delivered the opinion of the court:
Appellee has filed its motion in this court to expunge from the record that part of the bill of exceptions which relates to matters preliminary to the trial by the jury, except the plats afterwards introduced in evidence,— that is to say, the proceedings in relation to appellant’s motion to quash the summons, motion to dismiss the petition of appellee and challenge to the array, and appellee’s motion to strike out a part of appellant’s cross-petition. The reasons assigned in support of this motion to expunge are, that this part of the bill of exceptions covers matters relating to the preliminary questions raised in settling the issue to be tried by the jury, all of which arose at the March term of the court; that no bill of exceptions was taken or filed or time given at that term for one to be settled; that the motion for a new trial made by appellant, which was continued to the July term of court, saved only the exceptions arising on the trial before the jury, and that the preliminary matters are therefore improperly in the bill of exceptions which was allowed at the July term. This motion was reserved to the hearing and will be first disposed of.
The subject of bills of exceptions was exhaustively considered in the case of Hake v. Strubel, 121 Ill. 321, where it was said (p. 326): “The duty imposed by the law upon the party alleging an exception and desiring to have the erroneous ruling and judgment reviewed in an appellate court, to present his bill to the trial judge for settlement and allowance, signature and sealing, at the term when such alleged erroneous ruling or judgment was made, or within such time as the parties, by their agreement made part of the record, might stipulate, or within the time allowed by the court in its order to that effect appearing in the record, has been often affirmed by this court.” The *375record before us contains no order at the March term in reference to a bill of exceptions. However, as the cause was continued with the motion for a new trial pending, it is insisted that it was not necessary to file any bill of exceptions until that motion was disposed of, and in support of their view counsel rely on People v. Gary, 105 Ill. 264. In that case, after quoting from Evans v. Fisher, 5 Gilm. 453, as follows: “A bill of exceptions should be reduced to form and signed during the term in which the cause is tried, except in cases where counsel consent, or the judge, by an entry on the record, directs, that it may be prepared in vacation and signed nunc pro tunc,” it is said (p. 270): “Of course, what is meant by the expression, ‘the term in which the cause is tried, ’ is the term at which the final judgment is rendered in the cause. It would be useless labor for a party to prepare a bill of exceptions before the motion for a new trial had been passed upon, as it could not be known whether the bill would be needed until the final action of the court on the motion.” In Village of Hinsdale v. Shannon, 182 Ill. 312, it was said (p. 318): “When the motion for a new trial was so finally overruled the judgment became final, and a bill of exceptions could then be tendered to be signed by the judge.”
Appellant contends that all the matters set up in his written motion for a new trial were, by the continuance of the motion to the next term, also continued to such term, so that a bill of exceptions could be settled in regard to them at that term. A motion for a new trial is designed to bring in review before the trial court the occurrences of the trial and to present for consideration alleged errors during the course of the trial. (Alford v. Dannenberg, 177 Ill. 331.) Motions upon the pleadings, and other matters arising before the trial is actually entered upon, furnish no basis for the motion for a new trial. (16 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 610, 611.) We think the rule is correctly stated as follows: “A motion for a *376new trial is proper only where there has been a trial of an issue of fact on the pleadings. * * * Where there has been a trial of an issue of law arising on a demurrer or motion, á motion for a new trial is improper and not necessary to secure a review of the final order. Where an issue of fact is tried on a motion, a motion for a new trial is improper and unnecessary, as the law contemplates such motion only after an issue of fact has been tried on the pleadings.” (14 Ency. of PL & Pr. 853.) Grounds for a new trial do not include errors in rulings made before trial or after entry of judgment. “A new trial will not be granted on account of errors or defects in the pleadings. Errors in rulings on demurrers and motions relating to the pleadings may be reviewed on exceptions- without a motion for a new trial. Such errors of law are not grounds for a new trial.” 14 Ency. of Pl. & Pr. 827-829.
Appellant’s motion for a new trial alleged (1) that the court erred in treating the petition as a petition filed in vacation; (2) that the jury was not drawn according to the statute; (3) that the court erred in overruling the motion to quash the summons; (4) that the court erred in overruling the challenge to the array; (5) that the court erred in overruling the motion to dismiss the petition; (6, 7, 8) that the court erred in respect to its rulings and action on a certain paper demanded by the appellant as evidence on the hearing on the motion to dismiss the petition; (9, 10, 11, 12) the court erred in the admission and exclusion of evidence and in the giving and refusing of instructions; (13, 14, 15) that the verdict was contrary to the law, to the evidence and to the law and the evidence.
The first, second, third and fourth reasons are all based on the contention that the court treated the petition as filed in vacation and ordered summons to issue and the jury to be drawn accordingly. The fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth relate to the motion to dismiss the petition, and the rest are applicable to the trial by the jury. The *377fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth reasons assigned relate to rulings of the court in refusing to dismiss the petition, and could not affect the question tried by the jury. The only function for the jury was to fix the amount of compensation to be awarded for land taken and to determine the question of damages as to lands not taken. The court had already determined, without a jury, as is the correct practice, that the petition contained the proper jurisdictional averments and that they were true. The questions arising preliminarily to the submission to the jury, in such cases, are to be determined summarily by the court, and its rulings are subject to review. (O’Hare v. Chicago, Madison and Northern Railroad Co. 139 Ill. 151.) But such rulings are not properly embraced in a motion for a new trial. The motion was, and properly, “to set aside the verdict of the jury and grant a new trial.” No errors committed in passing on the sufficiency or truth of the averments of the petition could be reached by such motion, and the assignment of such errors as reasons for the motion for a new trial should be disregarded by the court in passing on the motion. They were therefore not preserved by the continuance of the motion for a new trial to the next term, but should have been embodied in a bill of exceptions settled and filed at the March term, or time given by an entry of record for the same to be done at some future time. A motion for a new trial is only necessary where the case has been tried by a jury. If it has been tried by a court without a jury a motion for a new trial is unnecessary to preserve the questions arising upon the record. An exception entered to the finding and jud gment of the court will raise the question. 2 Shinn’s PI. & Pr. sec. 964; Sands v. Wacaser, 149 Ill. 530; Mahony v. Davis, 44 id. 288.
The second reason given in the motion for a new trial, —that the jury was not drawn according to the statute,— is the same reason given in the challenge to the array. Whether the action of the court in overruling the chai*378lenge to the array is preserved by the motion for a new trial we are not called upon to decide, for, even if it were, we could not consider it because no exception to such action of the court in overruling the challenge appears in the bill of exceptions.
The motion to expunge will be allowed as to the matters indicated above and to the refusal to quash the summons, and overruled as to all others.
The assignment of errors is the same as the reasons assigned in the motion for a new trial. All the objections relating to the proceedings before the court which were preliminary to the trial by the jury to fix the compensation having been eliminated from the record, there remains but to notice the objections germane to the jury trial.
In the argument of appellant it is urged as error that the court struck out of the appellant’s cross-petition the demand for compensation for the violation of a certain agreement claimed to have been made between appellant and appellee. Without determining whether this is properly in the bill of exceptions, it is sufficient to say that none of the errors assigned cover this contention, and it cannot be considered.
It is contended that the verdict of the jury is palpably unjust and against the preponderance and weight of the evidence. As is usual in condemnation proceedings, the estimates of the appellant’s and appellee’s witnesses on the question of damages are wide apart. The jury viewed the premises, and we do not know what weight they gave to the testimony of the witnesses or to what extent they relied upon the evidence obtained by them from their own view of the premises. We cannot, therefore, say whether the damages are inadequate and against the weight of the evidence or not. We do not regard the damages as grossly inadequate under the evidence in this case, and it is the settled doctrine of this court that the damages awarded by a jury in a condemnation proceed*379ing will not be disturbed where the evidence is conflicting and the jury viewed the premises. Indiana, Illinois and Iowa Railroad Co. v. Stauber, 185 Ill. 9, and cases cited.
It is in the next place contended that the court erred in giving to the jury, at the instance of the petitioner, each of the following instructions:
9. “The court further instructs the jury that the defendant, by selling to the petitioner the land for right of way, switch yard and railroad purposes, as testified by him, thereby settled for and released all damages to his other land occasioned by the use of the same for all railroad purposes, and that only the additional damages, occasioned by the laying of the road where it has, upon the land sought to be condemned, if you believe there is any such damage, can be considered by you in any event; and as against any such damages, if any, you may offset any special benefits which he receives by the location of the road, as shown by the evidence, including your view.”
11. “The court further instructs the jury that the defendant is entitled to the fair cash market value of the land taken in this proceeding and to any damages to his other lands, if any, provided such damages, if any, exceed the special benefits, if any, which accrue to him, or said land not taken, by reason of the construction and location of petitioner's road upon his property in East Moline.”
13. “The court further instructs the jury that if they believe, from the whole evidence, that they have, from personal examination of the premises, arrived at a more accurate judgment and determination as to the value of the premises sought to be taken and of the amount of damages, if any, than is shown by the evidence in open court, then and in that case they may, upon the evidence, rightfully fix the value of land taken and the amount of damage, if any, over and above special benefits, if any, at the amount so approved by their judgment, so formed *380from personal examination of the premises as a jury, even though it may differ from the amount testified to, and from the weight of testimony given by witnesses in open court.”
We do not find that the objection to the thirteenth instruction is well taken. It does not, as counsel contend, authorize the jury to fix the compensation from their own view of the premises without regard to the testimony in the case, but that part of the instruction relating to their own view is based upon the condition that “they believe, from the whole evidence, that they have, from personal -examination of the premises, arrived at a more accurate judgment and determination ■ as to the value of the premises sought to be taken and of the amount of damages, if any, than is shown by the evidence in open, court.” The instruction conforms to the law on this point as declared by this court in Kiernan v. Chicago, Sante Fe and California Railway Co. 123 Ill. 188, and Chicago General Railway Co. v. Murray, 174 id. 259.
But we are unable to agree with the court below in its view of the law as stated to the jury in said ninth and eleventh instructions. The evidence showed that appellant had previously sold and conveyed to the petitioner certain land for its right of way, etc., through his lands in East Moline, but that the petitioner found, after it had located and constructed its road thereon, that it needed additional land, and it filed its petition in this case to condemn the land now in question. The court instructed the jury, and properly, that in selling and conveying the land for such right of way, etc., appellant settled and released all damages to his other land caused by the sale and use of the land conveyed for railroad purposes, and could only recover any additional damages to other lands caused by the taking and use of the additional land sought to be condemned. But the same rule should also have been applied against the company to the special benefits to other lands which the jury were author*381ized to deduct from such damages. In other words, all such benefits, as well as damages, which arose from the location and construction of the road through East Mo-line on the land purchased of appellant were settled in that transaction, and neither party in the subsequent proceeding to condemn the additional land now in controversy could have such damages or benefits considered. In this respect these instructions were erroneous, and no other instruction given cured the error. They would lead the jury to understand that while the damages to land not taken were to be restricted to such as would be caused by the taking and use for railroad purposes of the land to be condemned, it would be proper to offset such damages by any special benefits the owner might receive from the location of the railroad through the town. This was clearly an erroneous view and prejudicial to appellant. Nor, in view of the verdict, can it be said that no harm was done to appellant by such instructions, for although it was shown that the land condemned was taken out of certain lots of appellant, leaving them separated into parts, nothing was allowed by the jury as damages to these parts of lots not taken, unless the jury found that such damages were overbalanced by the special benefits to such parts and to other lands. Compensation for the land actually taken only was allowed, and it may well have been that the jury considered that the damages to lands not taken, as properly restricted by the ninth instruction, were more than balanced by the benefits appellant received to all of his lands by the construction and use of the road and station in the town. The rule in regard to special benefits was in other respects not carefully stated, as said by appellant’s counsel, but the material error was as we have pointed out.
For giving these instructions the judgment must be reversed and the cause remanded for another trial.
Reversed and remanded.