delivered the opinion of the Court:
Appellee recovered judgment against appellant, in the court below, for the value of a bill of goods which he shipped by the appellant as a common carrier from Hartford, Connecticut, to Peoria, in this State, and which appellant failed to deliver.
The defense interposed was, that the goods were, without the fault of appellant, destroyed by the great fire at Chicago, of October 9, 1871, and, by a clause in its receipt or bill of *72lading, loss by fire was expressly excepted from the liability it assumed in receiving the goods for carriage.
We held in Merchants’ Despatch Company v. Smith et al. 76 Ill. 542, that the same fire by which these goods were destroyed could not be regarded as the act of God, so as to exempt common carriers, on that ground, from their common law liability for goods destroyed by it. And the present case is, also, analogous to Merchants’ Despatch Transp. Company v. Kahn et al. 76 Ill. 520, where it was held there did not appear that there was any compulsion on the carrier, even if in a proper case its liability could be held not to extend to a destruction by that fire, to ship by way of Chicago.
The doctrine is too well settled in this court to now admit of discussion, that a clause in a receipt or bill of lading exempting the carrier from a common law liability, is not binding on the shipper unless it appears that the shipper knew of, and assented to, the exemption, and that this is a question of fact, to be determined, as other questions of fact, on the trial of the case. Western Transp. Co. v. Newhall, 24 Ill. 466; Adams Exp. Co. v. Haynes, 42 id. 90: Adams Exp. Co. v. Stettaners, 61 id. 184; Illinois Central R. R. Co. v. Frankenberg, 54 id. 88; Anchor Line et al. v. Dater et al. 68 id. 370.
Appellee’s evidence is conclusive that he knew nothing of the bill of lading or receipt until sometime after the goods were shipped, and did not assent to the clause exempting appellant from liability in respect to loss by fire. After he made this proof, however, he offered in evidence so much of the instrument as acknowledged the receipt of the goods for carriage between the termini. Appellant objected, but the court overruled the objection, and exception was taken by the appellant, which is now urged as the principal error in the ruling of the court below. It is said by counsel, “ It has never been regarded as the law that a party could avoid the provisions of a contract on grounds of ignorance, fraud, or duress, and still be permitted to use such of the pro vis*73ions as he chose to select, for the purpose of establishing a liability against the other party.”
In Western Transportation Company v. Newhall et al. supra, this court ruled in this respect substantially as did the court below. True, there the exempting clause appeared on the back of the receipt or bill of lading; but that circumstance cut no fio-ure in the case. It was treated as it
would have been had it been inserted, as here, below the clause acknowledging the receipt, and on the same page with it.
In Adams Express Company v. Haynes, supra, the opinion shows that the receipt or bill of lading was declared on, and the exempting clause followed on the same page, as in this case, the clause acknowledging the receipt of the goods; and the ruling was that it was competent for the shipper te show that his attention was not called to the exempting clause, and that he did not assent to its terms.
In both cases — and, indeed, in all cases decided by this court — the bill of lading or receipt has been treated as evidence to prove the receipt of the goods, to he affected or not affected, as the evidence justified, by the exempting-clause. This case was tried by the court, without the intervention of a jury, and when the court was satisfied from, the evidence that the exempting clause had not been assented to by the shipper, it could not possibly prejudice-appellant to refuse to hear that clause read. Had the issue been submitted to a jury, then, of course, the court could not have excluded any portion of the instrument without, usurping their province — the question whether the clause-was assented to or not being one of fact.
The fallacy of the position of the counsel is in assuming-that the shipment was the result of an express contract, previously entered into between the carrier and the shipper, prescribing their mutual rights and obligations. But the carrier was bound, by virtue of its calling, to receive the goods, when properly tendered for shipment, and to carry them safely, unless they should be destroyed by the act of *74God or the public enemy; and it had no right to be exempt from loss by fire unless by virtue of a special contract to that effect. It could not limit its liability by its own act alone ; and the insertion of a.clause in the receipt or bill of lading, therefore, assuming to do so, was simply a nullity. The shipper, never having assented to it, was authorized to •disregard it, and he having disregarded it, the instrument remained evidence only of that which the carrier acknowledged was within the line of its duty — namely, the receipt of the goods and its undertaking to ship them.
Objection is also urged that the court erred in receiving the declarations of certain agents of appellant. We decline to notice this objection because it does not affect the merits •of the case. Appellee’s right to recover is clearly established independently of this evidence, and is not, in our opinion, in any degree affected by it.
We think the judgment is clearly warranted by the law and the evidence, and it will, therefore, be affirmed.
• Judgment affirmed,.