 754, 47 S.E. 2d 228 (1948), Oxendine v. Lewis, 252 N.C. 669, 114 S.E. 2d 706 (1960), and Whetsell v. Jernigan, 291 N.C. 128, 229 S.E. 2d 183 (1976). Artis and Oxendine established the rule of law that where an entire estate in fee simple is given the grantee in the granting, habendum and warranty clauses, other clauses in the deed, repugnant to the estate and interest conveyed, will be rejected. Plaintiffs contend, however, that Triplett and Whetsell carve at least two exceptions to the stated rule: (1) That when two clauses in a deed are repugnant to each other, the clause appearing first in the deed shall control its interpretation, and (2) The rule is applicable only to those situations where the inconsistency in the deed is contained in, or immediate*633ly after, the description clause of the deed. We do not agree with plaintiff’s interpretation of the prevailing case law.
It is true that in Artis, Oxendine, and Whets ell the inconsistent clause was in the description area of the deed. However, in all those cases, the granting, habendum and warranty clauses were in accord. We find no case which limits the Artis and Oxen-dine rule to situations where the inconsistent or repugnant clause appears only in the description. In Wilkins v. Norman, 139 N.C. 40, 51 S.E. 797 (1905), the repugnant clause followed the warranty in the deed rather than being inserted in the description. The court held that the clause was void and the Supreme Court in Ar-tis cited with approval the result obtained in Wilkins.
We also do not agree with plaintiffs that the language in the introductory recital should prevail since it was the first language defining the estate granted. In the case cited to us which is most similar to the case at bar, Ingram v. Easley, 227 N.C. 442, 42 S.E. 2d 624 (1947), the deed in question purported to convey to husband and wife a tenancy by the entirety. The husband’s name appeared only in the introductory recital setting out the names of the parties. The granting clause conveyed the property to the wife alone and her heirs and assigns, and the habendum and warranty were in accord. The court, in holding that the deed conveyed nothing to the husband, stated: “In the event of any repugnancy between the granting clause and preceding or succeeding recitals, the granting clause will prevail.” (Emphasis added.)
In Whetsell, the Supreme Court thoroughly analyzed existing case law as well as G.S. 39-1.1 enacted by the 1967 General Assembly. That statute, applicable only to conveyances executed after 1 January 1968 provides:
(a) In construing a conveyance executed after January 1, 1968, in which there are inconsistent clauses, the courts shall determine the effect of the instrument on the basis of the intent of the parties as it appears from all of the provisions of the instrument.
(b) The provisions of subsection (a) of this section shall not prevent the application of the rule in Shelley’s case.
*634In Whets ell, Justice Moore clearly stated the North Carolina rule:
By the enactment of this statute, the General Assembly clearly indicated its intention to leave the law relating to conveyances executed prior to 1 January 1968 unchanged and that the rule as stated in Artis v. Artis, supra, and Oxendine v. Lewis, supra, should remain in effect for conveyances executed prior to that date. Granting that this rule may occasionally subvert the real intention of the grantor, these particular instances of hardship can better be endured than the uncertainty and confusion of titles resulting from sudden and radical changes in well settled rules of property.
Finally, this Court has more recently addressed the issue raised in this appeal. In Waters v. Phosphate Corp., 32 N.C. App. 305, 232 S.E. 2d 275 (1977), this Court interpreted Whetsell to establish the rule of law that conveyances executed prior to 1 January 1968 shall be interpreted by the courts in accordance with the principles enunciated in Artis, Oxendine and other earlier cases, and deeds executed after 1 January 1968 shall be interpreted in accordance with the provisions of G.S. 39-1.1.
Therefore, in the instant case, the clause in the introductory recital purporting to limit the title of Maggie Giles to a life estate with remainder to the heirs of J. D. Giles, though expressing an obvious intent of the grantor, must be deemed to be surplusage without force or effect.
For the reasons stated, the order of the trial court is
Affirmed.
Chief Judge MORRIS and Judge MARTIN (Harry C.) concur.