delivered the opinion of the court:
The question involved in this controversy is, whether the deed, executed by Prank Brown, Sr., in his lifetime on June 26,1885, to his son Prank Brown, Jr., was, in the lifetime of the grantor, delivered to the grantee, so as to become a valid conveyance of the premises therein described.
There is no universal test, applicable to all cases, for the purpose of determining the question of the delivery of a deed. Undoubtedly there is always a delivery of a deed, where the grantor makes a manual transfer of it to the grantee with the intention of passing the "title from himself to the grantee, and of relinquishing all power and control over the instrument itself. This physical transfer of the deed from the grantor to the grantee, is not, however, absolutely essential in .all cases. “Other acts, accompanied with a clear intent to pass the title from one to the other, are equally efficacious in establishing a delivery.” (Weber v. Christen, 121 Ill. 91).
In order to determine whether there was a delivery of the deed in this case, it will be necessary briefly to state the material facts, as shown by the testimony in the record. The deceased, Prank Brown, Sr., formed and carried into execution a plan for the disposition of his estate many years before his death. The three living daughters of the deceased, Katherine Weishar, Adelina Medeke, and Julia Medeke, and two of his sons, Joseph and Andrew, lived with the deceased many years, and aided him in *353the household work in his home, and in work upon his farm. To these sons and daughters he gave, in his lifetime, the respective shares, which he intended them to receive from his estate. He conveyed to Joseph Brown about 120 acres. He conveyed to Andrew Brown about 200 acres. He paid to his daughter, Julia Medeke, $1000.00, for which she executed to him a receipt in full of her “portion of the estate of my father, Prank Brown.” He paid to his daughter, Adelina Medeke, $1000.00 in full of her portion of the estate of her father. On January 25, 1883, the appellant, Katherine Weisher, executed to her father the following receipt: “Received of Prank Brown the sum of $1000.00 in full of my portion of the estate of said Frank Brown.” His deceased daughters, Mary and Delia, left home at the respective ages of sixteen and seventeen years, and were soon thereafter married. Their marriages occurred some twenty-nine or thirty years before the death of their father.
The circumstances attending the execution of the deed to Prank Brown, Jr., on June 26, 1885, are as follows: Theretofore Prank Brown, Sr., went to a justice of the peace and notary public in Lena, and said that he wanted to give his son, Frank, the farm on which he lived, but wanted his said son to pay $300.00 a year upon it as long as he himself and his wife were living. The notary advised that a deed be made, and that the condition in regard to the payment of the $300.00 should be put in the deed. On. the day mentioned Prank Brown, Sr., and his wife, went back to the notary, who then made the deed as requested, and the same was signed in his presence and acknowledged. The notary then handed the deed back to the deceased, Prank Brown, Sr., who took it away with him. When this deed was made, Frank Brown, Jr., was twenty-one years old, or a little over that age, and about that time he married. As soon as this deed was executed, Frank Brown, Sr., left the farm, consisting of the 203 acres, which had prior thereto been his homestead *354farm, and went to the village of Lena to live, where he did live until his death. He left the farm in the possession of his son, Frank Brown, Jr. The appellee, Frank Brown, Jr., remained in possession of said farm from June 26, 1885, up to the time of his father’s death on March 1, 1895. During this time, and up to the time of taking the testimony in this case, he paid all the taxes upon the land for eleven years from 1885 to 1895 inclusive. Said taxes amounted altogether to $542.79. During this time, also, he made improvements upon the farm, amounting altogether in value to $2875.00, said improvements consisting of the erection of barns, wind-mills, fences, wood-houses, cattle-shed, ice-house, digging wells, repairing the homestead and setting out orchards of fruit trees. During all this time, also, he paid $300.00 per year to his father in performance of the condition named in the deed.
The inference is clear from the testimony, that the appellee, Frank Brown, Jr., retained possession of the premises, and paid the taxes, and made the improvements, and made the annual payments to his father, as above stated, under the deed, and with knowledge that the deed had been executed, and also under the assurance given him by his father that the land was to be his. Frank Brown, Jr., is not a competent witness in this case and has not been allowed to testify. But his brother, Joseph, swears, that he told his brother, Frank, about the execution of the deed to him by their father some eight years before the father’s death. It was well understood in the family, that such a deed had been executed. Soon after it was executed, the deceased took the same to one of his sons, and read it to him, and said that Frank was to have the land. The widow and the other son, Andrew, also testified, that the deceased always spoke of the land as being Frank’s land; and Andrew says his father told him the deed was made to Frank. The regular payment of $300.00 per year shows, that the possession of the land was held under the terms of the deed.
*355March 1, 1895, the clay on which Frank Brown, Sr., died, was Friday. On the night of the Wednesday preceding this Friday, Joseph Brown was present in his father’s sick-room at his bedside. About midnight his father said to him that he could not get well; he also said to Joseph at that time: “I will give you charge of Frank’s deed; in that drawer (pointing to the drawer) is Frank’s deed; take it and give, it to him.” The drawer referred to was the drawer in a bureau in the same room where the deceased died. Joseph replied to this statement of his father as follows: “I said: all right, father; it is in my charge now, and I will take care of it, and give it to. Frank; I told him not to worry over things; afterward that same night, I told mother that, in that drawer (pointing to the drawer), was Frank’s deed; that it was in my hands—in my charge; that she should keep it locked and let'nobody have the key, because in the morning I had to go to my home and would be back as soon as I could; she said I should attend to everything; she said she would not leave anybody at the drawer for she had the key in her pocket; this conversation was in the same room where father lay sick, and in his presence; he heard it.” The widow, Katherine Brown, says: “We kept the bureau drawer locked; I and Frank, my man, had the key to it; we kept the key in another place in the bureau; I got a little box, and I kept the deeds in, and some letters that I got; I kept that box in that bureau drawer, and my husband and I kept all our deeds and important papers in that box.” Joseph went home the next morning, and did not see his father again before his death. Andrew Medeke was present in the sick-room a part of the time that night, and saw the deceased point to the bureau, and heard him say to Joseph: “There was the deed; he should take it and give it to Frank.” After the death of Frank Brown, Sr., his widow and his daughter, Julia Medeke, were present in the house. Julia and her mother examined the drawer, and found the deed in *356it. Her mother directed her to take care of it; and Julia took the box containing the deed into her mother’s bedroom, and put it under the bed-clothes, telling her mother where she had put it; and her mother expressed herself satisfied with her act in that regard. Joseph came the next morning, and Julia went with him into the room where the deed was; and he took it and handed it to her, and told her to take care of it for Prank; she took the deed and kept it until the next Monday, March 4, and then gave it to her brother Frank, who recorded it on March 4, 1895.
Looked at from one point of view, the foregoing evidence tends to show a delivery of the deed to Joseph for Prank. There is no doubt, that the deceased intended that Frank should have the deed at once and then and there. On Thursday, he stated both to his son, Andrew, and to his wife, Katherine Brown, that he had already given the deed to Joseph to be given by Joseph to Prank, or for Prank. He stated to his wife, that he regretted Frank’s absence, and that if Prank had been present the deed would have been given to him. He several times expressed to his wife the desire, that the deed should go into the possession of Prank, not after his death, but at once. It is true, that there was here no manual delivery of the deed to Joseph as trustee for Frank, but the deed was present in the room and was pointed at by the deceased, and, in connection with the act of pointing at it, the deceased made the statement to Joseph: “There is the deed; take it and give it to Frank.” If Prank Brown, Jr., had been present in the room, and the deceased had pointed to the deed, and had said to Prank: “there is your deed; take it;” and the latter had expressed his assent to its acceptance; there would have been a delivery of the deed, although there was no manual transfer of it from the hands of the grantor to the grantee. In Weber v. Christen, supra, we said (p. 96): “Where the grantor in a deed lying in the presence of the parties to it, with the *357intention of passing the estate and of divesting himself of all power over the instrument itself, directs the grantee to take possession of it, and the latter signifies his assent, the delivery will be complete without either of the parties actually touching the deed. * * * Hence the oft-repeated saying in the books, that a deed may be delivered by some act without words, or with words without any act of delivery, or by words and acts both.” We have also held that a deed may be delivered to a third person for the benefit of the grantee, and if the grantee subsequently accepts the deed, the delivery is as good as though made directly to the grantee. (Winterbottom v. Pattison, 152 Ill. 334). This being so, we see no difference between the act of the grantor in pointing to the deed in the presence of the grantee, and the act of the grantor in pointing to the deed in the presence of a third person, who is to hold for the benefit of the grantee and deliver it to the grantee; and who accepts the trust and executes it.
But without actually holding, that the occurrences, which took place between Joseph and his father and mother on the Wednesday night before the father’s death, amounted to a delivery of the deed, if they are regarded as standing alone and disconnected from all the other facts in the case; yet we regard such occurrences, when considered in connection with all the other facts and circumstances herein detailed, as amounting to a delivery. The facts, that the father, upon making the deed, permitted the son to go into, or remain in, possession of the premises, and pay the taxes, and make valuable improvements, and pay him §300.00 a year for nine or ten years, and that he permitted this possession of his son to continue from the time of the execution of the deed up to his death—constitute an equitable estoppel against the contention of the present appellants, that there was no delivery of the deed. (Walker v. Walker, 42 Ill. 311.) The facts thus referred to bring the case at bar within the doctrine announced in Williams v. Williams, 148 Ill. 426, ex*358cept that, in the latter case, there was a recording of the deed, whereas in the case at bar the deed was not recorded until after the death of the grantor. In Williams v. Williams, supra, we said (p. 430): “Here the declaration of intention to convey the land, the execution of the deed, the recording of the same, the declaration of having made the deed, and the grantees entering on the land, repairing fences, clearing land and setting out fruit trees, are all shown, and this is sufficient to show a delivery and acceptance of the deed according to its terms.” We have held, that, where the grantor, after the execution of the deed, continues to exercise acts of ownership and authority over the premises, and keeps possession of the land, and receives the rents from it, and pays the taxes on it until his death, these acts are inconsistent with the theory of an intentional delivery, operative and effectual to pass the title to the grantee. (Cline v. Jones, 111 Ill. 563; Shults v. Shults, 159 id. 654). If such exercise of ownership over the premises by the grantor after he has made the deed goes to show the absence of an intention to deliver the deed, then when the possession of the premises is delivered to the grantee without any further control over them by the grantor, and the grantee is permitted by the grantor to remain in possession, and make improvements, and pay taxes, and perform the conditions specified in the deed, such acts certainly indicate an intention on the part of the grantor that the deed should be delivered. It is settled by numerous authorities, that, where the grantor induces the grantee to believe that a deed has been executed, which makes him the owner of certain premises, and afterwards permits such grantee to act upon this belief in the construction of valuable improvements upon the land, he cannot then be allowed to say that the deed-was, in fact, inoperative for want of a formal delivery. (Walker v. Walker, supra; Reed v. Douthit, 62 Ill. 348; Hayes v. Boylan, 141 id. 400; Crabtree v. Crabtree, 159 id. 342.)
*359Morever, in the present case, the deed, executed by the deceased to his son Prank, was in the nature of a voluntary settlement, although there was a provision in it that the grantee should contribute $300.00 per year to the support of his father and mother. The law makes stronger presumptions in favor of the delivery of deeds in cases of voluntary settlements than in ordinary cases of bargain and sale. (Cline v. Jones, supra.) In cases of voluntary settlements, the mere fact that the grantor retains the deed in his possession, is not conclusive against its validity if there are no other circumstances, besides the mere fact of his retaining it, to show that it was not intended to be absolute. (Cline v. Jones, supra.) “A deed will not be regarded as a voluntary settlement, if there are other circumstances, besides the retention of the deed by the grantor, showing that he did not intend it to operate immediately, or that he had an intention contrary to that appearing upon the face of the deed.” (Shovers v. Warrick, 152 Ill. 355.) There are no circumstances in this case, beyond the mere fact of the retention of the deed by the grantor, which denote an intention contrary to that appearing upon the face of the deed.
The appellant, Katherine Weishar, introduced some testimony, intended to throw doubt upon the genuineness of the receipt for $1000.00 executed by her to her father. After a careful examination of the whole evidence we think that the receipt is genuine, and that it was executed by her at the time and place and under the circumstances mentioned in the evidence. Indeed, she herself admits that she received $1000.00 from her father, though her statement is that $875.00 was paid at one time and $125.00 at another. This receipt being valid, she is estopped from claiming any interest in her father’s estate, because the receipt recites that it is “in full of my portion of the estate of said Prank Brown.” Such releases of an heir’s expectancy have been upheld by the courts as being valid. (Bishop v. Davenport, 58 Ill. 105, and cases therein cited).
*360Our conclusion upon the whole is, that there was a delivery of the deed executed by Prank Brown, Sr., to his son, Prank Brown, Jr., and that the decree of the circuit court in holding in favor of such delivery was correct.
Accordingly the decree of the circuit court is affirmed.
Decree affirmed.