delivered the opinion of the court:
This is an information in the nature of a quo warranto, filed by the Attorney General in the circuit court of Cook county, in the name and on behalf of the People of the State of Illinois, against Pullman’s Palace Car Company. Said company is a corporation, organized in 1867 by a special act of the legislature of Illinois, entitled “An act to incorporate Pullman’s Palace Car Coinpany.” (2 Private Laws of 1867, p. 337.) That act is as follows:
. “Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly: That George M. *128Pullman, JohnCrerar and Norman Williams, Jr., and their associates, successors and assigns, be and are hereby created a body politic and corporate, under the name and style of ‘Pullman’s Palace Car Company, ’ with all powers, rights, privileges and immunities incident to corporations and necessary or useful for the purposes of this act: Provided, that if the corporation created by this act shall not organize within one year after the passage hereof, then this act shall be null and void.
“Sec. 2. The capital stock of the said company shall be $100,000, and be divided into shares of $100 each, and it may be increased from time to time as a majority of the stockholders may direct, and shall be issued and transferred in such manner and under such conditions as the directors of the said company shall, by the by-laws thereof, prescribe.
“Sec. 3. That the corporate powers of the said company shall be vested in and exercised by a board of directors, consisting' of such number of persons, not less than three nor more than seven, as the stockholders of the said company may, from time to time, direct. The said directors shall be chosen by the stockholders at such time and place as may be fixed by the by-laws of the said company, and shall hold their offices for one year and until their successors are elected and qualified. They shall elect one of their number president of said company, and may fill any vacancy in the said board, occasioned by death, resignation or otherwise, for the unexpired portion of the office so becoming' vacant, and make such rules, by-laws and regulations, and appoint such officers and servants, ' as they may, from-time to time, deem expedient. Until, an election of directors as herein provided, the persons named as corporators in the first section of this act shall constitute a board of directors, and shall have and may exercise all the powers of such board.
“Sec. 4. The said corporation shall have power to man-, ufacture, construct and purchase railway cars, with all *129convenient appendages, and supplies for persons traveling therein, and the same may sell or use, or permit to be used, in such manner and upon such terms as the said company may think fit and proper.
“Sec. 5. The said corporation shall have power to borrow money, and may secure the payment of the same by deed of trust, mortgage or other security.
“Sec. 6. ■ It may be lawful for the company hereby incorporated to purchase, acquire and hold such real estate as may be deemed necessary for the successful prosecution of their business, and may have power to sell and convey the same.
“Sec. 7. This act shall be deemed a public act, and shall take effect from and after its passage.”
The information sets out the charter of the defendant, and then alleges certain acts which are alleged to be usurpations by the defendant of powers not conferred by its charter, and concludes with a prayer for the forfeiture of the charter of the corporation.
The allegations contained in the information of the usurpations of power on the part of the defendant are, in substance, as follows:
First—That it owns and controls a large ten-story business block, together with the ground on which it stands, worth two million dollars, in the business center of the city of Chicago; that it rents three-fourths of said block to persons, firms and corporations, and derives a large income therefrom; that this business block is located many miles from its works, or what is called the “Town of Pullman,” and a small portion of it only is occupied by the company’s employees; that this business block was built as an investment, and not because it had any real necessity therefor.
Second—That it owns fifty acres of ground at Pullman, Illinois, which are covered with two-story brick dwelling houses and three-story apartment buildings; that all these houses are rented by it, and it derives therefrom *130large rentals; that the dwellings and apartment buildings so rented furnish homes for twelve thousand people, and are worth a large amount of money, and are usurpations of power on its part.
Third—That it owns fifty acres of ground in said town of Pullman which are used for streets, alleys and ornamental grounds, and that the same are very valuable, and that the owning of such lands for such purposes is a usurpation of power.
Fourth—That it owns fifteen acres of ground on which are erected, among other buildings, the Arcade Building, the Hotel Florence, and some school houses; that the Arcade Building is a large business block, and is rented by the company to different persons, and there is carried on therein various and different kinds of business by the tenants occupying the. same, and that said Arcade Building yields a rich profit to said company.
Fifth—That it owns two churches in said town of Pullman, together with the ground on which they are erected, and it rents said church edifices to different congregations and derives a larg'e profit therefrom.
Sixth—That it owns a number of school houses in said town, and the ground on which they are erected, and they are rented by it to the authorized educational authorities, and it derives a large income therefrom.
Seventh—That it owns a large hotel, located in said town, and which is known as the Hotel Florence; that said company operates and controls said hotel, and pays for the supplies consumed therein and for all help employed in and about said hotel; that it employs and pays a manager to look after said hotel, and in connection with said hotel it owns and operates, a bar-room or saloon, and which saloon is located in said hotel building, and that in said saloon it sells all kinds of whiskies, intoxicating liquors and other drinks; that a government license is annually taken out for saloon purposes, and that the keeping and maintaining said hotel and the keeping and *131maintaining said saloon are all done for profit, and a large income is derived therefrom.
Eighth—That it owns a theater and the ground whereon it stands, and that the same is done for profit; that it employs a manager to manage the same, and plays, operas and other attractions are performed therein.
Ninth—That it owns a large hall, known as “Market Hall,” and the ground whereon it stands; that said hall is rented by it for divers purposes for which large halls of the kind are rented in cities, and a large income is derived therefrom.
Tenth—That it owns a large gas plant and operates the same in said town of Pullman, and rents said gas to the twelve thousand people residents of said town, to light their homes and for purposes of consumption, as well as to light said streets, and that from all these sources a large profit is derived.
Eleventh—That it owns and carries on a system of water mains and service pipes within the town of Pullman, and through these supplies, for profit, water to the different industries located in said town, as well as to the residence and apartment houses owned and rented by it; that it purchases said water from the city of Chicago and other sources, and sells the same, as aforesaid, for a large profit.
Twelfth—That it owns a plant for generating steam, and owns the pipes to convey the steam to the residences of its said tenants in the town of Pullman, and supplies said tenants in said town with such steam, together with merchants and others, for pecuniary profit, and derives a large income therefrom.
Thirteenth—That it owns and operates a large brick plant at Pullman; that it manufactures and sells brick, and places upon the market, wherever purchasers can be found, brick so manufactured; that it has been for many years a competitor in the market for the sale of brick.
*132Fourteenth—That it owns and operates a system of sewerage pipes and a pumping plant connected therewith; that through said sewerage pipes the sewerage and refuse accumulated in said town of twelve thousand inhabitants is pumped onto a large farm owned by it, and spread over the same; that said company cultivates said land so manured, and raises thereon large quantities of cabbage, celery, beets and other vegetables, and sells the same in the city of Chitago and other cities where it can find a market therefor, and makes shipments of such produce to the city of New Orleans, and that it realizes in this way large sums from operating" said sewerage system and cultivating" said farm.
Fifteenth—That it operates, in this State and elsewhere, through leases or contracts, a number of cars, and-in these, day and night, carries and sells for profit stocks of whiskies, wines, beer and other malt and intoxicating liquors; that such whiskies, etc., are carried and sold for pecuniary gain, and in doing so it derives a large profit.
Sixteenth—That it owns near the Belt Line road twenty-five acres of ground which it does not use.
Seventeenth—That it owns near Lake Calumet one hundred and seventy-five acres of vacant .and unoccupied land.
Eighteenth—That it owns fifty-five acres of land north of its shops, which land is vacant and unoccupied.
Nineteenth—-That it owns sixteen acres of lots and blocks in the town of Pullman which are vacant and unoccupied.'
Twentieth—That a certain corporation, known as the “Union Foundry and Pullman Car-Wheel Company,” was organized and existed in Cook county, and owned about ten acres of ground purchased by it from appellee; that appellee owned its stock and had it organized, and now, in effect, controls and operates it; that in this way, and through this corporation, it manufactures structural iron and places the same upon the market.
*133Twenty-first—That it furnishes to the Allen Paper Car-Wheel Company the power that operates its machinery, and receives therefrom a large income.
Twenty-second—That it owns the stock of the Pullman Iron and Steel Company, and controls, directs and manipulates its affairs; that the said company manufactures bar iron, and for many years has manufactured railroad spikes, and sold the same upon the market wherever purchasers could be found therefor; that such sales and the manufacturing of such products are, in effect, made by defendant.
Twenty-third—That it organized, owned and controlled the Southern Pullman Palace Car Company; that it owned its stock, and that the said company is now merged in defendant.
Twenty-fourth—That it manipulates and controls the affairs of the town of Pullman, and maintains therein water and gas plants, and lights the streets of said town, and owns the same, and exercises privileges and powers incident to a municipal corporation. •
Twenty-fifth—That it owns one hundred and ten acres of ground in Pullman, on which are erected its shops, and all that is not necessary for such purposes is a usurpation of power and contrary to law.
To the six pleas of the defendant, as originally filed, demurrers were sustained, upon the ground that each assumed to, but did not, answer the entire information. They were amended. Each of the amended pleas sets out the charter of defendant and then alleges certain matters as inducement, and concludes with a traverse under the absque hoc. The first amended plea assumes to answer the entire information, except so much thereof as charges the defendant with owning and holding certain shares of the capital stock in the Union Foundry and Pullman Car-Wheel Works, in the Southern Pullman Palace Car Company and in the Pullman Iron and Steel Company, and with selling and furnishing upon its sleeping cars, *134whiskies, wines, beer and other malt and intoxicating liquors to persons traveling therein. The second and third pleas assume each the same burden as that assumed by the first, but with this additional exception: that neither of them purports to answer the charge of owning a large office building in the center of the city of Chicago. The fourth plea undertakes to answer only so much of the information as charges the defendant with owning and holding certain of the capital stock of the Pullman Iron and Steel Company. The fifth plea undertakes to answer only so much of the information as charges the defendant with selling and furnishing upon its sleeping cars, whiskies, wines, beer and other intoxicating liquors to persons traveling therein. And the sixth plea undertakes to answer the entire information, except that part of it which charges the defendant with owning and holding shares of the capital stock of the Pullman Iron and Steel Company.
Demurrers were interposed by the Attorney General to these several amended pleas. The demurrer to the fourth plea was sustained, and, the defendant electing to abide by its said plea, judgment was entered against it thereon, ousting the defendant from the liberty of owning capital stock in the Pullman Iron and Steel Company. The demurrers to the other pleas, however, were overruled, and, the Attorney General electing to abide by the demurrers, judgment was entered finding the defendant not guilty as charged against it in the information, except as to the charge of owning capital stock in said Pullman Iron and Steel Company. To the judgment of the court overruling the demurrer to the first, second, third, fifth and sixth pleas the People duly excepted and appealed from said judgment to this court. The defendant has assigned cross-errors on the ruling and judgment of the court sustaining the demurrer to the fourth plea.
Paragraph 23 of the amended sixth plea avers as follows: “Defendant further states that heretofore in this *135plea it has set out all the business in which it is engaged and all the real property which it owns in said county of Cook, and particularly it here states that it does not own any brick-yard and does not own one hundred and seventy-five acres south of Lake Calumet; that it does not own any stock in the Union Foundry and Pullman Car Wheel Works; that said Union Foundry and Pullman Car-Wheel Company owns no property, and by action of its stockholders it has ceased to exist; and that defendant does not own any stock of the Southern Pullman Palace Car Company, and exercises no control over it.” The demurrer, of course, admits the truth of these several statements and denials, and the effect of this disclaimer is to eliminate from further consideration the charges of the information in respect to said matters.'
Each of the amended pleas, as already stated, sets out the charter of the defendant and then alleges certain matters of inducement, and concludes with a traverse under the absque hoc. The design of a special traverse, as distinguished from a common traverse, is to explain or qualify the denial. The essential parts of such a plea are the inducement, the denial and the verification. The issuable part of the plea is the denial, which is under the absque hoc, and when the denial under the absque hoc is sufficient no issue of fact can be formed upon the inducement. The matter, however, set up in the inducement must be such as in itself amounts to a sufficient answer, in substance, to the declaration or information. The plaintiff may elect to either form an issue of fact by pleading to the absque hoc, or to form an issue of law by demurring to the plea, and thereby take exceptions, in point of law, to the explanatory matters set up in the inducement. In the several amended pleas in the case at bar the denials under the absque hoc are amply and necessarily sufficient, for, with the exception of the allegations of the organization and existence of the defendant corporation, they specifically deny all the averments of the in*136formation. Therefore the questions to be determined upon this appeal have reference to the sufficiency of the matters stated in the inducements to said pleas to constitute valid answers and defenses, in substance, to the several charges made in the information. As matter of course, ‘the demurrers admit the truth of all the statements made in the plea.
Counsel for appellee contend that full warrant and authority for the various acts which, as it appears from the pleas, the corporation has done, are to be found either in the powers expressly conferred by its charter or in the powers possessed by implication of law. In order' to determine correctly the sufficiency of the pleas in the light of this contention of appellee, it is essential the rules and principles of law applicable to the matter of the express and implied powers of corporations should be ascertained and declared.
A corporation in our State has its existence by virtue of the enactment, general or special, of the law-making power. The appellee corporation was created by a special act of the General Assembly. The only difference between a corporation organized under a general law and one created by a special statute is, “that in the former we look to the certificate of the promoters, while in the latter we look to the special statute to ascertain the scope of the powers of the corporation.” The rule for construing the instruments "must necessarily be the same, viz., the powers specifically enumerated, and such other powers as are incidental or necessary to carry those powers into effect, but none others may be exercised by the corporation. Rockhold v. Canton Masonic Benevolent Society, 129 Ill. 440.
The enactment creating the appellee corporation is the full measure of its power. In order to enable it to carry into execution the powers thus conferred it may exercise other powers, known to the law as incidental or implied powers. Implied powers exist only to enable a corporation to carry out the express powers granted,—■ *137that is, to accomplish the purpose of its existence,—and can in no case avail to enlarge the express powers, and thereby warrant it to devote its efforts and capital to other purposes than such as its charter expressly authorizes, or to engage in collateral enterprises not directly but only remotely connected with its specific corporate purposes. A power which the law will regard as existing by implication must be one in a sense necessary,—that is, needful, suitable and proper to accomplish the object of the grant, and one that is directly and immediately appropriate to the execution of the specific powers, and not one that has but a slight, indirect or remote relation to the specific purposes of the corporation. Illinois Conference Female College v. Cooper, 25 Ill. 133; Caldwell v. City of Alton, 33 id. 416; Chicago, Pekin and Southwestern Railroad Co. v. Town of Marseilles, 84 id. 643; Chicago Gas Light Co. v. People’s Gas Light Co. 121 id. 530; Mott v. Danville Seminary, 129 id. 403; People v. Chicago Gas Trust Co. 130 id. 268; North Side Railroad Co. v. Worthington, (Tex.) 30 S. W. Rep. 1055; Field on Corporations, secs. 53, 54; 4 Thompson’s Law of Corp. sec. 5638; 2 Beach on Private Corp. sec. 385; Green’s Brice’s Ultra Vires, 88, 89.
Keeping these definitions as to implied powers in view, we may proceed to determine whether the acts set forth in the pleas are within or beyond the measure of power possessed by the appellee company.
The information charges that the defendant owns and controls within the city of Chicago a large ten-story business block, together with the ground on which said building stands, worth $2,000,000; that the defendant occupies a portion, only, of said building for purposes of its own corporation business, and that it leases about three-fourths of the building to other persons, firms or corporations, and receives a large consideration from the occupants thereof as rentals; that said block was built by the defendant as an investment, and charges that the said building was erected without warrant or authority *138of law. The defendant sets up by way of inducement in its plea, that it has had, ever since its organization, its general offices near the business center of the city of Chicago, and that it is necessary and proper to do so; that it became impossible to rent proper general offices, and that the rentals charged for poor offices were high and exorbitant; that thereupon, in 1880, it purchased a lot of land, 75 by 170 feet, at the corner of Michigan avenue and Adams street, and erected thereon a building, in which it ever since has kept its general offices and some store rooms; that the said land was valuable, and could not, without great loss, be utilized for erecting a building other than a high building, and such as is in keeping with and equal to the surrounding buildings; that thereupon defendant erected thereon a nine-story building", of which it now uses nearly one-half, and that if its business continues to increase as it has in the past, it will soon also use it all for its general offices; that in the meantime it rents to different parties such offices as it is not at present using; that erecting such buildings is in keeping with the usual practice of other large corporations doing kindred business, and that it could not now rent such general offices as it requires, in the business center of Chicago, for á rental as low as five per centum per annum on the amount which said building and the land on which it stands cost defendant.
The defendant is authorized by section 6 of its charter to purchase, acquire and hold such real estate as may be necessary for the successful prosecution of its business; but it is contended that the building in question is much larger and contains many more rooms and offices than the business or wants of the corporation demand; that only a small portion of it is occupied by the company’s employees; that it was erected as an investment by the company, and therefore that the company owns and maintains the building without authority of law. We are concerned, however, with the averments of the plea the *139truth of which are admitted by the demurrer. The plea avers it was necessary and proper the general offices of the appellee should be maintained near the business center of the city of Chicago, and that such offices have always been maintained in that locality; that it became impossible to rent suitable general offices there, and even insufficient and undesirable offices could only be obtained at high and exorbitant rentals; that the business of the company was larg'e and rapidly increasing, and that good business judgment dictated the company should provide its own offices, and that in view of the fact that desirable ground was very valuable, and that more office room would be needed in the future to accommodate the growing business of the company, it was determined to construct a larger building than was at the time actually needed and necessary and to rent such offices as were not at the present needed, and that, moved by such consideration, the building was erected; that if the business of the corporation continues to increase as it has in the past, the entire building will soon be devoted to the uses of the company.
We think the plea presented a good defense to the charges preferred in the information with reference to this building. The right of the appellee to construct an office building is indisputable, as so, also, is the right to select the most eligible and desirable site. It would be but a narrow and wholly unjustifiable view of this power to insist that in planning and constructing the building the corporation should leave out of consideration its probable prospective requirements, and should erect a building containing only as many rooms and offices as its present business might demand. The corporation had the right, as we think, to look to and prepare for the future. It was but true economy to do so, and if it proceeded in good faith, as we are to assume from the conceded averments of the plea it did, no reason is perceived why it should be deemed bound by law to permit such parts of the building *140as are not for the present required for the accommodation of its business, to remain vacant, but, on the contrary, that it might lawfully obtain such income from the rents of such rooms as might be possible until the growth or increase of its business demanded the additional rooms or offices. A corporation could not be permitted, under mere color and pretense of furnishing accommodations for the transaction of its own affairs, to construct houses or rooms for the purpose of renting the same, and engage in renting such houses or rooms as a business, if such pursuit was, as it here clearly is, beyond and distinct from that it was created to pursue and accomplish. But the averments of the plea do not justify the imputation that the acts of the company under consideration are but colorable, and in this investigation the averments stand confessed by the State.
It appears from the averments of those pleas which are intended to answer the allegations of the information set forth hereinbefore as Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12, 13 and 24, that the defendant company, about the year 1880, acquired and now holds a certain tract of land containing about eighty-three acres, on a portion of which, in the year 1880,—at least not later than 1882,—it caused to be constructed a large number of dwellings and tenement houses, some of the height of two stories and others three stories in height; that the total number of such buildings is twenty-two hundred, and that it has laid out and now maintains the usual and necessary streets and alleys to afford the tenants to whom it rents said dwellings and tenement houses the proper and usual means of ingress and egress to and from their homes and places of business; that it now rents said dwellings and tenements to its employees; that upon the same plat of g’round upon which said dwelling's and tenements stand and where said streets and alleys are located it caused to be erected a number of school houses, a church edifice, a hotel, a large building called “The Arcade,” in which are a number of rooms, some of which were constructed to be rented for dry *141goods, grocery and other retail stores, and other of the rooms were built for school, lecture and theater rooms and for the use of religious congregations for church purposes, and that it now rents the rooms in said “Arcade” for the various purposes for which they were intended when built; that it has also constructed on the same plat of ground a large building called “Market Hall," the lower floor whereof it caused to be fitted up for meat and vegetable markets, and it has rented and now rents them to retail dealers in such articles of food, and the upper floor is a large hall where concerts, dances and other entertainments may be given and is rented by it for such purposes; that it maintains a system of water-works and sewers, and a gas plant, and for a consideration supplies those who inhabit its houses with water, light and heat.
From these averments but one conclusion is admissible, which is, the appellee corporation became and is now the proprietor of the lots, streets, alleys, sewer system, dwellings, tenement houses, churches, hotel, schools, theater and business buildings composing a town or city of more than two thousand houses, no one of which is occupied by any other than a tenant of the corporation. The powers vested in the corporation by the words of its charter are, “to manufacture, construct and purchase railway cars, with all convenient appendages and supplies for persons traveling therein, and the same may sell or use, or permit to be used, in such manner and upon such terms as the said company may think fit and proper.” Manifestly the acts of the corporation which have resulted in the creation of this town or city and its acts in connection with the streets, alleys, dwellings, tenements, school, church and business houses, water system, sewerage, heat, etc., which the plea admits it was performing at the time of the filing of the information, cannot be regarded as the exercise of powers expressly given. Can they be justified as the proper exercise of powers incidental to the express powers possessed by the corporation, or by *142the provision in the sixth clause of the charter that it maybe lawfuh for the corporation to acquire and hold such real estate as may be deemed necessary for the successful prosecution of its business? The declaration of the sixth clause is not that the company may acquire and hold such real estate as it or its directory may deem necessary, but such as may 'be deemed necessary to the successful prosecution of its business. The true meaning of this clause is not that the company or its governing" body is vested with unlimited and unbridled power to acquire and hold such real estate as it may deem necessary, but with power to purchase and hold only such real estate as, under the- rules of law, may be deemed necessary for the successful prosecution of its business. “The rule of construction, when any doubt arises out of any language employed in such a charter, is, that every power that is not clearly granted is withheld, and that any ambiguity in the terms of the grant must operate against the corporation and in favor of the public.” (American Trust Co. v. Minnesota and Northwestern Railroad Co. 157 Ill. 641; Illinois Health University v. People, 166 id. 171.) “Irrespective of the operation of statutory restrictions, it is a settled principle of American jurisprudence that a corporation cannot take and hold land except in so 'far as reasonably necessary to carry out the objects of its creation. These bodies, which never die, are not allowed, against the objection of the State, to take and hold land for purposes wholly foreign to the purposes for which the State endowed them with corporate existence and the power of perpetual succession.” 5 Thompson’s Law of Corp. sec. 5772.
This court has declared that it is against the public policy of this State to allow corporations to own real estate beyond what is necessary for the transaction of their corporate business or such as is acquired in the collection of debts. (Carroll v. City of East St. Louis, 67 Ill. 568; United States Trust Co. v. Lee, 73 id. 142.) And in furtherance of this declared public policy statutes have been *143enacted by the General Assembly requiring all corporations which have acquired lands in the collection of debts to sell and dispose of all that is not necessary to the purposes of the corporation and providing remedies designed to coerce compliance with such requirements. Rev. Stat. sec. 517, chap. 32, entitled “Corporations.”
* It seems perfectly clear the charter of the corporation did not clothe it with express power to purchase the real estate upon which the town or city of Pullman is built, or to construct the buildings in said town or city, or to engage in the business of renting dwellings, store rooms, market places, etc. Nor is express power to authorize such acts relied upon, but the contention is they were fully warranted by the powers derived from the implications of the law. What powers are to be implied by law must, as a matter of course, depend largely upon the surrounding circumstances. With a view of showing that the situation at the time justified the course pursued by the company and was sufficient to invest it with the legal right to pursue such course, the appellee company filed pleas averring, in substance, as follows: That after it had been for several years in the exercise of the powers conferred by its charter, its business increased to such an extent that it became necessary for it to build large and extensive shops in which to manufacture cars; that a large amount of land was necessary on which to locate such shops; that it was decided to locate and build said shops in the county of Cook, in or near the city of Chicago, where its general offices and headquarters were and where its principal officers resided; that it found that it could not acquire a sufficient amount of land upon which to erect said shops'within the city of Chicago on account of the high price of land in said city; that after diligent and careful inquiry as to the price of land and the means of access thereto it decided to build its shops where they are now situated, being upon a parcel of land lying between the west bank of Lake Calumet and the Illinois *144Central railroad; that it, about the year 1880, purchased . a tract of about three hundred and forty-three acres, then of comparatively small value, being unimproved, low-lying land, held as acre or pasturage land, not included in any municipality and not subdivided; that at the time of said purchase and at the time of the planning and laying out of the manufacturing plant of defendant there were not more than twenty-five dwelling houses, within a radius of two miles of said land, all of which were fully occupied; that it was impossible to get good, skilled workmen to come and work at said manufacturing plant unless they could obtain homes in the immediate vicinity; that to get workmen and other employees, skilled and otherwise, at its said manufacturing plant, the defendant was obliged to build and erect a sufficient number of houses or tenements to accommodate as many as possible of its employees, and that in order to attract to said manufactory the best class of skill and labor, it, in or about the year 1880, and' not later than 1882, erected upon a part of said lands twenty-two hundred houses and tenements, and that the same were so built for the purpose of inducing the best class of workmen to become employed at the defendant’s manufactory;, that the same were only built for the purpose of so accommodating the defendant’s employees, were not built for any profit or income therefrom, but that the defendant might be able to obtain good, skilled labor in its manufactory; that they are not a profitable investment, and were and are only built and held by th,e defendant because the same are “necessary for the successful prosecution of its business.”
Defendant alleges also in its pleas, as inducement, that in order to obtain a better class of skilled employees, especially those with families, to work in its manufactory, it was absolutely necessary that there should be provided near their homes proper educational facilities; that to meet the said demand and to accommodate the desire of said employees that their children should receive ordinary *145education, defendant erected several school houses near the said dwellings, and schools were and are held therein and the children of such employees receive instruction therein; that said buildings are all now within the limits of the city of Chicago and said school houses are rented to the board of education of said city, which has the sole control and charge of the said buildings; that it became and was necessary that certain places for divine worship should be provided near the said dwellings of defendants’ employees, and to meet that demand a church was erected and furnished to a congregation using it, at a purely nominal rental; that on this tract of land, and near said dwelling houses, defendant erected a building called the “Arcade Building;” that on the first floor thereof are rooms rented by defendant to storekeepers, because when the town of Pullman was built there were no stores within a reasonable distance at which the company’s employees could buy the ordinary necessities of life; that from said stores were and are sold to said employees groceries, clothing and all other things usually purchased by them; that defendant has not, and never has had, any interest in the said stores or the profits derived therefrom; that it does not allow its employees to give orders upon it to the said stores; that the said stores are rented at a very low rate, and that said building was not built for profit but only for the convenience of said employees; that on the second and third floors thereof is a public library for the use of said employees and their families, for which no rent is charg'cd, and two large halls used for religious worship for the use of said employees and their families, and which are furnished by defendant to congregations of its employees at a nominal rental; that in said building are also two or three rooms rented by the board of education of the city of Chicago for school purposes, and in which the children of said employees are taught; that in said building there is also a room erected as a lecture room and theater, provided only to give said employees *146and their families recreation; that no theatrical entertainments are given in said building by defendant, but the same is furnished for use to said employees or associations of them, and it is largely used by them for entertainments given by themselves and for a place in which they may practice music; that on said land near its manufacturing plant defendant erected a small building which was used as a hotel, for the purpose of furnishing accommodations to intending purchasers of defendant’s cars, their agents and inspectors; that said hotel was and is a necessary part of defendant’s manufacturing plant; that the defendant built on said grounds a building known as “Market Hall,” the upper story of which is a larg'e hall furnished to employees in which they hold entertainments, such as concerts and dancing, and on the lower floor are stores, which are rented out to persons who use the same as meat markets; that in order to properly operate its manufacturing plant it became and was necessary to erect a gas plant, from which it furnishes light through all its manufacturing buildings, and has, upon their request, furnished gas at a fair and reasonable price to certain of its employees occupying some of its houses, but that the" gas so furnished said employees does not amount to ten per cent of the gas produced by said gas plant and used in defendant’s shops; that at the time of the erection of said manufacturing plant there were no water-works at or near said lands, and defendant erected a water tower and plant upon its premises principally for supplying water throughout its shops, and contracted with the village of Hyde Park for the furnishing to the defendant of large amounts of water throug'h the water mains of the said village; that most of the water passing through said water mains and through said water tower is used in the shops of defendant, but a small percentage thereof is furnished to said employees in their homes; that said water is furnished to said employees at a very low rate and at less than the cost thereof to defendant, *147and because said employees cannot in any other wajr procure a supply of water; that when said manufacturing plant was built defendant put in a very large system of boilers for generating steam; that said boilers and steam capacity probably will all be required for use in operating said shops, but up to this time there has been a surplus of steam generated, and at the request of said employees steam-pipes have, in a few instances, been run into their said houses and dwellings, and through said steam-pipes some of said houses and dwellings have been heated; that in like manner it has furnished for a money consideration part of its present surplus steam and engine power to the Allen Paper Car-Wheel Company, whose shops adjoin the property of defendant; that in connection with said manufacturing plant and dwelling houses defendant set apart eighteen acres of land as recreation grounds for the use of its said employees, which includes a place for playing base-ball, foot-ball, and many other kinds of athletic exercises, and for the use of said recreation grounds it charges no rental or admission fee; that said grounds are furnished with divers appliances for athletic exercises, and are free to all of said employees and their families and are used as pleasure grounds by them; that also in connection with said manufacturing plant and dwelling houses it set apart about thirteen acres for pleasure grounds for its said employees and their families, the said pleasure grounds .including what is usually called a park, together with a greenhouse and other such accessories, and defendant has established and maintained the same only for the purpose of attracting to its works the best class of skilled workmen.
In the light of the well settled rule a plea is to be construed most strongly against the pleader, the averments of appellee’s pleas are to be interpreted to disclose that the measures which the appellee corporation adopted looking toward the re-location and removal of its plant included, as a fully matured part thereof, the plan of *148building the resident, tenement and business houses and constructing the streets and alleys,—in fact, providing" a town or city wherein its employees might or should dwell and of which it should be the sole owner and proprietor, and that in pursuance of this plan a tract of. land was acquired sufficiently large to receive and accommodate, not only the manufacturing plant of the corporation, but also to provide the necessary space for the streets, alleys, dwellings, tenements, hotel, church, opera house and other business houses which the scheme of the corporation included; and it is to be further necessarily inferred, on a proper construction of the plea, that the work of erecting the buildings comprising" the manufacturing plant proper and the buildings which compose the town or city, was entered upon and carried along at the same time and together. Nor is this interpretation of the pleas at all harsh or doubtful, but is the same as that entertained by counsel for appellee who drafted the pleas. Speaking upon the point, counsel for appellee, on pages 51 and 52 of their brief filed in this court, say:
“Accordingly, in the exercise of its best judgment, appellee selected and purchased about three hundred and fifty acres of land situated upon the shores of Lake Calumet, fourteen miles distant from its offices and ten miles beyond the then limits of the city of Chicago. The land at that time was practically an unoccupied waste. It was surrounded for a very considerable distance, in all directions save toward the lake, by farming ancj. unoccupied lands. There were no convenient places where employees of the company could find homes or dwelling places. The construction of the manufactory therefore involved, not the expediency, simply, but the necessity, of providing places suitable for the occupancy of those who were to do its work. The manufactory and the homes for the workmen were mutually and equally necessary to the success of the enterprise. ‘The power to manufacture cars’ was barren without the other charter power ‘to purchase, *149acquire and hold such real estate as may be deemed necessary.’ It was only by the combination of the two,— by their exercise together, in the manner which has been described,—that the object of the charter, ‘the successful prosecution of their business,’ could be accomplished. Accordingly, the exercise of these powers was undertaken cotemporaneously. The construction of the works and the construction of the dwelling places of those who were to operate them was undertaken at the same time and as a part of a single, harmonious scheme. Two years of time, and the labor of four thousand men transported daily to and fro between Chicago and the point of location, were devoted to the work. At the expiration of that time the result appeared in the completed structures of a manufactory giving employment to five thousand persons, and in its immediate vicinity dwelling houses sufficient in number for the comfortable occupancy of a large part of these persons with their families and those dependent upon them, with the necessary school houses for the education of their children, churches for their religious instruction, stores and shops where the necessaries of life could be procured, halls suitable for lectures and social entertainments,—all so arranged, with such accessories of streets, parks and other provisions, as to minister not simply to the necessities, but also to the comfort and well-being of those who might be employed.”
It further appears from the plea the corporation at once, after the buildings composing the town of Pullman and its streets and alleys were completed, rented the dwellings, tenements, business rooms, church, theater room, school rooms, etc., and for a compensation undertook to supply the inhabitants of the town with water, light and heat, and that it has since continued to perform such acts, and was pursuing the same course when the information was filed. The location selected by the corporation for the new site of its plant was within a few miles of the populous and wealthy city of Chicago, upon *150a line of railway which furnished adequate and speedy means of transportation to and from the city, so that the plant and its surroundings in fact were within the suburbs of the city. There were then, it is true, only a few buildings in the vicinity of the proposed new location. The establishment of the works of the appellee corporation would make it imperative that other buildings, dwellings and tenement houses should be constructed for the accommodation of those who should find employment in appellee’s shops.
The averment of the plea the corporation was obliged to construct such houses and tenements is but the statement of a conclusion, and we find the facts pleaded do not justify such a deduction. No reason existed, nor do we find in the, pleas even a suggestion that there was reason or ground, for the apprehension that individual enterprise and private capital would not at once, after the purpose and intention of the corporation became known, provide all necessary dwellings and tenements. for the accommodation of the workmen, or that the wants of the community composed of such workmen would not at once be met by the location in its midst of schools, churches, dry goods and grocery stores, meat markets, etc., or that the necessary streets, alleys and public ways would not be provided without any intervention whatever on the part of the corporation. The public laws of the State would have supplied the requisite school houses and teachers, and the inclinations of the individual members of the community could have been safely relied upon to provide church houses and rooms for imparting religious instruction. It is idle to argue it became in any sense necessary or directly appropriate to the accomplishment of the lawful and chartered purposes or objects of the corporation it should engage its efforts or capital in the construction of dwellings, tenement houses, store houses, streets, alleys, theaters, hotel, churches, school houses, water-works, a system of sewers, etc. Workmen, if they *151have families, must have homes, or if unmarried must be accommodated with boarding and places of lodging. Homes, groceries, vegetables, bread, meat, clothing, furniture, light, heat, water, school books, medicine, the services of physicians, dentists and other professional mqn, and many other things, become necessary to the health, comfort or convenience of such workmen and their families; but the right and power to supply such wants had, in this instance, so far as the pleas showj no direct relation or connection with the successful prosecution of the specific object of the appellee corporation. The relation was but remote, indirect and mediate,—not direct and immediate. Implied power cannot be invoked to authorize a corporation to engage in collateral enterprises but remotely connected with the specific purposes it was created to accomplish. A power which a corporation may exercise by implication must be bounded by the purposes of the corporate existence and the terms and intention of the charter, and acts which tend only remotely and by indirection to promote its interest and chartered objects can not be justified by implication of law, but are ultra vires.
Cases cited holding corporations operating mines or mills engaged in sawing lumber had implied power to construct dwellings and boarding houses for their employees can have little or no influence upon the question here presented. In those cases the fact the works or mills of the corporations were necessarily located at mines or near large forests, and other circumstances peculiar to the respective cases, were deemed sufficient to justify the corporations in arranging for the lodging or boarding of their workmen or in building homes to shelter them and their families. The circumstances in each of such cases as can be accepted as having been well considered, were such it became, in a legal sense, necessary to the accomplishment of the chartered purposes of the corporation that it should exercise such power as was accorded it by implication of law. Exceptional circumstances or extra*152ordinary conditions may make it necessary to the proper prosecution of the business of a corporation that it shall be accorded implied power to perform acts beyond its express power, and which, except for the prevailing conditions, would be wholly unwarranted. But in the case in hand the appellee corporation voluntarily assumed to devote its corporate capital and power to that which, to say the least, but remotely and indirectly tended to aid the accomplishment of the purposes it had the right to pursue under conditions and circumstances which were neither rare nor unusual.
The argument of counsel for appellee that the construction of the manufacturing plant involved, not the expediency, simply, but the necessity, of providing places suitable for the occupancy of those who were to do its work, “and that in view of this the company determined to undertake, and did undertake, to construct its works and dwelling places for its workmen at the same time and as a part of a single harmonious plan,” is fallacious. It ignores the palpable fact that no duty of providing houses for its workmen was pressed upon the company by surrounding" conditions or circumstances as a necessity, but was adopted as a matter of choice, basefl, it may have been, upon motives which were, in part, benevolent or charitable in their nature. Had it purchased only that quantity of ground needful for its proper corporate uses, and restricted its efforts and expenditures to the construction of such buildings as would have answered its corporate wants, there appears to us no reason to believe that the question of homes for its workmen, market places or stores where such workmen could purchase supplies, or school rooms where their children could receive instruction, or the making of streets and alleys, would ever have demanded the thought or attention of its governing" body. It is beyond reason to conclude that, had the way been left open, private capital and individual enterprise” would have overlooked this de*153sirable field of operations, or that merchants, tradesmen, butchers and other classes of business men would not have appeared and entered into business rivalry for the custom of the workmen and their families, and that the prosecution of the business of the corporation would have suffered because its workmen could not find homes or places where the articles necessary to supply their wants and add to their comfort could be purchased,—and yet it is upon this g'round it is sought to justify the acts of the corporation which are now under consideration.
The prohibition of the law against the unauthorized exercise of power by corporations is based upon grounds of public policy, and the wisdom of the rule may here find exemplification. Conceding the rectitude of the purpose which it is alleged operated to induce the acts of the corporation which resulted in the creation of the town or city of Pullman, we are constrained to declare the corporation had not lawful power to perform such acts, and that the existence of a town or city where the streets, alle;rs, school houses, business houses, sewerage system, hotels, churches, theaters, water-works, marketplaces, dwellings and tenements are the exclusive property of a corporation is opposed to good public policy and incompatible with the theory and spirit of our institutions. It is clearly the theory of our law, streets, alleys and public ways, and public school buildings, should be committed to the control of the proper public authorities, and that real estate should be kept as fully as possible in the channels of trade and commerce, and good public policy demands that the number of persons who should engage in the business of selling such articles as are necessary to the support, maintenance and comfort of the people of any community should not be restricted by the will of any person, natural or artificial, but should be left to be determined by the healthy, wholesome and natural operations of the rules of trade and business, free from all that which tends to stifle competition and foster monopolies.
*154We think the averments of the plea in response to the allegations of the information under consideration were insufficient to present a legal defense.
The information charges, as is shown by the fourteenth allegation set out in the opening of this opinion, the appellee corporation has constructed, owns and is operating a sewerage system and a sewerage farm; that it has constructed sewerage pipes so as to receive and convey to the farm the sewerage and refuse matter accumulated in and about the residences, tenement houses and other buildings which it rents in the said city or town of Pullman, and uses said sewerage for the purpose of fertilizing the farm; that the farm consists of one hundred and fifty-four acres, and is cultivated by the appellee corporation, and large quantities of celery, beets and other vegetables produced thereon are by the said corporation sold in the city of Chicago or shipped to other cities for sale. With respect to this sewerage system and the business of gardening or truck farming upon the sewerage farm, the effect of the allegations of the plea are, that having constructed the great number of dwellings, tenement houses and other buildings, and rented the same to its employees, it became ■ necessary the corporation should adopt some mode or manner of disposing of the sewerage in order to render and keep the said dwellings and buildings in a healthful condition; that it purchased the one hundred and fifty-. four acres of land in order to enable it to utilize the sewerage and refuse matter as a fertilizer, whereby to render the land productive, and that the income from the farm recompenses the corporation in part, and only in part, for the expenses of the sewerage system. But if we are right in the view hereinbefore expressed, that the action of the corporation in constructing the buildings and dwellings of which the town or city of Pullman is composed was beyond its proper corporate functions, it would necessarily follow the operation of the sewerage system and the prosecution of the business of farming or truck gar*155dening cannot be justified upon the ground it was necessary the dwellings and houses of those persons living in the city or town of Pullman should be supplied with such sewerage system. One usurpation of power cannot be seized upon.as a justification for the exercise of a further unlawful power.
The information charges that the defendant, in a large number of its cars, carries a stock of whiskies, wines, beers, and other malt and intoxicating liquors, for the purpose of sale to its guests and the occupants of the cars while traveling therein, and sells and disposes of the same at a large pecuniary profit. The defendant, by its plea, admits that it does provide, for people traveling in its cars, supplies of divers kinds of food and drink, including whiskies, wines, beers and other malt and intoxicating liquors, but avers that it sells the same, under proper licenses from State and general governments, for the purpose of meeting" the necessities and demands of its patrons and contributing to their comfort, and that it makes no profit whatever therefrom, but furnishes said supplies at a pecuniary loss to itself, and claims a right to sell them by virtue of section 4 of its charter, which provides that “the said corporation shall have power to manufacture, construct and purchase railway cars, with all convenient appendages and supplies for persons traveling therein, and the same may sell or use, or permit to be used, in such manner and upon such terms as the said company may think fit and proper.” Express power to sell supplies to persons traveling on its cars must be conceded to the corporation. Are wines and liquors a part of the “supplies” for travelers? No authorities on this subject are cited in the briefs of counsel. Webster defines the word “supply” (plural, “supplies,”) as “that which supplies a want; sufficiency of things for use or want; especially, the food, and the like, which meets the daily necessities of an army or other "large body of men.” It would seem that this definition answers the question in the afBrma*156tive. Wines and liquors are a part of the supplies which meet the wants of a portion, at least, of the traveling public. They enter into and compose, in part, the daily meals of many travelers, and are regarded by all such persons, and by others who use them at other times, as wholesome refreshments, contributing to relieve from the fatigue and discomforts of travel. Hence they are supplies for such persons. It is a matter of common knowledge that places for the accommodation and entertainment of travelers, such as hotels and taverns, and steamboats and ocean vessels, which carry passengers, almost universally sell to their guests and patrons whiskies, wines and liquors, and that such things are regarded by a portion of the traveling public, and by those who transport and entertain them, as part of the “supplies” for travelers. We think that the defendant having, as the plea averred, had license to sell intoxicating liquors, was authorized by its charter to furnish such supplies to persons traveling in its cars, and that the charg'e in the information is sufficiently answered by the plea:
The information charges that the defendant owns fifty-five acres of vacant and unoccupied land north of its shops, and that it also owns other vacant and unoccupied land at Pullman to the extent of sixteen acres. The defendant’s plea avers, as to said fifty-five acres, that they are now in actual, constant and necessary use by it for dumping thereon cinders and other refuse from its shops, and will, in the near future, be necessary for further extensions of defendant’s manufacturing plant. It clearly appears, the allegations of the plea being taken as true, that this tract of land of fifty-five acres is devoted to legitimate corporate purposes. Whether so actually,constantly and necessarily used is a question to be determined on the trial of the issue.
As to the other vacant and unoccupied land, the plea admits that the defendant owns twenty-three acres of such land, but avers that said twenty-three acres are the *157unoccupied part of a tract of sixty-three acres whereon are located its dwellings and tenements, churches, business houses, etc., which are scattered over the whole of the said tract,, and in such a way that no particular part of any appreciable size is unoccupied, and that the said twenty-three acres consist of the spaces between said houses; that the land was purchased, and has been and is held, solely to meet the necessity for additional houses and tenements as the growth of,.the company’s business may require, and in order that the health and comfort of its employees might be conserved by the avoidance of tenements and houses too closely crowded together. Having hereinbefore determined that the erection by the appellee corporation of the dwellings and buildings in the city or town of Pullman was beyond its corporate powers, the conclusion is inevitable that the corporation has no lawful right to hold and own this twenty-three acre tract “solely to meet the necessity for additional houses and tenements as the growth of its business may require.” The demurrer to the allegations of the plea with respect of this tract of land should have been sustained.
We think it clearly appears from the allegations of the plea the corporation acquired and owns the twenty-five acres of land near the Belt Line railroad for the proper purposes of its existence. It is stated in the plea that many of the cars made by the defendant, and others sent to it to be repaired, are delivered upon the Belt Line railroad running north of its manufacturing plant; that to receive and properly store said cars while waiting' their turn to be repaired, and to properly store them after being built and repaired and while awaiting inspection by railroad companies, it was and is necessary that the defendant should have storage yards or tracks near said railroad at Grand Crossing, about three miles from defendant’s manufacturing plant, and it accordingly purchased about and not to exceed twenty acres of ground, near said railroad, and now holds the same for the pur*158pose above mentioned; that it has not, as yet, put any railroad or storage tracks upon said land, because the railroad companies owning tracks in the immediate vicinity have built so many side and storage tracks which can be used for storage purposes, but that it will be necessary, in the near future, for defendant to put tracks upon said twenty acres for storing and switching purposes, as aforesaid, and that it holds said land for such use in its manufacturing business. These averments are admitted by the demurrer, and constitute a complete answer to the charge in the information.
The allegation that the appellee company furnishes the Allen Paper Car-Wheel Company with steam power to operate the machinery of the latter company, and receives a large income therefrom, is fully met by the averments of the plea. The plea avers that when the manufacturing plant of the appellee corporation was built, with a view of anticipating its probable future wants the company put in a very large system of boilers for generating steam; that the steam power which said boilers are capable of producing will, in the judgment of the corporation, be no more than will be required in the future for the successful operation of the machinery and appliances of the plant of the appellee company, but that up to this time more steam has been generated than the company’s uses required, and that the surplus has been furnished to the said Allen Paper Car-Wheel Company, whose shops adjoin the plant of the appellee corporation. It is entirely competent and proper for a corporation to keep in view its probable future wants and necessities, and in constructing its building's and purchasing machinery to anticipate and provide for that which sound practical judgment and wise forethought indicate will be required by the growth of its business and the extension of the volume of its operations. It being lawful to purchase boilers having a capacity to generate more steam than the immediate needs of the company required, the *159law has no rule which would require that the excess of steam so provided should not be utilized but should be allowed to go to waste. It was but true economy, and in no sense a usurpation of power, to dispose of the excess of steam so produced to the Allen Paper Car-Wheel Company.
The pleas admit the appellee company has purchased and holds a majority of the shares of the capital stock of the Pullman Iron and Steel Company, and avers further that said Pullman Iron and Steel Company was never a competitor in business with defendant; that its products constitute a necessary part of the material required in the construction of the cars manufactured by defendant; that all its product is used and consumed by said defendant, and that the said corporation is, in effect, a mere department of defendant in its car manufacturing business, although existing nominally as an independent corporation. The right and power of a corporation to become a stockholder in another corporation was presented to this court for determination in the case of People v. Chicago Gas Trust Co. 130 Ill. 268, and the conclusion arrived at was, that a corporation cannot become a stockholder in another corporation unless power to do so is specifically granted in its charter or necessarily implied from it. The conclusion there announced is the prevailing doctrine in America, and we see no reason to depart from it. Such power is not specifically granted to the appellee corporation, and there is no room for the contention that it is possessed as an implied power. The decision of the circuit court ousting the appellee from the right to hold capital stock in the Pullman Iron and Steel Company was correct, and is affirmed.
The defense of acquiescence and waiver has been set up in the case in the sixth plea. That part of the plea is as follows: “Defendant further avers that said manufacturing plant, houses, and all other improvements in the town of Pullman, and all the real estate in this plea *160described, were acquired by defendant and said buildings were erected in and about the year A. D. 1880, and not later than the year A. D. 1882, and defendant has been in continuous use thereof, in manner above described, ever since; and defendant avers that all of its said acts have been well known to plaintiff ever since said last mentioned date, and the doings of defendant in regard thereto were a special subject of investigation, report and approval by the legislature of the State of Illinois since said last mentioned date, and that defendant has, during all of said time, been taxed by the municipal and State taxing" authorities of Illinois, and in, to-wit, A. D. 1891, the legislature of Illinois appointed a committee thereof to investigate the property of defendant and ascertain if it .was properly taxed on all its property; that said committee examined all defendant’s property, including all the property mentioned in this plea, and reported to said legislature concerning said holdings of property by defendant, and that its property was all properly taxed, which report was accepted and approved by said legislature, whereby any fault that the defendant may have committed in regard thereto has been acquiesced in or waived by the plaintiff.”
It is conceded the State, acting in its character as a sovereign, is not bound by any statute of limitations or technical estoppel. It is urged, however, that in quo warranto, under the common law rule, the courts, in the exercise of their discretion to grant the writ or not, or upon final hearing, refused aid when the conditions complained of had existed for a number of years with knowledge on the part of the sovereign, and that the provisions of section 1 of chapter 112 of the Revised Statutes, entitled “Quo Warranto,” that leave to file the information shall be given if the court or judge to whom the petition is presented shall be satisfied there is probable cause for the proceeding, leave the court still possessed of power to consider upon the hearing and then apply the same doc*161trine of waiver and acquiescence. It is the general rule that laches, acquiescence, or unreasonable delay in the performance of duty on the part of the officers of the State, is not imputable to the State when acting in its character as a sovereign. There are exceptions to this general rule, but we are unable to see that the allegations of the plea bring the case within the principles of any such exceptions.
The case of Trustees v. School Directors, 88 Ill. 100, was a writ of certiorari to test the validity of the act of detaching territory from one school district and attaching it to another, and the case of People v. Boyd, 132 Ill. 60, to test the legality of the formation of a school district by the consolidation of two other districts. These cases are relied upon by appellee. In each of them the doctrine of acquiescence or laches was applied upon the ground, to quote from the opinion in the former of the cases, “because these bodies (the school directors) exercise powers in which the people at large are concerned, and great detriment or inconvenience might result from interfering with their proceedings;” and the reason which operated to control the decision in the latter case is, that public policy forbade that such writ should be granted to test the validity of the organization of corporations exercising governmental power, after such corporations had been acting defacto for a considerable length of time. The ground of decision is the same in each case, namely, that public policy forbids the interference upon the part of the State with corporations created for the purpose of exercising governmental functions, unless application is made to the courts before the public interests become involved. The cases Iqave no application here.
The cases of The King v. Dawes, and The King v. Martin, 1 W. Black. 634, also cited in behalf of the appellee, involved the title to the offices of burgesses of the borough of Winchelsea, and the relators were private informers. The writs were refused upon the ground the informers *162were private individuals and knew the alleged disqualifications of the defendants, and had long acquiesced in their official incumbency of the offices, and also upon the same grounds which found operation in the Illinois cases, that the public consequences “to the borough” forbade the issuing of the writs upon grounds of public policy. Where the design of the writ of quo xoarranto is to procure a declaration of forfeiture, of the charter of a corporation upon the ground it has failed to perform some act the performance of which constituted a condition precedent to its legal organization, or upon the ground the organization of the corporation was defective, or where the corporation was formed by the consolidation of two other corporations and it was alleged the consolidation was irregular or defective in some particular, the State may be deemed to have waived the right to complain of the omission, failure or irregularity affecting the existence of the corporation by an enactment of the legislature expressly curing or obviating the grounds of complaint, or directly recognizing the corporation as entitled to exercise corporate functions, after the failure, omission or defect complained of had become known, or such waiver may be deemed to exist from long-continued failure of the judicial department of the government to enforce the forfeiture. The principle is, the sovereign shall not be allowed to deny that a de facto corporation is a corporation de jure if the corporation has attempted to perfect a legal organization but has failed to comply with some condition precedent, or has failed to proceed regularly and lawfully in some other respect touching its organization, if the sovereignty from which came the grant authorizing the formation of the corporation had knowledge of such failure, and bjr the express act of the legislature remits the penalty of forfeiture ór recognizes the corporation as legally organized and lawfully exercising corporate functions, or if the judicial department of such *163sovereign omits, tor an unreasonable time, to enforce the forfeiture.
We have examined the various cases cited by counsel for appellee as in support of the defense of waiver and acquiescence in the case at bar, and do not find that in any of them the defense has been deemed available, as against the sovereign or State, except in case where the right and title of a corporation to corporate existence was questioned because of some defect in the original charter, irregularity in the proceedings for the organization of the corporation, or its failure to perform or fulfill some condition precedent to its legal organization. In such cases, if the conduct of the sovereign be such as to constitute an admission of knowledge of the defect or omission, and a declaration that forfeiture is not insisted upon, it will be deemed, as in other breaches of conditions, the right to declare the forfeiture for such default, omission or breach has been waived, or, in such -cases, forfeiture may be denied on the ground of acquiescence arising from long and unreasonable failure of the judicial department to test the legal organization and existence of the corporation. In the case at bar the appellee is conceded to be a corporation de jure, and the complaint is it had assumed and exercised, and is assuming and exercising, powers not granted by its charter or implied by law. We find from its pleas the corporation is without lawful authority to perform the acts complained of; that it entered upon the performance of such acts in 1880 or 1881, in pursuance of a fully matured plan; that it has since continuously engaged in this unjustifiable undertaking, and was so engaged when the information was filed, and that it owns a tract of land twenty-three acres in extent which it is holding for the express purpose of building thereon other dwellings and tenement houses, opening streets, alleys, etc., and extending said town or city of Pullman over said tract of land. The usurpations c-f the corporation are not only those of the past but also those of the present, *164and its plea admits it contemplates a repetition of the offenses in the future.
Our interpretation of the law, as applied to facts appearing" from the averment of the pleas, is, that the appellee corporation, at and before the time of the filing" of the information, was exercising powers and performing acts not authorized either by the express grant of the charter or any implication of law; and further, that by some of such unauthorized acts the corporation assumes and exercises powers and functions which the general law of the State contemplates shall be possessed and exercised only by municipal authorities of cities or towns and the public school authorities, and that other of its unauthorized acts tend to restrain competition in various branches of trade, to remove real estate from the operation of our Statute of Descent and place the title thereto in a corporation having perpetual succession and unending existence, and thereby withdraw it from the channel of trade and commerce; to create monopolies in the business of selling the necessaries and comforts of life, and that its acts and doings are opposed to good public policy. We do not think the demand of the sovereign that usurpations so clearly antagonistic to good public policy shall be restrained can be defeated by any imputation of laches, or upon the ground that acquiescence is to be inferred from the failure to invoke the aid of courts at an early day.
Nor do the averments of the plea with reference to the acts of the General Assembly present a ground of defense. If the General Assembly of the State has, by a later enactment, extended the power of the corporation, the enactment should have been pleaded as was the original charter. The averment, “the doings of the corporation in regard thereto (the acts complained of) were the special subject of investigation and report,” is but pleading matter of conclusion, and availed nothing by way of defense. Whether held by virtue of its express or implied power or by usurpation, all the real property in *165question was properly subject to assessment for purposes of taxation. The duties of a committee appointed by the legislature to investigate the property of the corporation and ascertain if all of its property was properly subjected to taxation did not involve an investigation into the title or right by which the corporation claimed to hold the real estate, and the approval by the General Assembly of the report of such a committee that the property of the corporation was properly taxed would not amount to the concession on the part of the State that the corporation had a right to acquire the title to the real estate in question, nor is it sufficient to show the State had knowledge that the real estate had been acquired without lawful power, and therefore held to constitute legislative recognition and waiver of the acts of usurpation.
Our conclusion therefore is, the court erred in overruling the demurrer to such of the pleas or parts of pleas as were pleaded in response to and as in defense of the charges in the information which are set forth in this opinion as Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11,12, 14, 19, 22 and 24, and that otherwise the ruling of the court upon the demurrer was correct.
The judgment must be reversed and the cause remanded, with directions to the circuit court to sustain the demurrer to the pleas as hereinbefore indicated and in other respects to overrule the same, and to proceed further as may be in conformity with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.