delivered the opinion of the court:
The principal question in this case is whether the interest devised to Moses Golladay and his heirs was a vested or a contingent remainder. A vested remainder is a present interest which passes to a party to be enjoyed in future, so that the estate is invariably fixed in a determinate person after a particular estate terminates?! (2 Blackstone’s Com. 168; Haward v. Peavey, 128 Ill. 430.) Reame, in his work on Remainders, on page 2, says: “An estate is vested when there is an immediate fixed right' of present or future enjoyment; an estate is vested in possession when there exists a right of present enjoyment; an estate is vested in interest when there is a present fixed right of future enjoyment.” |A”remainder is vested when a definite interest is created in a certain person and no further condition is imposed than the determination of the precedent estate. It is not sufficient that there is a person in being who has the present capacity to take the remainder if the particular estate be presently determined. It must also appear that there are no other contingencies which may intervene to defeat the estate before the falling in of the particular estate.jj (Smith v. West, 103 Ill. 332.) In the case last above cited this court quoted with approval the language of Chancellor Walworth in Hawley v. James, 5 Paige, 466, as follows: “A remainder is vested in interest where the person is in'being and ascertained, who will, if he lives, have an absolute and' immediate right to the possession of the land upon the ceasing or failure, of all the *418precedent estates, provided the estate limited to him by the remainder shall so long last, — in other words, where the remainder-man’s right to an estate in possession cannot be defeated by third persons or contingent events or by a failure of a condition precedent, if he lives, and the estate limited to him by way of remainder continues till the precedent estates are determined, his remainder is vested in interest.”
A contingent remainder' is one limited to take effect either to a dubious and uncertain person or upon a dubious and uncertain event. This general definition has often been approved by this court. While the difference between a vested and a contingent remainder is clear enough under the definitions as given by the authorities, still it is not always an easy matter to determine whether a particular instrument creates a vested or a contingent remainder. Thus, [it does not necessarily follow, in all cases, that every estate in remainder which is subject to a contingency or condition is a contingent remainder. The contingency or condition may be either precedent or subsequent. If the former, the estate is contingent; if the latter, the remainder is vested, subject to be divested by the happening of the condition subsequent.] (Haward v. Peavey, supra, and authorities there citéckj To distinguish between a contingent remainder and one that is vested, subject to be divested by a condition subsequent, is often a matter of much difficulty., So far as our investigation has gone we have found no attempt to formulate a rule on the subject, except the general rule that it is to be determined in each case as a question of construction of the instrument creating the interest.
In the case at bar both parties agree that under the second clause of the will of George Golladay Nancy Golladay took a life estate. The devise over to Moses Golladay and his heirs cannot be construed as vesting a present interest in fee, subject to be divested upon the death of the life tenant leaving children, surviving her. The language of the testator will not bear such construction. The clearly ex*419pressed intention of the testator was to give his wife a life estate in the premises, with remainder in fee to such of her children as might be living at the time of her death; then, to meet the possibility that his wife might die leaving no children surviving her, he made the devise over to Moses Golladay and his heirs. Here the devise over depended on a dubious and uncertain contingency, — that is, the death of the life tenant without leaving children surviving! her. The language of the testator that the real estate is to fall to Moses Golladay and his heirs “at the death” of the life tenant, clearly indicates that the testator did not intend or contemplate a vesting of the devise over before the happening of that contingency. In other words, the testator has fixed the time and the condition under which the estate may vest, and it is not the province of courts to defeat the intention of the testator by a resort to artificial rules of construction.
Appellants place much reliance upon the case of Boatman v. Boatman, 198 Ill. 414. That case arose under the following facts: The testator devised a certain portion of his real estate to his son, Emory Boatman, subject to the following condition: “The share of the real estate that my son Emory gets under this will is only a life estate. He is to have the use, rents and proceeds of said land, after paying taxes and necessary repairs, so long as he may live. At his death, if he leaves any child or children surviving him,, then said land is to go to such child or children, but if he dies leaving no child or children surviving him then said lands to go to his brothers and sisters.” After the death of the testator, and during the life of Emory Boatman, Clara V. Worsham, a sister of Emory Boatman, conveyed, by quit-claim deed, all of her interest in the real estate of her father, including that upon which Emory Boatman held a life estate, to four of her brothers, one of whom was Clarence E. Boatman. Clarence E. Boatman died intestate. February 14, 1899, leaving no children but leaving Ida *420M. Boatman, his widow. Emory Boatman died June 19, 1901, leaving no widow, child or children or descendants of a child or children. Ida M. Boatman filed her bill for. a partition, claiming that her deceased husband was seized of a vested interest in the lands in which Emory Boatman held a life estate, and that by the death of her husband without children, she, as his widow, became seized, under the Statute of Descent, of one undivided half interest in the lands upon which Emory Boatman held the life estate. This court affirmed a decree sustaining the contention of the widow of Clarence E. Boatman. In that case, on page 420, a definition of a vested remainder was given, as follows: “A vested remainder is an estate to take effect after another estate for years, life or in tail, which is so limited that if that particular estate were to expire or end in any way at the present time, some certain person who was in esse and answered the description of the remainder-man during the continuance of the particular estate would thereupon become entitled to the immediate possession, irrespective of the concurrence of any collateral contingency.”
This definition is not erroneous when all of the language embraced within it is properly considered. The definition, however, is very erroneous and misleading unless the modifying clause introduced by the last eight words employed is constantly kept in mind. The subsequent treatment of the question involved in that case shows that the court applied the definition given, without considering that the death of the life tenant leaving children surviving him was the “concurrence of a collateral contingency,” which, under the definition given, prevented the interest of the brothers and sisters of Emory Boatman from being a vested remainder. There was in that case, as there is in the case at bar, a collateral contingency to be taken into account,— that is, the death of the life tenant without leaving surviving children before the remainder could become vested. This contingency is a dribious and uncertain event. It could not *421be known until the death of the life tenant whether this contingency would happen, hence the remainder was contingent in the Boatman case as it is in this. In this respect the Boatman case is out of harmony with our previous decisions as well as the great weight of authority outside of this State. (See 24 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law,—2d ed.—p. 418.) In so far as the Boatman case seems to lay down the rule that a devise to one with remainder in fee to his children who may survive him, with a devise over to another in case the life tenant dies leaving no children, creates a vested interest in remainder in the last devisee, that case is overruled. The case of Chapin v. Nott, 203 Ill. 341, in so far as it is based on the Boatman case on this point, must be regarded as unsound. The remainder created by the devise over in such case is contingent upon the death of the life tenant without leaving children. That this is the proper construction of a clause in a wdll or deed is recognized by many decisions of this court, -among which the following may be cited: City of Peoria v. Darst, 101 Ill. 609; Smith v. West, supra; McCampbell v. Mason, 151 Ill. 500; Furnish v. Rogers, 154 id. 570.
In the case last above cited the clause in the will involved was as follows: “I give and bequeath to my grandniece, Jessie Starkweather, * * * my house and two lots in Sycamore, * * * also thirty-two acres in Mayfield, DeKalb county, Ill., and $500, all of which is to go to her children should she marry. If she should die childless, then it is to be divided between her mother and the rest of my grand-nieces and nephews who will appear and give evidence of such.” It was held that under the foregoing clause Jessie Starkweather took a life estate, and that the remainder created by the devise over was contingent on her marriage and the birth of children who survive the life tenant. In disposing of that case this court, speaking by Mr. Justice Phillips, on page 571, said: “The language employed designates the children as those who take the re*422mainder, and the estate does not vest in them, as an absolute fee simple title to them and their heirs forever, until the death of Jessie, as it is further provided that if she die childless the estate is to be divided among her mother and the rest pf the testator’s grand-nieces and nephews, etc., whose estate is contingent upon the death of Jessie without a surviving child or children or the descendants of such child or children, in which case the takers of the remainder are substituted for surviving children.. By the first clause of the will Jessie Starkweather takes an estate for life in the house, lots and land and in the $500 therein bequeathed. The remainder is a concurrent, contingent remainder with a double aspect, to be determined immediately upon the death of Jessie, as at that moment it will vest in her child or children, or the descendants of such child or children, that survive her, and in default of such survival the remainder would vest in the mother of Jessie and the other grandnieces and nephews of the testator,”—citing Dunwoodie v. Reed, 3 S. & R. 452, and City of Peoria v. Darst, supra.
The law as laid down in the Rogers case, and the others above cited in line with it, furnishes the correct rule of decision in the case at bar. I The second clause of the will of George Golladay gave his'wife a life estate with a contingent remainder with a double aspect, to be determined upon the death of the life tenant. At the time of her death she left no children surviving her. The devise over to the heirs of Moses Golladay therefore took effect as a fee simple interest upon the falling in of the life estate. The daughter of Nancy Golladay who died before her mother, and such of the heirs of Moses Golladay as pre-deceased the life tenant, had no interest in the premises.
William Golladay was a son of Moses Golladay. As already shown, he made 4 warranty deed purporting to convey his interest in the premises to Henry H. Fuller and Ross R. Fuller several years before the death of the life tenant. Appellants contend that this deed operated as a *423conveyance of the interest of William Golladay, and that if said deed was otherwise inoperative it should be given effect, by way of estoppel, against the assertion of title by the complainants, who are the children of William Golladay. This contention cannot be sustained. William Golladay died before the life tenant. No title ever vested in him. His children are not estopped by the covenants in this deed for the reason that they are not asserting a title by descent from their father, but are claiming underJhe will of George Golladay, as heirs of Moses Golladay. ‘“A contingent remainder may be transferred by warranty deed, under our statute, so asv to vest the title in the grantee. (Hurd’s Stat. 1905, chap. 30, sec. 7; Wadhams v. Gay, 73 Ill. 415; Walton v. Follansbee, 131 id. 147.) But where the grantor of such an interest dies before the contingency happens upon which the estate is to vest, nothing passes by such deed. (Thomas v. Miller, 161 Ill. 60.) Had William Golladay survived the life tenant appellants w’ould have succeeded to his share in this estate. In that event his deed would have been binding upon him and his heirs after his death. The conveyance by John Knock, Jr., to Henry H. Fuller is valid under the authorities which nullify the deed of William Golladay. John Knock, Jr., survived the life tenant. The court below correctly held that- H. H. Fuller was entitled to the share of John Knock, Jr. This is the only interest he has in this estate. The other appellant, Ross R. Fuller, who claims under the deed of William Golladay, has no interest, whatever.
There is no error in the decree of the circuit court. The decree will be affirmed.
affirmed.'
Mr. Justice Dunn took no part in the decision of this case.