delivered the opinion of the court:
On October 23, 1905, the city council of the city of Chicago, appellant, passed an ordinance amending sections 1958 and 1959 of the revised municipal code of the city so as to read as follows:
“1958. (Comfort and Safety of Passengers.) It shall be unlawful for any person or corporation owning, leasing or operating any street railway cars, or other vehicle for the transportation of passengers for hire, within the city of Chicago, to permit any car or other such vehicle to be in use or to be operated on any of the public streets or ways of said city unless the average temperature within such car be maintained at not lower than fifty degrees Fahrenheit; nor unless *567said car shall be reasonably clean, disinfected, and so ventilated as to be as free as practicable from foul or vitiated air; nor unless said car contains a standard Fahrenheit thermometer, in good order, securely fastened to the wall of the car, near the center thereof, on the opposite side from the stove or heater, if there be one, and so placed as to give the average temperature of said car and be conveniently visible for examination by the passengers thereon; nor unless there be maintained in said car, in a position conveniently accessible to passengers, a copy of this section so posted that it may be conveniently read by occupants of the cars, together with a statement that passengers are invited to report violations of this section to the commissioner of public works at the city hall; nor unless the track upon which such car is operated, and the car itself, are in such condition as to insure and provide the reasonably safe, convenient and comfortable transportation of its passengers, without unnecessary noise or jolting and without danger to their safety and comfort by reason thereof; nor unless there shall be furnished a sufficient number of cars, on each separate line, to carry passengers comfortably and without overcrowding, and which cars shall be run upon a proper and reasonable time schedule, a copy of which shall, upon request, be furnished to the commissioner of public works; nor unless each car, on each separate line, except in case of a blockade or other unavoidable interruption of traffic, when it once starts on its trip, shall be run to such terminus of said line as is designated on said car without switching back before reaching said terminus, if there are any passengers on said car who desire to be carried to such terminus.” (Here follow provisions excepting grip-cars from the provision as to temperature, and other things not material in this case.)
“1959. {Penalty.) Any person, firm, company or corporation who shall be guilty of violating any of the provisions of the preceding section shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $100 for each car operated in violation *568of this law, and each day of the operation of such car shall be considered a separate offense.”
The Chicago City Railway Company and the receivers of the Chicago Union Traction Company, appellees, filed their bill in this case in the circuit court of Cook county praying the court to enjoin appellant from enforcing said ordinance so far as it is designed to compel them to furnish a sufficient number of oars to carry passengers comfortably and without overcrowding, from prosecuting suits against them to enforce the payment of any penalty -for any alleged violation of the provision in question, and from bringing any further suits or taking any steps or proceeding whatsoever thereunder. The amended bill alleges that the provision requiring the appellees to furnish a sufficient number of cars to carry passengers comfortably and without overcrowding is void on three grounds, which are stated by their counsel in their brief and argument, as follows:
“ (i) That it is in violation of paragraph 96 of article 5 of the Cities and Villages act, which provides that ‘no fine or penalty shall exceed $200 for a single offense,’ and also section 11 of article 11 of the constitution, which provides that ‘penalties shall be proportioned to the nature of the offense.’
“(2) That it is uncertain, in that it does not sufficiently define the offense for which its multiplied penalties are imposed, and is for that reason void.
“(3) That it is unreasonable, and therefore void.”
The circuit court overruled appellant’s demurrer to the bill, as amended, and appellant having elected to stand by the demurrer, the court entered a final decree finding that said provision of the ordinance is void and enjoining appellant from enforcing or attempting to enforce the same, arid from further prosecuting suits brought against the appellees.
The material facts alleged in the amended bill and admitted by the demurrer are, that before and at the time of *569the passage of the ordinance the Chicago City Railway Company, one of the complainants, maintained and operated 220 miles of street railway on the streets in the south division of the city of Chicago; that the receivers of the Chicago Union Traction Company, the other complainant, maintained and operated 303.93 miles of street railway on the streets in the north and west divisions of the city, with terminal connections in the south division; that the business center of the city is in the south división, in what is known as the “down-town loop;” that complainants are the only surface street railways serving the city of Chicago, except twelve other lines of surface street railway operating in outlying districts and not owning down-town terminals; that complainants furnish transportation for more than 2,000,000 people and for almost all the population of the city; that it is and has been the custom to permit passengers to stand in the aisles and on the platforms, and all street cars are provided with straps and other devices to accommodate standing passengers; that complainants have made efforts to procure additional cars, but they can only be obtained by placing orders with street car builders and manufacturers from three to four months before the order can be filled; that during the rush hours of the day it is impossible to prevent congestion of travel in the business center; that congestion and disturbances are caused by various conditions set out in the bill, and that the ordinance is unreasonable, and therefore void as applied to complainants, because it is impossible for them to comply with it. The bill alleges that sixty suits have been brought against the Chicago City Railway Company by the defendant before a justice of the peace; that one hundred like suits have been brought against the receivers; that a suit in debt, has been brought against each complainant in the circuit court, and in each suit the declaration contains twenty-five counts for violations of the ordinance, and that the city intends to bring numerous other suits for like violations.
*570The efforts of counsel for appellees, in their brief and argument, are directed to giving such an interpretation to the ordinance as to render it void. They contend that it imposes a penalty of not less than $25 nor more than $100 daily for each one of the thousands of cars operated by them, respectively, in case one car is overcrowded, and therefore the penalty exceeds $200 for one offense and is not proportioned to the nature of the offense; that there is such uncertainty in the meaning of the words “comfortably” and “overcrowding” that the ordinance is void on that account, and that under the facts alleged in the bill the provision in question is unreasonable, and therefore void. The ground upon which they say that a court of equity ought to intervene and prevent enforcement of the ordinance is, that these two complainants are members of a class and that a multiplicity of suits will thereby be prevented. Counsel for appellant deny that the provision of the ordinance in question is void for any of the reasons assigned. They contend that the provision is a valid exercise of the police power; that it was enacted in the interest of the public health, safety and welfare; that the prosecutions under it are of a criminal or quasi criminal nature, and that equity has no jurisdiction to enjoin the prosecution of suits of that nature.
It is settled beyond controversy that a court of equity has no jurisdiction to interfere with prosecutions for criminal offenses, and it makes no difference whether the prosecution is under a statute which applies to the State at large or under an ordinance which is in force only in a particular municipality. Courts of equity deal only with civil and property rights, and their powers do not extend to determining what laws or ordinances are valid or invalid unless such determination is incidental to the protection of rights recognized by courts of equity alone. (High on Injunctions, sec. 68, p. 1244.) In the case of Stuart v. LaSalle County, 83 Ill. 341, the court said that from the nature and organization of a court of equity it has no jurisdiction to stay or *571prevent the execution of a judgment in a criminal case; and in Cope v. District Fair Association of Flora, 99 Ill. 489, where a bill was filed against an incorporated fair association to restrain it from permitting gambling on its grounds, the court said that it is no part of the mission of equity to administer the criminal law of the State, except so far as it may be incidental to the enforcement of property rights, and perhaps other matters of equitable cognizance. The same doctrine was applied in the case of an ordinance in Yates v. Village of Batavia, 79 Ill. 500, where suits had been commenced against each of the complainants for violating the provisions of an ordinance to provide against the evils resulting from the sale or giving away of intoxicating liquors, and a bill was filed to prevent the further prosecution of the suits and settle the legality of the ordinance. It was held that a court of equity has no jurisdiction of the subject matter of such litigation, and that it is not in the power of parties to waive the questions relating to the jurisdiction. In Chicago Public Stock Exchange v. McClaughry, 148 Ill. 372, a bill was filed to enjoin a repetition of actual trespasses under an ordinance prohibiting gambling, and it was said that, as a general rule, equity will not enjoin the exercise of police power given by law to the officers of a municipal corporation, nor interfere with the public duties of any of the departments of government nor restrain proceedings in a criminal matter. That case also involved property rights and injury to business, and it was held that relief was properly denied on the further ground that there was an adequate remedy at law.
Power is given to cities and villages to prevent, suppress, prohibit and punish various offenses against the public in the nature of misdemeanors not directly involving civil or property rights, and a court of equity has no jurisdiction to interfere with prosecutions for such offenses on account of the number of persons charged or upon any other ground, and in any case, the fact that an ordinance is void or that *572a party seeking an injunction has not violated its provisions affords no ground for interference, (11 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law,—2d ed.—198; 16 id. 371.)
Cities and villages also exercise powers relating to local affairs, such as licensing and regulating certain occupations, and the ordinance in this case is within the power conferred upon the defendant by clause 42 of section 1, article 5, of the Cities and Villages act, giving cities power to regulate the occupation of complainants. (Chicago Union Traction Co. v. City of Chicago, 199 Ill. 484.) The provision is also within the police power, but it is of a nature to- directly affect the business of the complainants. In such a case rights are involved which may authorize interference by a court of equity, although the mere invalidity of the ordinance affords no ground for such interference. If the court where a prosecution has been commenced cannot adequately protect the rights of the defendant, and the controversy includes some equitable feature which can only be fully and finally determined by a court having equitable jurisdiction, such a court may interfere and decide the controversy. A court of equity will not stay the enforcement of an ordinance upon any legal grounds, but the defendant must have some equitable right which can only be recognized by that court. Litigation commenced in a court of competent jurisdiction should be allowed to proceed to a final conclusion in that court, and for a court of equity to take jurisdiction to decide a suit upon a ground equally available in a court of law would be obvious error. That is especially true of cases like this, as was pointed out in Poyer v. Village of DesPlaines, 123 Ill. 111. The court there said that nothing could be more detrimental to society and provocative of violations of law than for courts of equity to interfere by injunction and thereby protect repeated acts in violation of ordinances; that while the injunction continued, the functions of municipal government would be suspended and irreparable injury might thereby ensue. One forcible rea*573son pointed out for non-interference was, that if it should at last be determined that the ordinance was valid, the court of equity would be powerless to enforce its provisions or enforce the penalties denounced against its violation, but must remit the case to the court of law. All that the court could do would be to prevent, for a time, the exercise of the functions of government.
The ordinance in this case is within the powers conferred upon the defendant, and it has for its object the laudable purpose of protecting the traveling public against discomfort, annoyance and danger. It is designed to promote the public comfort, safety and health by preventing the overcrowding of cars, and it should be sustained if it is legally possible to do so. To grant an injunction and prevent the prosecution of offenses against the ordinance during the progress of a chancery cause would be to render the municipal authorities helpless in the discharge of their public duties and suspend their legitimate functions, contrary to public policy and public interest. At the end of such a suit the court would have no right to determine whether the complainants have been guilty of any infractions of the ordinance or to impose any penalty upon them. If the city should be found to be in the right and the ordinance valid, all that the court could do would be to dismiss the bill and send the parties back to a court of law. In such .a case a court of equity would not be warranted in interfering unless it is clearly necessary to the protection of some right recognized only by courts of equitable jurisdiction. The provision of the ordinance involved in the case of Poyer v. Village of DesPlaines, supra, declaring public picnics and open air dancing to be nuisances, was void and was so held by the court of law, (Village of DesPlaines v. Poyer, 123 Ill. 348,) but it was held that equity would not interfere to restrain prosecutions under it. The reasons set up for asking a court of equity to interfere was, that seven suits had been begun for violations of the ordinance, and that the ordinance was *574void, but those facts were not regarded as any justification for an appeal to equity. The court quoted from the decision in West v. Mayor, 10 Paige, 539, to the effect that the question of the validity of an ordinance does not properly belong to a court of equity where the complainants have a perfect defense at law if the ordinace is invalid, and that it would be a usurpation of power for such a court to draw to itself the settlement of such questions when their decision is not necessary in the discharge of the legitimate duties of the court. It must appear not only that the acts complained of are unauthorized and injurious, but that they are of such a character that proceedings at law will not afford adequate and full relief. Gartside v. City of East St. Louis, 43 Ill. 47.
In the bill in this case no facts are stated which would constitute an irreparable injury to complainants. Many suits have been instituted, but the imposition of many penalties for many violations of an ordinance does not amount to irreparable injury. An offender cannot, by multiplying his offense, invoice the aid of a court of equity. (Moses v. Mayor of Mobile, 52 Ala. 198.) If a court could take jurisdiction of a bill to declare an ordinance void because of the numerous prosecutions under it, a complainant would be able to confer jurisdiction by repeating his offense, and of course that could not be so. The fact that a great many suits had been brought against a single party was regarded as a sufficient cause for enjoining the prosecution of all the suits but one, in the case of Third Avenue Railroad Co. v. Mayor of New York, 54 N. Y. 159. The city had brought seventy-seven suits in a justice’s court to recover penalties for violating city ordinances concerning the running of cars without a license. The railroad company brought its suit to secure an injunction against all of the suits except one, and offered to abide the final decision of that one. The relief was granted upon the ground that a justice’s court had no power to consolidate the actions. But this court held a different doctrine in the case of Chicago, Burlington and *575 Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Ottawa, 148 Ill. 397. In that case there were prosecutions before a justice of the peace for violations of an ordinance and appeals were taken from judgments rendered. Ten other suits were begun, returnable on successive days, Sundays excepted, and the prayer of the bill was that the defendant be restrained from prosecuting under the ordinance, and for a temporary writ restraining the city from prosecuting any other suits except the two then pending on appeal in the circuit court. The court held that every question arising in the suits could be settled and determined on the trial of a case in the circuit court, which was entirely competent to decide whether the ordinance was valid or not, and that the circuit court was right in refusing to enjoin the prosecution of any of the suits.' In this case all the questions can be finally settled in an action of debt in the circuit court or upon appeal from a justice’s judgment. Even if the controversy would not be finally settled in one suit against each complainant, this bill could not be maintained on the ground that it is a bill of peace, to put an end to unnecessary and vexatious litigation. In such a case the rights of the parties must be finally adjudicated in a court of law. In cases where one judgment is not conclusive in a subsequent suit, equity will sometimes interfere to prevent litigation which has become useless and unavailing, but the question must first be determined in at least one action at law. The court will never entertain a bill of peace so long as the right of the complainant is uncertain.
There are cases in which a court of equity will interfere to enjoin the enforcement of an ordinance for the reason that a multiplicity of suits will be prevented thereby, and it is argued that this is such a case. The bill is filed by two complainants, who say that they also ask relief for all others similarly situated. The facts stated, however, do not show that any other persons or corporations are similarly situated. It appears from the bill that the complainants serve practically the whole city of Chicago; that the population served *576by them is upwards of 2,000,000, and that with the exception of twelve other lines operating in outlying districts and not owning down-town terminals, they are the only persons or corporations furnishing street railway transportation. It does not appear that the few other persons or corporations operating in outlying and sparsely settled districts do not furnish a sufficient number of cars, or that there is any necessity in such districts for overcrowding, or that overcrowding cars is permitted, or that any prosecution has been begun or threatened against any other person or corporation, or that any other person or corporation has suffered or will suffer any hardship or makes any complaint whatever of the ordinance or its provisions. The case is not at all like one where a license is required for carrying on an occupation or business, where the inference is that those engaged in the occupation or business will be required to procure the license and pay the fee therefor. The bill sets up conditions respecting these complainants and their business which could have no application to any other party, and it is clear that the controversy is between the two complainants and the defendant. There is nothing in the bill "to justify the assertion that they represent a class, and the bill shows that the supposed class is not numerous.
Under the rule that equity will sometimes intervene to prevent a multiplicity of suits, it was held in City of Chicago v. Collins, 175 Ill. 445, that 373 complainants, suing in behalf of themselves and between 200,000 and 300,00o others similarly situated, could maintain a bill to enjoin the enforcement of an ordinance requiring an annual license fee. That was a case where a license was required and a fee exacted from the complainants and all others who made use of means of travel in the city of Chicago. They were all similarly situated. The case of Wilkie v. City of Chicago, 188 Ill. 444, was a similar one. In that case 78 complainants filed a bill in behalf of themselves and 900 or more others from whom the city of Chicago exacted a license fee for pursuing their *577occupation. Another case where it was held that a court of equity might properly interfere was Spiegler v. City of Chicago, 216 Ill. 114, where complainants, on behalf of them-' selves and 3000 or 4000 other persons engaged in the same business as themselves, joined in a bill to prevent the enforcement of an ordinance licensing and regulating that business. In all of those cases there was actual application of the ordinance to numerous persons, all of whom were in like situations. In the case of German Alliance Ins. Co. v. VanCleave, 191 Ill. 410, 42 corporations, who were complainants, filed a bill to enjoin the defendant from paying over to the State Treasurer moneys collected from them as a tax. It would have required at least forty-two suits to accomplish the purpose of the bill and the facts and law in each case would have been exactly the same. It was held that the case was a proper one for the exercise of equitable powers. In the case of North American Ins. Co. v. Yates, 214 Ill. 272, a bill was filed by the insurance superintendent against twenty companies and thirty-three individuals to enjoin them from transacting the business of fire insurance without complying with the law. It was held that in such a case equity might interfere. Plainly, there is no similarity between those cases and this case in which two complainants, operating in different parts of the city and furnishing practically all the street railway service for the city of Chicago, claim the right to maintain a suit in equity to settle the question of the validity of this ordinance for the reason that there are other persons and corporations operating lines of street railway in outlying districts, where perhaps the difficulty is not so much to prevent overcrowding cars as to fill them with passengers. So far as appears from the bill, the only real dispute is between the two complainants and the defendant, and the rights and interests of numerous parties are not involved.
The decree of the circuit court is reversed and the bill dismissed. £*7Z dismissed.