delivered the opinion of the court:
It is first insisted in the argument that the provision of the constitution of Kansas set out in the declaration is self-executing, and intended to take effect without any legislation. We do not concur in that view. It is apparent from the reading of the provision itself that legislation was contemplated in order that it might be properly enforced, otherwise the last clause, “and such other means as shall be provided by law,” would never have been incorporated in it. Moreover, this provision of the constitution of Kansas was involved in Tuttle v. National Bank of Republic, 161 Ill. 497, and upon careful consideration it was expressly held that it was not self-executing. The same doctrine was announced in Marshall, v. Sherman, 148 N. Y. 9, and Western Nat. Bank v. Lawrence, 76 N. W. Rep. 105, where the same provision of the constitution of Kansas was involved.
The right, however, of the plaintiff to maintain this action does not depend upon the disposition of this question. As has been seen, in the second count of the declaration it is averred that the corporation in which the *494defendant was a stockholder had suspended business for more than one year. It is then averred that there was in full force in the State of Kansas a statute which provides that “any corporation shall be deemed to be dissolved for the purpose of enabling any creditor of such corporation to prosecute suit against the stockholders thereof to enforce their individual liability, if it be shown that such corporation has suspended business for more than one year.” It is also averred that the statute further provides: “If any corporation created under this or any general statute of this State, except railway or charitable or religious corporations, be dissolved leaving debts unpaid, suits may be brought against any person or persons who are stockholders at the time of-such dissolution, without joining the .corporation in .such suit.” It was further averred in the declaration: “That the Supreme Court of said State of Kansas, being the court of last resort of said State, have passed upon and construed the foregoing provisions of said statute, holding that thereunder each stockholder in corporations organized under said statute is severally and individually liable to each creditor of such corporation in an additional amount equal to the amount of his or her stock, to be recovered in an action brought by such creditor directly against such stockholder without joining said corporation or other stockholders therein as defendants to such action.”
The facts set up in the declaration are admitted by the demurrer, and the question presented is, admitting the facts as pleaded to be true, is the plaintiff entitled to maintain his action against the defendant to enforce his liability as a stockholder in the corporation?
Where a statute of another State has received a construction by the highest court of such State, such construction' will, ordinarily, in the courts of this State be adopted as binding and conclusive,—and this, although the examining court finds that upon similar language in a statute within its own sovereignty it would place a dif*495ferent or even reverse construction. VanMatre v. Sankey, 148 Ill. 536.
It is, however, said that the legislation in Kansas relates only to the remedy, and as the remedy is special to the State of Kansas it will not be enforced here. It may be regarded as a well settled rule that the courts of one country will not enforce either the criminal or penal laws of another. Nor will they carry out or be guided by the laws of another regulating the forms of actions or the remedies provided for civil injuries; but it is also well settled that in the construction of contracts, and in ascertaining whether they are valid, the law of the country where the contract was made or to be performed shall, in general, govern. (Sherman v. Gassett, 4 Gilm. 521.) The statute in question is neither a criminal nor a penal law. There is no ground for holding that the liability imposed by the constitution and statute of Kansas is penal in its nature or purpose.
In Diversey v. Smith, 103 Ill. 378, we had occasion to consider when a statute might be regarded as penal and. when the liability might be regarded as primary and based on contract. In that case the statute declared that the corporation should not transact business until certain specified things had been done, and if it did transact business in violation of-the statute the trustees and corporators should be liable to the creditors in a specified amount. The court, in the decision of the case, among other things said (p. 390): “But the statute under consideration * * * prohibits the making of all contracts. It imposes the liability upon the trustees and corpora-tors, not because the company was authorized to contract in their names or on their behalf, or so as to otherwise-bind them, but because it prohibited the commencing of business and issuing of policies, and the trustees and corporators, in violation of their duty, caused or permitted business to be commenced and policies to be issued. Sedgwick says: ‘Penal statutes are acts by which a for*496fe iture is imposed for transgressing the provisions of the act.’ He moreover adds: ‘A penal law may also be remedial, and a statute may be remedial in one part and peual in another.’ In Potter’s Dwarris on Statutes, 74, it is said:' ‘A penal statute is one which imposes a forfeiture or penalty for transgressing its provisions or for doing a thing prohibited. ’ It is the effect—not the form —of the statute that is to be considered, and when its object is clearly to inflict a punishment on a party for violating it,—i. e., doing what is prohibited or failing to do what is commanded to be done,—it is penal in its character.” In the decision the distinction.between a penal and a contractual liability is made. In the one case the liability arises by a violation of the law. But where the statute declares that the corporation may transact business and the stockholder shall be liable for debts contracted, then the liability is primary and based upon contract.
It will be observed that Fuller v. Ledden, 87 Ill. 310, Culver v. Third Nat. Bank, 64 id. 529, and Corwith v. Culver, 69 id. 502, are referred to by the court in the above case, and it is said that the liability of the stockholder in those cases was contractual, and not penal. Upon examination it will be found that the language of the statute under which the corporations were organized in those cases was substantially the same as in the case under consideration.
Nor does the act in question undertake to provide any form of action whatever. It merely provides that suits may be brought against any persons who are stockholders, without undertaking to determine the character or kind of action that shall be brought. It is true, the liability of the stockholder to the creditors is one imposed by statute; but at the same time the liability is one arising out of contract. Where the charter of the corporation provides that the stockholder shall be liable to creditors individually, as was the case here, all persons who became stockholders agreed to become liable to all who *497might give credit to the corporation. The stockholders offer to the public to be liable as a corporation to the extent of the capital invested in the corporation, and they agree to become liable individually to an amount specified in the act of incorporation. Persons who give credit to the corporation do so upon the faith of the personal liability of the stockholders, and upon what principle can it be said that the liability is not contractual? In the discussion of this question Morawetz on Private Corporations (sec. 870) says: “If the company’s charter provides that the shareholders shall be subject to a special individual liability to creditors, persons becoming shareholders agree to become liable, both in their corporate capacity and individually, to all persons who shall give credit to the corporation. They offer to all the world to become liable, in their corporate capacity, to the extent of the capital which they have agreed to contribute for the purpose of carrying on the company’s business, and they offer to become liable individually to the amount expressly provided by their charter or incorporation law. Parties who contract with the corporation contract upon the faith of this liability held out as their security, and the offer of the shareholders,..being thereby accepted, ripens into a binding contract.” See, also, Thompson on Private Corp. sec. 3056; Cook on Stock and Stockholders, sec. 223.
In Western Nat. Bank v. Lawrence, 76 N.W. Rep. 105, the Supreme Court of- Michigan held that under the Kansas constitution and statute the stockholder was individually liable to a creditor; that the action was transitory, and might be enforced in any State where personal service could be had on the stockholder.
In Hancock Nat. Bank v. Ellis, 166 Mass. 414, the Supreme Court of Massachusetts held that an action might be maintained in that State by a creditor against a stockholder, under the constitution and statute of Kansas, to enforce the personal liability of the stockholder. In the *498decision of the case the court said: “This case comes up on demurrer to the plaintiff’s declaration. It is averred, in substance, that under the statute of Kansas, as interpreted by the decisions of the Supreme Court of that State, the liability of the defendant as a stockholder is a contractual liability, and arises upon the contract of subscription to the capital stock made by the defendant in becoming a stockholder, and that in subscribing to said stock and becoming a stockholder he thereby guaranteed payment to the creditors of an amount equal to the par value of the stock held and owned by him, which should be payable to the judgment creditors of said com poration who first pursued this remedy under the statute, and that an action to enforce said liability is transitory, and may be brought in any court of general jurisdiction in the State where personal service can be made upon the stockholder. The liability of the stockholders must be determined according" toothe law of Kansas. (New Haven Horse Nail Co. v. London Springs Co. 142 Mass. 849; Halsey v. McLean, 12 Allen, 438; Flash v. Conn, 109 U. S. 371.) We now have a case where the declaration, as we interpret it, sets forth that according to the law of Kansas the defendant is liable to a judgment creditor of the corporation as upon a contract, which is suable anywhere. The facts alleged in this respect are different from those in any case heretofore presented to this court, (see Bank of North America v. Rindge, 154 Mass. 203,) and the alleged liability of stockholders is of a different character from that which exists in this commonwealth. We are, however, to adopt the construction which is given in Kansas to the liability and undertaking of stockholders in Kansas corporations, and to give force and effect to the same as there established.”
It is said, however, assuming a liability which the courts might undertake to enforce, they will refuse to do so except by a proceeding in consonance with the judicial policy of our State. Thompson on Liability of Stock*499holders (secs. 82, 83,) says: “If the liability sought to be enforced is in the nature of contract, and is not opposed to the legislation or public policy of the State in which it is sought to be enforced, the courts of such State will give effect to it. If the statute, creating such liability is penal in its nature it will not be enforced outside of the sovereignty enacting it.” Under this rule we see no reason why the action brought in the case under consideration might not properly be maintained. The statute creating the liability, as we have seen, is not penal, and while the liability is one imposed by statute, it arises out of a contract of subscription entered into by the stockholder when he became a stockholder in the corporation. Morawetz on Corporations (sec. 875) says: “The rig'ht to maintain a suit of this character outside of the jurisdiction of the State by which the corporation was chartered does not depend upon the comity of the State where the suit is brought, or its willingness to recognize and give effect to the laws of a foreign State; it depends upon the willingness of the courts to enforce a contract validly entered into between the parties in another jurisdiction.” The policy of a State is to be determined, in a great measure, from its legislation and from the decisions of its courts, and under our decisions a liability of a stockholder has been frequently enforced in an action at law, where the liability of the stockholder did not arise under the general Incorporation act of the State. (Wincock v. Turpin, 96 Ill. 135; Schalucky v. Field, 124 id. 617; Corwith v. Culver, 69 id. 502; Fuller v. Ledden, 87 id. 310; Culver v. Third Nat. Bank, 64 id. 529; McCarthy v. Lavasche, 89 id. 270.) Where a liability arises under the general Incorporation act of the State, (Rev. Stat. chap. 32,) the remedy of the creditor is in equity, as provided by section 25 of that statute, as held in Low v. Buchanan, 94 Ill. 76. But in Wincock v. Turpin, supra, it was held that the remedy in equity was confined to corporations organized under that act, hence the fact that a remedy in equity was established in a partic*500ular class of cases could have no special bearing on the question involved.
The defendant, however, relies upon Tuttle v. National Bank of Republic, supra, as an authority that the action cannot be maintained. There is a marked distinction between this case and the Tuttle case. In the second count of the declaration will be found three provisions of the Kansas statute set out and relied upon which were not before the court in the Tuttle case. In addition, the construction placed upon the constitution and statutes of Kansas by the Supreme Court of that State is pleaded in this case, which was not before the court in that case. It is averred in the declaration, and the averment is admitted to be true by the demurrer, “that the Supreme Court of Kansas, being the court of last resort of said State, has passed upon and construed said statute, and holds that any stockholder in a corporation organized thereunder is severally and individually liable to each creditor of such corporation in an amount equal to the amount of his stock, to be recovered in an action brought by the creditor directly against the stockholder, without joining said corporation or other stockholders therein as defendants.” Had the statutes set up in this case and their construction by the court of last resort been before us in the Tuttle case a different result might have been reached on the question of remedy.
The liability imposed is not to the corporation nor to all the creditors of the corporation, but, on the other hand, the liability is to each individual creditor. Nor is the liability of the stockholders a joint one, but each stockholder is severally liable. Under such circumstances a resort to a court of equity in the State of Kansas does not seem to be required before bringing an action here to enforce the individual liability of the stockholder. The rule established in Young v. Farwell, 139 Ill. 326, and Patterson v. Lynde, 112 id. 196, does not apply to the case made by the declaration here.
*501The judgments of the Appellate and superior courts will be reversed and the cause will be remanded, with directions to the superior court to overrule the demurrer to the declaration.
Reversed and remanded.