delivered the opinion of the court:
This is an ordinary creditor’s bill, brought under section 49 of the Chancery act, by which it is sought to enforce the liability of Vincent C. Price and Henry F. Vehmeyer for unpaid subscriptions to stock in the Interior Building Company, a corporation, which is the principal defendant and against whom appellants had obtained judgments. '
Section 25 of chapter 32 of Hurd’s Revised Statutes of 1901 provides: “If any corporation or its authorized agents shall do, or refrain from doing any act which shall subject it to a forfeiture of its charter or corporate powers, or shall allow any execution or decree of any court of record, for a payment of money, after demand made by the officer, to be returned ‘no property found,’ or to remain unsatisfied for not less than ten days after such demand, or shall dissolve or cease doing business, leaving debts unpaid, suits in equity may be brought against all persons who were stockholders at the time, or liable in any way, for the debts of the corporation, by joining the corporation in such suit; and each stockholder may be required to pay his pro rata share of such debts or liabilities to the extent of the unpaid portion of his stock, *553after exhausting the assets of such corporation. And if any stockholder shall not have property enough to satisfy his portion of such debts or liabilities, then the amount shall be divided equally among all the remaining solvent stockholders. And courts of equity shall have full power, on good cause shown, to dissolve or close up the business of any corporation, to appoint a receiver therefor who shall have authority, by the name of the receiver of such corporation (giving the name), .to sue in all courts and do all things necessary to closing up its affairs, as commanded by the decree of such court. Said receiver shall be, in all cases, a resident of the State of Illinois, and shall be required to enter into bonds, payable to the People of the State of Illinois, for the use of the parties interested, in such penalty and with such securities as the court may, in the decree or order, appointing the same, require. In all cases of suits for or against such receiver, or the corporation of which he may be receiver, writs may issue in favor of such receiver or corporation, or against him or it, from the county where the cause of action accrued to the sheriff of any county in this State for service.”
The Interior Building Company, on May 20, 1895, being then insolvent, passed into the hands of a receiver, who then took possession of all its property and effects and afterwards administered them in the interests of its creditors. It never resumed business. The bill herein was filed May 25,1901. We think its averments show that the corporation ceased doing business, leaving debts unpaid, more than five years prior to the time of the filing of this bill. At that time it was indebted to all of the appellants, and their debts were due and payable. After that, and within five years prior to the filing of this bill, the appellants recovered judgments at law against the corporation. Executions were issued thereon and returned “no property found,” except in the case of one of the appellants, whose judgment was recovered more than five *554years prior to the filing of the bill herein. The execution on that judgment, however, was issued and returned after the filing" of this bill, and that appellant thereafter became a party complainant upon petition for that purpose, not having been 'a party to the bill as originally filed. The demurrer was sustained in the superior court, and the decree of that court was affirmed in the Appellate Court on the theory that the stockholder is entitled to the benefit of the five year Statute of Limitations; that a suit by a creditor to enforce the liability of a stockholder, under section 25, for an unpaid stock subscription must be brought within five years after the corporation shall “cease doing business, leaving debts unpaid,” in the -language of that section, and that immediately upon the corporation ceasing to do business, leaving debts unpaid, any creditor of the corporation whose debt is due has a right of action which then accrues against the stockholder, and can immediately begin a suit in equity to enforce payment of his debt, joining the corporation and the stockholders, under the provisions of that section, without first reducing the claim to a judgment at law against the corporation. Appellants arg'ue that simple contract creditors cannot file a bill under section 25, supra, and that a right of action would not accrue to the creditor against the stockholder until a judgment had been obtained against the corporation and an execution returned nulla bona.
It appears from the bill that the stock of appellees was paid for partly in cash and partly in property, and that this property was fraudulently over-valued to such an extent that, in fact, only forty per cent"of the subscription was paid. While this transaction was voidable as to creditors or other stockholders prejudiced thereby, it was binding upon the. corporation. Bouton v. Dement, 123 Ill. 142.
Section 8 of chapter 32 of Hurd’s Revised Statutes of 1901 provides: “Every assignment or transfer of stocks, *555on which there remains any portion'unpaid, shall be recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds of the county within which the principal office is located, and each stockholder shall be liable for the debts of the corporation to the extent of the amount that may be unpaid upon the stock held by him, to be collected in the manner herein provided. No assignor of stock shall be released from any such indebtedness by reason of any assignment of his stock, but shall remain liable therefor jointly with the assignee until the said stock be fully paid. Whenever any action is brought to recover any indebtedness ag’ainstthe corporation, it shall be competent to proceed against any one or more stockholders at the same time to the extent of the balance unpaid by such stockholders upon the stock owned by them, respectively, whether called in or not, as in cases of garnishment. Every assignee or transferee of stock shall be liable to the company for the amount unpaid thereon, to the extent and in the same manner as if he had been the original subscriber.”
Under this section of the statute it will be observed that the liability of the stockholder is primary, and not collateral or secondary. He is directly liable to the creditor whether the assets of the corporation are sufficient to pay its debts or not. The creditor can collect either from the corporation or from the stockholder, as he sees fit, as we have held that the creditor may sue the corporation and garnish the stockholder at the same time; that it is not necessary to obtain a judgment and have an execution returned “no property found" before instituting the garnishment proceeding, but that both may be set on foot at the same time. (World’s Fair Excursion Co. v. Gasch, 162 Ill. 402.) This, however, is where the stockholder is still liable to the corporation. It is for the unpaid portion of his subscription. In such case an action accrues to the creditor and against the stockholder as soon as the debt against the corporation falls *556clue, and the Statute of Limitations runs in favor of the stockholder from that time. In the case at bar, however, no right of action accrued to the creditor under section-8, supra, for the reason that, as between the corporation and the stockholder, the stock subscription was fully paid. A garnishing creditor-in a proceeding by garnishment can assert no greater rights against the garnishee than could his debtor. (Webster v. Steele, 75 Ill. 544; Richardson v. Lester, 83 id. 55.) Consequently appellants’ right of action against the stockholders in the case at bar did not accrue- until they had a right to proceed, in equity, to set aside the fraudulent 'arrangement by which the stock had been issued in exchange for property received by the corporation at a fraudulent over-valuation. In that respect this case differs from one where, as in World’s Fair Excursion Co. v. Gasch, supra, the corporation has accepted from the subscriber, in full payment of the subscription, a sum of money less than the amount of the subscription. In such case there is no consideration for the satisfaction of the unpaid portion of the subscription, and the corporation can maintain a suit therefor.
The question whether a simple contract creditor can maintain an action under section 25, supra, was considered by this court in Butler Paper Co. v. Robbins, 151 Ill. 588. It was there objected, as here, that the complainant “had no standing in a court of equity to maintain a bill to wind up the corporation,—such a suit can only be brought after the recovery of judgment and the return of execution unsatisfied,” and this court, although holding that in that case any objection to the jurisdiction of the court had been waived, still said in reference to this point (p. 620): “We think this objection is not well taken. The printing company was incorporated under the general act of April 18, 1872, and had ceased doing business, leaving debts unpaid, and the complainant was one of its creditors and stockholders, and, under section 25 of said act, had the right, we think, to file this bill. In Hunt v. *557 LeGrand Roller Skating Rink Co. 143 Ill. 118, this court said: ‘It is provided in said section that suits in equity may be brought against a corporation and its stockholders and all persons liable in any way for the debts of said corporation, but it is not stated in express terms by whom such suits in equity may be prosecuted. It is manifest, however, that the statute provides a remedy in the nature of a creditor’s bill, and is designed to aid creditors in the collection of their debts.’”
If the construction which appellants place on section 25, supra, which was first enacted in 1872, is correct, then the creditor has no greater right under that section than he has under section 49, supra, which was enacted in 1845, and its enactment, so far as it confers rights upon creditors, was useless.
It will be observed that by one clause of that section the right to maintain a suit in equity is conferred if the corporation shall permit an execution, issuing from a court of record, to be returned “no property found or to remain unsatisfied for not less than ten days” after demand. This is said b)r appellants to be necessary before any suit can be maintained by any creditor under that section at all. If so, what, then, is the meaning of the words following almost immediately in the section, “or shall dissolve or cease doing business, leaving debts unpaid?” It seems apparent that the right to maintain a suit was thereby conferred upon a creditor without any reference to whether an execution had issued for the collection of his debt. By section 8, obtaining a judgment and the issuance and return of an execution nulla bona as a condition precedent to garnishing the stockholder was dispensed with. The purpose of the legislature in enacting that section was to facilitate a recourse to the unpaid subscription, and it seems reasonable to conclude that the same purpose was in view in enacting section 25, and that the latter section was intended to ac-' complish in suits in equity what section 8 accomplished *558at law, namely, to enable the creditor to proceed against the stockholder without the delay incident to the recovery of a judgment and the issuance of an execution against the corporation.
It is urged, however, that if section 25 be construed as permitting the creditor to proceed thereunder before reducing his chose in action to judgment, a construction will be placed upon that section which will render it unconstitutional, for the reason that the parties would thereby be deprived of the right to a trial by jury. The constitution of 1870 guarantees the right to a trial by jury practically as that right existed at the common law. It does not give the right to a jury trial in any class of cases in which that right did not exist at common law.
Where a new class of cases is directed by the legislature to be tried in chancery, and it appears, when tested by the general principles of equity, that they are of an equitable nature and can be more appropriately tried in a court of equity than a court of law, the chancellor will have the right, as in other cases in chancery, to determine-all questions of fact without submitting them to a jury. (Ward v. Farwell, 97 Ill. 593; Chicago Mutual Life Indemnity Ass. v. Hunt, 127 id. 257.) The constitutional provision in question “introduced no new rule of law, but merely preserved the right already existing. It does not apply to suits in equity, or to any statutory proceeding to be had in courts of equity.” Keith v. Henkleman, 173 Ill. 137.
The remedy given by this section is one which did not exist at common law.. The relief soug'ht may involve the taking of an account between the corporation and the stockholder and between the various stockholders, the appointment of a receiver and ia marshaling of the assets of the corporation. It is apparent that the machinery of the common law is inadequate for these purposes and that the right of a trial by jury (joes not exist.
*559In this case we have been supplied with exhaustive briefs. The examination of the cases to which we have been referred from jurisdictions other than our own has been of little assistance, for the reason that the laws fixing the liability of stockholders and regulating the procedure to enforce that liability vary so radically in the different States, that decisions announced outside our own commonwealth afford no guide in placing a construction upon section 25 of our act on corporations.
We hold that a right of action accrues to a creditor against a stockholder whose stock, as between the' shareholder and the corporation, has been paid for by property taken at a fraudulent over-valuation, whenever the corporation ceases doing- business, leaving debts unpaid, and that the creditor may proceed immediately to enforce this right of action in equity, under section 25, supra, without first reducing his claim against the corporation to judgment at law.
The liability of the stockholder resides in the fact that he has subscribed for and taken stock, for which the law requires he should pay, in money or property, the full amount of his subscription. His liability to the creditor is not a liability upon his contract of subscription and is not dependent upon any call being made upon him by the corporation, as in case where the corporation seeks to collect the same, but is a liability resulting from the statute, consequent upon the fact that he is a shareholder, and the aqtion of the creditor against him is a “civil action not otherwise provided for,” within the meaning of section 15 of chapter 83 of Hurd’s Revised Statutes of 1901, and is therefore governed by the five year Statute of Limitations.
It is suggested, however, that the creditor has the right to elect whether he will proceed under section 25, supra, or section 49, supra; that if he proceeds under the latter he cannot bring a suit against the stockholder until he has had an execution returned “no property found,” *560and that the statute therefore would not begin to run against him until the execution was so returned, so far as his remedy under the latter section is concerned. This would place the power in the hands of the creditor to extend the Statute of Limitations far beyond any period of time contemplated by the legislature. If his debt against the corporation was evidenced by writing, he has ten years in which to bring his suit at law against the debtor, and after the recovery of a judgment he may take out an execution at any time within seven years, and if he may institute a proceeding against the stockholder at any time within five years thereafter, it makes a period of twenty-two years after the maturity of the debt against the corporation within which the creditor may proceed against the stockholder. It is manifest that such a holding would be against that public policy which has led to the enactment of statutes of limitation. That act “was intended as a statute of repose, to prevent fraud and to afford security against stale demands which might be made after the true state of the transaction may have been forgotten or be incapable of explanation by reason of the death or removal of witnesses,” and this purpose should be kept in view in construing" that statute.
Where two methods are provided by statute by which a creditor of a corporation may enforce the liability of a stockholder for his unpaid stock subscription, the Statute of Limitations begins to run whenever a right accrues to the creditor to proceed directly against the stockholder by either method, and when the statutory period, counting from that time, has elapsed, the right to proceed by either method is barred. Conklin v. Furman, 48 N. Y. 527; Cottell v. Manlove, (Kan.) 49 Pac. Rep. 519; First Nat. Bank v. Greene, 64 Iowa, 445.
There is nothing whatever in the relation of a stockholder to the corporation or to a creditor on which to base the argument of counsel for appellants that the unpaid subscription is, in the subscriber’s hands, a trust *561fund for the benefit of the creditors of the corporation, and that, consequently, the Statute of Limitations does not apply. The relation of the stockholder who has not paid for his stock, to the corporation or the creditor, is the ordinary one of debtor.
The Martin-Barriss Company is the complainant that was made a party, upon petition, after the filing of the original bill, in the manner herein above mentioned, and it is averred, as to that company, that it had no knowledge of the fraud, by which it was wrongfully made to appear that appellees had fully paid for their stock, until the month of May, 1901, and it is therefore said that as to that company the Statute of Limitations did not begin to run until that time.
Section 22 of chapter 83 of Hurd’s Revised Statutes of 1901 provides: “If a person liable to an action fraudulently conceals the cause of such action from the knowledge of the person entitled thereto, the action may be commenced at any time within five years after the person entitled to bring the same discovers that he has such cause of action, and not afterwards.”
It will be observed that to prevent the running of the statute it must be shown that the person liable to the action “fraudulently conceals the cause of such action.” No such fraudulent concealment is averred. The mere statement that the creditor had no knowledge of the ex- . istence of the cause of action does not amount to a statement that the person liable has fraudulently concealed the cause of action, and is not sufficient to prevent the application of the Statute of Limitations. Conner v. Goodman, 104 Ill. 365.
The judgment of the Appellate Court will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.