delivered the opinion of the court:
Permelia Brown died in Chicago on July 9, 1909, possessed of real and personal property and leaving a last will and testament dated December 1, 1904, and a codicil dated December 28, 1907, which were admitted to probate in the probate court of Cook county. The appellant, Anthony Mayville, her nephew, filed his bill in this case in the superior court of Cook county, setting forth the two instruments and charging that they were not executed according to law; that she was in her dotage and not of sound mind, and memory and that the will was the product of undue influence exercised upon her by interested persons, and praying that the instruments be declared null and void and the probate set aside. Issues were made up and submitted to' a jury, which returned a verdict that the two instruments were her last will and testament. The court entered a decree on the verdict, and an appeal was prosecuted to this court.
The assignment of errors contains numerous specifications, all of which have been argued by counsel, but upon looking into the record it appears that most of them are not subject to review for want of exceptions to the rulings of the court. Where the statute requires a question of fact *437to be submitted to a jury the same practice prevails as in an action at law, and the trial of an issue so submitted on a contest of a will is governed by the same rules as the trial of any issue at law before a jury. (Tucker v. Cole, 169 Ill. 150; Johnson v. Farr ell, 215 id. 542.) An objection, of itself, is insufficient to preserve any question to be reviewed on appeal or error and an exception to the ruling is essential. (England, v. Vandermark, 147 Ill. 76; Climax Tag Co. v. American Tag Co. 234 id. 179.) The requirement of an exception to permit an assignment of error is neither a technicality nor an invention of the courts, but is a rule created by the legislature and is fixed by section 81 of the Practice act. The appellant presented" to the trial judge a bill of exceptions showing that he had excepted to various rulings of the court during the progress of the trial on the admission and exclusion of evidence and in giving, refusing and modifying instructions, which were stricken from the bill before the same was signed. The certificate of the trial judge recites that having no recollection of or minutes concerning the alleged exceptions he requested the parties to present affidavits as to the facts, and in pursuance of the request affidavits were submitted, which are copied in the bill of exceptions. The judge, upon reading the affidavits, did not find that the exceptions were taken, and refused to allow them. Notwithstanding the decision of the judge, the appellant, in printing the abstract, interpolated exceptions in accordance with his own claim that they were taken, and upon attention being called by appellees, in their brief, to that fact, counsel for appellant, in their reply brief, contend that the alleged exceptions can be considered by reason of the affidavits and the action of the judge be reviewed in this court. The contrary is so well settled that it does not seem counsel could be ignorant of the rule. The trial judge is present and presides at the trial and knows what takes place, and it is his duty to settle the bill of exceptions. His decision as to what did occur *438is final and not subject to review. (Eastman v. People, 93 Ill. 112; People v. Chytraus, 183 id. 190; Dreyer v. People, 188 id. 40.) He may resort to any available means to aid his recollection, (People v. Anthony, 129 Ill. 218; People v. Chetlain, 219 id. 248;) but the means by which he reaches his conclusion are no proper part of the bill of exceptions. The insertion in the abstract of exceptions where they do not appear in the. record has caused much additional labor on the part of the court, and if attention had been called to the fact before submission of the case the abstract would not have been permitted to remain on file.
The statute provides that an issue at law shall be made up whether the writing, produced be the will of the testator or testatrix or not, and there were two such instruments in this case. The appellant asked the court to submit two issues: First, whether the instrument dated December 1, 1904, (the original will,) was the last will and testament of Permelia Brown; and second, whether the instrument dated December 28, 1907, (the codicil,) was her last will and testament. The appellees asked the court to submit two issues: First, whether the two instruments together were the last will and testament of Permelia Brown; and second, if not, whether the instrument dated December 1, 1904, (the original will,) was such last will and testament. The court submitted the issues proposed by the appellees, and appellant excepted. It is contended that the appellant waived his exception by joining in the issue and going to trial, but the appellant could do nothing else except to proceed and try the issue which the court compelled him to try, and he waived nothing by doing so. The jury found the two instruments to be the last will and testament of Permelia Brown, and the verdict being responsive to the first issue there was no necessity of a finding as to the second, which was conditioned upon the finding that the two together were not such last will and testament. If the issues proposed by the appellant had been submitted and the *439jury had found that the original will of December i, 1904, was not the last will and testament of Pennelia Brown but had found that the codicil was, the findings would have been repugnant in the law, for if the codicil was valid it was a re-publication of the original will, and the two together constituted the last will and testament. (Fry v. Morrison, 159 Ill. 244; Hubbard v. Hubbard, 198 id. 621; Hill v. Kehr, 228 id. 204.) The form in which the issues were submitted was preferable to that insisted upon by the appellant, and certainly there was no substantial error or injury in the submission of the issues..
The appellant did take exceptions to the rulings of the court in denying his motions, at the close of the appellees’ evidence and also at the close of all the evidence, to instruct the jury to find for him. So far as the first motion is concerned, it was waived by afterward introducing evidence. (Streator Independent Telephone Co. v. Continental Telephone Construction Co. 217 Ill, 577.) The motion was renewed at the close of all the evidence, but no written instruction was tendered with the motion at either time. The question whether there was any evidence fairly tending to show that the instruments produced were the last will and testament of Permelia Brown was a question of law. If it had been a question of fact the court could not have given any instruction concerning it; since the court can only instruct on questions of law. By section 73 of the Practice act courts are prohibited from' instructing jurors in any case, whether civil or criminal, unless such instructions are reduced to writing, and as no written instruction was tendered with the motion, the question whether the court erred cannot be considered. Wenona Coal Co. v. Holmquist, 152 Ill. 581; Swift & Co. v. Fue, 167 id. 443; Hartford Deposit Co. v. Pederson, 168 id. 224; Variety Manf. Co. v. Landaker, 227 id. 22.
The appellant made a motion in writing for a new trial, specifying the things complained of in the argument. But *440even if an exception had been saved to the overruling of the motion, such exception is not regarded as taking the placq of exceptions on the trial. (Illinois Central Railroad Co. v. Modglin, 85 Ill. 481.) Under the assignment of error that the court overruled the motion for a new trial i.t is argued that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence, but no exception was taken at the time the motion was overruled. The record shows that the motion for a new trial was denied and the decree was entered on the verdict, to which action of the court in denying the motion and entering the decree an exception was taken. As an exception must be taken at the time of the ruling and the exception was taken after the entry of, the decree, it can only be considered as an exception to the entry of the decree. It can be said, however, with reference to this and other matters argued by the counsel for the appellant, that while we cannot overlook or disregard the rule established by the legislature, the enforcement of it has not worked any substantial wrong to the appellant.
There were some rulings on the admission of evidence which were excepted to. Some of them related to receiving opinions of the witnesses as to the mental capacity of the testatrix and her capacity to transact business. The witnesses had known her for a considerable period of time and had stated their opportunities for observation and the facts on which their opinions were founded. In this class of cases witnesses, after showing such facts, may give an opinion. In the case of the attorney who drew the will and codicil and was present at their execution, questions were objected to on the ground that they were leading and suggestive. The witness had already testified that the testatrix was of sound and disposing mind and memory, and his answers to the leading questions did not add anything to the testimony already given. It need not be said that he needed no suggestion as to what was wanted and that he was not aided by any. The manner in which questions *441may be put to a witness is largely in the discretion of the trial court, and while some questions put to the attorney were leading in form, there was no injury to the appellant from the ruling.
A witness who had testified that she had lived in the family, assisting with the housework, for two years, up to the time of the death of. the testatrix, and that witness saw nothing about the testatrix tó indicate her mind was not right, was asked if she thought the testatrix could transact business. As to this question objection was made that it was leading and suggestive and not confined to any particular time. We think the question implied that it related to the time the witness knew the testatrix, and there was no substantial objection to the form of the question.
Another witness who had known the testatrix ten years said that she had no idea what her condition of mind was and had never thought about it. She was then asked what her opinion was as to how the mind of the testatrix was and whether it was all right or not. The objection was on the ground that the witness had already stated she had no impression on the subject, and the objection being overruled the witness answered that she thought the testatrix was all right; that her mind was all right; that she seemed to be a very brilliant woman and that she saw nothing indicating that her mind was not all right. It is quite evident that the first statement of the witness .merely meant that she had seen nothing to call her attention to the question and had formed no conclusion because she had not given it a thought. When she was asked to form and give an opinion she gave a direct and positive one, and there was no error in permitting her to do so.
None of the rulings of the court which were excepted to would justify a reversal of the decree, and accordingly
it is affirmed.
Decree affirmed.