This is an action of ejectment brought by Curtis against Boot and Avery in the Kane Circuit Court, and by change of venue tried in' the Kendall Circuit Court, for a certain lot of land and mill, in the town of Elgin. The cause was tried by the court without a jury. The facts, as agreed, are as follows:
That on and prior to the 5th day of March, 1845, the defendant Boot was the owner in fee of the property described in the declaration. On that day he sold the property to one Buel Ambrose, by an article of agreement which states that Boot, in consideration, etc., “has granted, bargained, sold, aliened, conveyed and confirmed, and by these presents doth grant, bargain, sell, alien, convey and confirm” unto the said Ambrose, the property in controversy, for which Ambrose agreed to pay Boot three thousand dollars, in six equal annual installments, with eight per cent, interest annually, except the sum of forty dollars, which was to be paid on the 23rd of May then next, and to apply on the first accruing interest, and Ambrose was then to have possession, and the first installment was to be paid in one year from the said 23rd of May. Boot covenanted to give full deeds on full payment by Ambrose. It was further agreed that upon failure by Ambrose to pay any of the installments, the contract was to be void, at Boot’s election, and he might re-enter and repossess himself of the premises. The forty dollars was paid at the time and indorsed on the agreement, but no more was paid ,at any time by Ambrose.
Ambrose entered into possession of the premises and commenced building a flouring mill thereon about the 23rd of May, 1845, and continued in possession until July, 1846.
On the 23rd of July, 1845, Ambrose borrowed of Boot six hundred and seventy dollars, to be paid in June, 1846, and executed a mortgage on these premises-to secure the payment, which was duly acknowledged and re'corded.
On the 5th of August, 1845, Ambrose borrowed of Boot the further sum of $1,568, and executed to Boot a like mortgage on the premises to secure its payment, which was filed and recorded at the same time with the first mortgage. This last mortgage has not been paid, or foreclosed, but is yet held by Boot.
On the 20th of May, 1846, Boot and Ambrose entered into another agreement, by which Boot extended the time of payment of the first installment to the 23rd of July, 1846, and covenanted if he failed to pay it then, Boot might put him out of possession by force and enter himself into possession.
In pursuance of this agreement, Boot entered and took posses sion of the premises about the last of July, 1846, and has been *521in possession ever since, Avery being then in possession with him.
On the 30th of July, 1846, Root commenced suit by scire facias to foreclose the first mortgage of July, 1845, and on the 31st of August, 1846, he obtained judgment and a special execution.
On the 24th of December, 1846, the premises were sold by virtue of said special execution to Root for the amount of his judgment, and costs, and a certificate of sale delivered to him.
At the same August term, .one Thaddeus Spencer obtained a judgment against Ambrose for the sum of $3,786.75 and costs, which judgment he afterwards assigned to one Jonathan Haven, who, in Spencer’s name, took out execution thereon in proper time and in proper form. This execution he delivered to the sheriff, together with a sufficient amount of money to redeem the premises from the sale made to Root under his first mortgage judgment, which was done in proper time and form, and the redemption money paid to Root by the sheriff and by him received. The premises were then advertised by the sheriff on Spencer’s execution, and sold on the 5th of April, 1848, to Haven, all in due form.- Haven, February 12th, 1850, conveyed the premises to the plaintiff.
On these facts the court found for the defendant, and plaintiff excepted, and assigns for error here this finding of the court.
The first question which presents itself is, what is the character and effect of the agreement of March 5tli, 1845 ? The plaintiff insists that the legal title passed to Ambrose by it, and that it is, to all intents and purposes, a deed conveying the legal title. The defendant insists that it was a mere agreement to sell.
To determine this question, the intention of the parties is to be regarded, in this, as in all other cases, and that is to be ascertained from the instrument itself, and concurring circumstances.
The instrument does not purport to be a deed, but “ Articles of Agreement made and concluded ” on the day of their date, with a covenant, that on payment of the money as agreed, Root, “ the party of the first part, shall and will without delay, immediately, well and faithfully execute and deliver in person a good and sufficient full covenant deed, or deeds, and thereby assign and convey to the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, a good, perfect and unincumbered title in fee simple to the above described premises, with their appurtenances.” This is the language of the instrument, as to the covenant on the part of Root.
But there is a mutual covenant, also, to be considered in arriving at the intention of the parties, and this is it :
“ And it is mutually covenanted and agreed between the parties hereto, that in case default_ shall be made in any of the *522payments, principal and interest, at the time or any of the times above specified for the payment thereof, then this agreement and all the preceding provisions hereof shall be null and,,, void and no longer binding, at the option of the party of the first'part, his representatives or assigns.”
We have then, but to look at the instrument to determine its character. It speaks for itself, and is a mere agreement to convey, so understood and accepted by Ambrose, and not an absolute conveyance, or intended so to be.
The next question is, had Ambrose, by this contract, such an interest in the premises, as authorized him to mortgage them ?
The doctrine is understood to be that every thing which may be considered as property, whether in the technical language of the law denominated real or personal property, may be the subject of mortgage, as advowsons, rectories, tithes. Reversions and remainders being capable of grant from man to man, and possibilities also being assignable, are mortgageable, a mortgage of them being only a conditionable assignment. Rents, also, and franchises mav be made the subject of mortgage. 1 Powel on Mort. 17,18/
By the agreement in this case, Root had a right to re-enter at his option, if the payments were not made at the time fixed, and time was thereby of the essence of this contract, and to save the contract, who can doubt the power of Ambrose to pledge his interest in the land, to raise the money for such purpose ? Who can doubt his power to sell and assign the contract ? His power to mortgage it to Root, is unquestionable. Besides, the case shows that the mortgagor had built a mill on the property with money borrowed of Root, and with Root’s' knowledge, and had paid a portion of the purchase money, all which makes a mortgageable interest. 2 Story Eq. Juris., sec. 1021. Under our statute, Ambrose’s interest could be sold on execution, and would pass to his heirs, so that he had a mortgageable estate.
The next question is, is Root, by the acceptance of this mortgage, estopped from asserting his title as the original vendor of the premises, and did he admit thereby, that the interest thus disposed of by Ambrose was paramount to his own as holder of the legal title ?
This question need only to be stated to be answered. It answers itself. It is an admission by Root, that he recognized such an equitable interest in the premises in Ambrose, as would secure him in his advances of money to be expended on it, and in which a court of equity, under all circumstances, would protect him. Had Ambrose paid the mortgage, he would only have *523been remitted to the agreement of March 5th, for the sale and conveyance, and Root to his position as vendor.
It follows, therefore, that Ambrose having a mortgageable interest, and Root a right to take the mortgage on it, he had a right to pursue it, and foreclose on condition broken, and sell under it. Having a right to sell, he had the right to purchase all such interest as Ambrose had, and purchasing, he placed himself in the position all purchasers of land under afi.fa., special or otherwise, are placed by the law, that is, to have such rights as they may have acquired by their purchase taken from them, by returning to them their money, with ten per cent., and nothing more. He could not be deprived, by accepting such moneys, of any rights he owned outside of, and beyond, and independent of those acquired by the sheriff ’á sale and purchase. Such is not the the meaning or policy of the law. Suppose Ambrose, himself, had redeemed from this sale, in what position would the parties be then ? Why, precisely in statu quo, in the very same position they were before the judgment on the sci. fa. and sale,—Ambrose remitted to his rights under the contract to convey, and Root to his under the same contract, as owner of the fee.
The judgment creditor, Haven, having redeemed, he is remitted to Ambrose’s equities, and nothing more. He is placed in Ambrose’s shoes, and as by the record he is notified of the subsequent mortgage to Root, and by the open and visible possession by Root, of the premises, that he, being in Ambrose’s position, must go on and perfect Ambrose’s contract.
With what propriety can it be urged, that Root is estopped by any of these acts done, from falling back on his original title ? Estoppels are not to be favored because the truth may be excluded; therefore, no party ought to be precluded from making out his case according to its truth, unless by force of some positive principle of law.
Do the facts as they appear, as done by Root, amount to an estoppel ? If they operate at all, it must be as an equitable estoppel, arising from these matters in pais. These estoppels are rather favored in modern days, as tending to prevent or punish frauds.
It seems there must be some affirmative act done, or some declaration or admission made by one party, which if acted on by the other party, would, by deceiving him, subject him to loss and injury. Estoppels were once accounted odious in law, and not allowed, unless, very plainly and clearly made out. Sampson v. Cooke, 7 Eng. C. L. R. 205.
There must be something said or done which amounts to a fraud in fact. Stephens v. Baird, 9 Cowen R. 274; Presbyterian Congregation of Salem, v. Williams, 9 Wendell R. 147.
*524Where one, by his word or conduct, willfully causes another to believe in the existence of a certain state of things, and induces him to act on that belief, so as to alter his own previous position, the former is concluded, estopped, from averring against the latter, a different state of things as existing at the same time.
As expressed by Justice Cowen, in the case of Degell v. Odell, 3 Hill R. 219: “ An admission by the defendant intended to influence the conduct of the man with whom he was dealing, and actually leading him into a line of conduct which must be prejudicial to his interests, unless the defendant be cast off from the power of retraction,—this I understand to be the very definition of an estoppel in pais. For the prevention of fraud, the law holds the admission conclusive.”
Instances in illustration are innumerable, as where a party stands by at the sale of his property, though under a void authority, and encourages purchasers to bid, he is guilty of a direct fraud. So, if one at a sheriff’s sale of his lands, declares a certain tract to be included in the levy, and thereby the purchaser was induced to purchase, it gives him an equity which a court of chancery will enforce.
And the effect is the same, if one, seeing another acting under a delusion, stands quietly by, without giving notice of his superior right. Epley v. Witherow, 7 Watts R. (Penn.) 168.
It is quite apparent from these cases and many others which might be cited, there can be no fraud, where the purchaser or other actor was, or ought to have been, acquainted with the matter in which he was engaged, or even had the means of knowledge and neglected to avail himself of them, or where the party was not influenced to act on the faith of the false suggestion or silence of one bound to speak. And it is a rule if an act can be referred to an honest motive the party will not be estopped, although upon one construction his conduct may be inconsistent with the right which he afterwards sets up. Heare v. Rogers, 17 Eng. C. L. R. 450.
Testing this case by these principles, it will readily be perceived this doctrine cannot apply to Root. In the first place, he did not induce Haven to redeem the land as a judgment creditor. In the next place, Haven had the means of knowing Root held another mortgage, for it was on record; and Root was in open, visible possession, under the terms of that very mortgage. This would be notice of his right to hold it as the original owner of the fee. In redeeming, Haven acted at his own peril, and wholly on his own advice and responsibility, and Root had a perfect right to receive the money, as well from Haven as from Ambrose himself. All that Haven could well *525claim on redeeming, is the privilege of performing Ambrose’s contract, and there is no proof to show that he did not know well the rights he acquired by redeeming. It is clear, therefore, that the act of Root in receiving the redemption money, can have a construction consistent with honesty and good faith, and that is, to let Haven in to perform Ambrose’s contract, which under the circumstances, as the money had been used in improving the land, and the land rising in value, might have been a very desirable object.
A case quite analogous to this is reported in 13 Johns. R. 463, Jackson ex dem. Whitlock v. Mills. Where land was purchased under a junior judgment by an agent, who took a deed from thfe sheriff to himself and then conveyed the land to his principal, the agent is not thereby estopped from levying on the same land, under a senior judgment, and purchasing it himself.
It is urged, however, that the fee which Root possessed in the premises was merged in this mortgage. An estate in fee can hardly be merged in one of much less dimensions—into a conditional estate, subject to be defeated.
Merger, too, is a question of intention. Jarvis et al. v. Frink, 14 Ill. R. 396. No one fact in this case shows that Root intended, by proceeding on the first mortgage, to give up his second mortgage or his original fee in the land. On the contrary, all the facts go to .show he did not so intend, for, in accordance with the agreement, after condition broken, he took possession of the land and remained in possession until the commencement of this suit. He resumed his position as owner of the fee.
Seeing no error in the finding of the court, we accordingly affirm the judgment.
Judgment affirmed.