A preliminary question is raised here as to the power of this court to entertain this writ of error, it having been sued out to the County Court. It is contended that no appeal or writ of error lies in such case, either by the common law or by statute. By the common law, an appeal did not lie from one court to any other in any case. That is a statutory right. A writ of error is a writ of right by the common law, and lies in all cases, civil and criminal, except capital cases, but can, of course, be regulated by statute. It is admitted that a writ of error can be prosecuted to the Circuit Court 'to bring up its proceedings for review in the Supreme Court. That is expressly provided for by statute, and without the statute it could be prosecuted as a writ of right belonging to all persons, unless expressly inhibited by statute.
Now it is expressly provided by section 13, of the act of 1849, establishing County Courts, that the County Court shall have concurrent ’jurisdiction with the Circuit Court, in hearing *488and determining all applications for the sale of real estate of deceased persons, for the payment of the debts of said decedents, and may make all orders, and render all judgments on such applications that the Circuit Court might or could make or render in similar cases; and the orders and judgments of said court shall have the same force, power and effect as the orders and judgments of the Circuit Court in like cases; and final process may issue as from the Circuit Court. (Scutes’ Comp. 309.)
By section 24, of the same act, (ib. 311) it is provided that in all cases, where concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Court is given, the rules of proceeding and practice shall be the same.
By section 7, chapter 29, it is enacted, that the Supreme Court shall exercise appellate jurisdiction only, (except as is hereinafter excepted,) and shall have final and conclusive jurisdiction of all matters of appeal, error or complaints from.the judgments or decrees of any of the Circuit Courts of this State, and from such other inferior courts as may hereafter be established by law, in all matters of law and equity. (Ib. 616.)
This act was passed March 3rd, 1845. The County Court was established by the act of 1849, and concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Court given to it in applications for the sale of real estate to pay debts. Its orders and judgments are made final and conclusive, and no appeal allowed to any court. The establishment of this County Court, giving it concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Court, makes its proceedings subject to review in the same manner as proceedings in the Circuit Court could be reviewed, in like applications.
By section 109, statute of Wills, it is provided that any person or persons claiming to be aggrieved by any judgment, decree or order for the sale of any such real estate as aforesaid, may appeal from the same to the Supreme Court of this State. (Ib. 1210.) The appeal here allowed is cumulative merely, the right to a writ of error existing at common law. The County Court then having as full and complete jurisdiction in such cases as the Circuit Court, and no appeal being allowed from the final order, to the Circuit Court, it would follow necessarily, to prevent a failure of justice, that error should lie to this court. If it was not so, the real estate of decedents would be at the mercy of the County Court.
This point being disposed of, we will now examine the objections urged to the proceedings.
It is urged that the court had no jurisdiction of the subject matter, or any right to render the decree or order.
If this objection be well taken, there is an end of the case, and all the proceedings must be declared void.
So far as the power of the court is involved, there is no ques*489tion made, but only of its exercise in this particular case. It is a court of limited though not of inferior jurisdiction, so to speak, and presumptions in favor of their jurisdiction in a particular case may be indulged. The record need not show the existence of all the facts from which the jurisdiction appears. But those facts without which jurisdiction could not be entortained'in the particular case, should appear upon the record. The exercise of its jurisdiction was first invoked for the appointment of an administrator, on the allegation that Asahel Langworthy, of Franklin county, Vermont, died in 1834; that there was property in this State belonging to the estate of the deceased not administered upon, and that there are debts against the estate now due and unpaid, and that he died intestate and insolvent. On these suggestions and representations, proof of the death only having been made, the defendant, by being the public administrator of McDonough county, was appointed administrator on the estate.
The statute of Wills, sec. 58, provides, where any person shall die seized or possessed of any real estate within this State, or having any right or interest therein, and shall have no relative or creditor within this State, or if there be any, who will not administer upon such deceased person’s estate, it shall be the duty of the judge of probate, upon the application of any person interested therein, to commit the administration of such estate to the public administrator of the proper county, etc. (Scates’ Comp. 1192.)
We think, before this court could get jurisdiction of this case to act, it should have affirmatively appeared to the court, that there was no relative within the State, or creditor, to whom administration might be committed. It should further have affirmatively appeared, that the application for the appointment of an administrator on the estate, was made by a party interested in the estate. Neither of these facts, and they are fundamental facts, are shown, and the question arises, must this court presume they did exist, for it is a rule that intendments as liberal will be indulged in its favor, as would be to the proceedings of the Circuit Court. Propst v. Meadow, 13 Ill. R. 169. But this requirement of the statute goes to the very origin of the proceedings. It is the existence of these facts which awakens the power of the court—which calls it into action. They are fundamental facts, and although the court had cognizance of the general subject, it not' appearing by the record that the facts were such as to give the court jurisdiction in the particular case, we are not authorized to presume their existence. The record purports to show all the facts on "which the court assumed to act, and we cannot, therefore, intend other and indispensable facts *490existed. Had the court found the fact to be, that there was no relative in this State, and that the party making the application for the appointment of an administrator, was interested in the estate, we would presume there was evidence of the facts, but not being found in the record, we cannot presume they existed. Coles et al. v. Haskins, 9 Mass. 542.
In Ford v. Walsworth, 15 Wendell, 450, the court held that, as the proceedings of the surrogate did not show that an account of the personal estate and of the debts of the intestate was presented, it was a fatal defect, and therefore it did not appear hii had jurisdiction in the matter.
We apprehend, however, if these accounts had been presented to the surrogate, his adjudication that the personal estate was not sufficient to pay them, followed by an order of sale of his real estate, would be conclusive in any collateral proceeding, but it could be examined on appeal, or by writ of error.
The doctrine of presumptions, to sustain jurisdiction, arises when the jurisdiction is questioned in some collateral proceedings. This proceeding to sell the land, which we are considering, following, as it did, immediately upon the heels of the appointment of the administrators, and brought before us in the same record, cannot be regarded as collateral, but as part and parcel, and the immediate result of such appointment. If then the record does not show that the facts existed, which could call into action the jurisdictional power of the court, the act of appointment of the administrator must be void. When the question is only as to the manner of exercising jurisdiction on a subject of which the court had jurisdiction, then, if the judge mistakes, the error can be corrected by appeal or writ of error. But when the question is, whether the court has jurisdiction of the particular subject or not, the judge must decide it at his peril. If he errs by assuming a jurisdiction which does not belong to him, Ms acts are void. We think, on the facts presented by the record, the county court had no jurisdiction of the subject matter, and Ms proceedings are consequently coram non judice and void.
The county court having no jurisdiction to appoint this administrator, the subsequent order of sale of the land, and the sale under the order by him, are necessarily void. Holyoke v. Haskins, 5 Pick. 25.
That an illegal grant of administration may be attacked collaterally also, see Emboy v. Millar, 1 A. K. Marshall, 304.
In Griffiths v. Frazier, 8 Cranch, 9 to 30, it was held, to give jurisdiction to the ordinary, a case in which, by law, letters of administration may issue, must be brought before him. We are clearly of opinion such a case had not been presented and *491is not found in this case, for the reasons we have given. But, if the court had jurisdiction to appoint the administrator, then the question arises on this record, was the order of sale properly granted, and from which this writ of error is prosecuted ?
The debt, to pay which these lands were ordered to be sold, was created in 1828, and was originally for the sum of six hundred and eighteen dollars, twenty cents. It was a promissory note, payable on demand, and the court allowed interest for twenty-seven years, amounting to nine hundred and eighty-nine dollars, twenty-four cents, making the total allowance sixteen hundred and seven dollars, fifty-two cents. We think these lands, from lapse of time, were not liable for this debt. The lien had been lost by gross laches, and time, more than sufficient to bar a right of entry, had elapsed. Every legal presumption existed that the debt had been paid, without any plea of the statute of limitations. The production of a demand so stale should, in all cases, start this presumption, leaving it to the party claiming to rebut it by proof of some facts, rendering a demand or suit impossible at an earlier period. In an ordinary action at law, on such a note, the plea of payment would be sustained by force of this presumption.
As to the laches, we have said, in McCoy v. Morrow, 18 Ill. R. 519, that a creditor will be considered to have waived his lien upon the property of an intestate, if he does not pursue his remedy in a reasonable time, and although there is not an express statute of limitations within which such a lien may be enforced, it would seem by analogy to the lien of judgments and the limitations for entry upon, and recovery of lands, that seven years from the death of an intestate should bar such liens. The court further say, that it is the duty of administrators to interpose the presumptions and positive limitations of law against claims presented for allowance.
The court further say, the creditor, under our law, has ample means of compelling administration without delay, and through administration, subjecting the debtor’s estate, real and personal, to the payment of the debts against the estate. If he fails to do so within a reasonable time, he will be held to have waived his lien against property demanded, and the grantee of the heir will take the title discharged of the lien.
As in that case, so in this; it is not necessary to decide what shall be a reasonable time for that purpose, for here the delay is twenty-seven years, leaving no room either from adjudged cases, or the analogies of our law, for question.
To the same effect is Ricord v. Williams, 7 Wheaton, 60.
As well argued by counsel here, “ If greater power is to be given to liens of this character than to those that are created by *492the act of the party in his lifetime, or by the judgment of a court, then there must be an end to every feeling of security in the perfection of land titles. No man can feel assured that his children may not be disseized of their inheritance, a genera tion after the debtor himself has passed away.”
The same point has been considered and determined, in consonance with the views of the court in Mc Coy v. Morrow and Ricord v. Williams, in the following cases: Gore v. Brazier, 3 Mass. 541; Wyman v. Brigden, 4 ib. 155 ; Sumner v. Child, 2 Conn. 615.
The order to sell the land to pay this debt should not have been allowed, and the heir-at-law can contest it here. We might well advert in general terms to prominent facts in the case, which leave the strongest possible impression that the whole proceeding was void, as having been contrived of fraud to swallow up a large estate on a debt which the law presumes was paid. In the first place, the old note is assigned by the surviving payee, N. B. Wells, without recourse, to one Roberts. One D. P. Wells filed the claim in court, and N. B. Wells made affidavit of the death of Langworthy, and D. P. Wells enters himself as security on the bond of the administrator. The administrator interposes no defense to a claim he knew he could successfully defend, obtains the order to sell the land, and six quarter sections, in all nine hundred and sixty acres, are sold to D. P. Wells for the trifling sum of two hundred and seventy dollars. There is no proof of the actual value of the lands before us, but from our general knowledge of the counties in which they are located, we feel well satisfied that they would average in value at least ten dollars per acre. Thus by the contrivance of these parties, a valuable inheritance, in justice and right belonging to the plaintiff in error here, the only child and heir-at-law of the deceased Langworthy, for the merest trifle, is wrested from her, if the proceedings be valid. There is evidence before us, on the motion to dismiss this writ of error, that she has been residing in this State, in a county not very distant from the scene of these machinations, more than ten years, and without any notice, except such notice as may be found in a newspaper published in an osbeure village, and that paper of very limited circulation, that any proceedings were pending, or been had against the lands until they were sold.
■ This would seem to give force to another objection that is raised here, that there was mo affidavit made that there were unknown heirs, before the publication was made.
We can consider the case in no other light than as a concocted fraud—fraudulent in its inception and in its consummation, and *493we would be remiss in our duty did we not declare all the proceedings void. The decree ordering the sale is set aside.