delivered the opinion of the court:
This litigation arose upon a bill to foreclose a real estate mortgage, filed by appellees, against appellants and others, in the circuit court of Cook county. The *49controversy between the parties to this record is as to which is entitled to the prior lien upon the premises described in the mortgage sought to be foreclosed. The facts material to a determination of that question are substantially as follows :
On and prior to the eighth of February, 1890, Leopold Bros. & Co. were engaged in the business of manufacturing and selling clothing in the city of Chicago. For many years H. Herman Sternbach & Co. of New York carried on the business of importing and selling goods, and the two firms had had large dealings with each other. Some months prior to the date named, M. L. Leopold, a member of the Chicago firm, residing in New York and managing the business of his firm in that city, and who was on intímate and friendly terms with Charles Sternbach, the managing member of H. Herman Sternbach & Co., died, and thereupon Henry Leopold, the senior member of Leopold Bros. & Co., applied to Charles Sternbach for financial aid for his firm, by way of loans and advancements of money. The result of that application and subsequent negotiations was, that on said eighth of February Henry Leopold and wife executed and delivered to Charles Sternbach the mortgage in suit, to secure the payment of $60,000 then and thereafter to be loaned and procured by the firm of H. Herman Sternbach & Co. to and for the firm of Leopold Bros. & Co. The mortgage conveyed a certain lot 4 and a certain block 7 in the city of Chicago. At the time of its execution there was an understanding between the parties (the evidence of which will be noticed later) that this mortgage should not then be placed upon record, and it was not recorded until the fifth day of November, 1890. In the meantime the mortgagors, Henry Leopold and wife, conveyed the same lot and block as follows: Lot 4, by trust deed to Francis B. Peabody, October 28, 1890, recorded the next day, to secure a debt of $15,000 ; the undivided one-fourth of block 7, by quit-claim deed to Lehman Spiegelberg, *50October 30, 1890, recorded the same day; (these two conveyances are not in question;) lot 4, by mortgage to Samuel Cole, to secure a debt of $13,000; the same to Isaac Haas, to secure a debt of $10,000; the undivided three-fourths of block 7, by mortgage to Lehman Spiegelberg, to secure a debt of $4500; the same by mortgage to Carrie B. Leopold, to secure a debt of $7000; the same by mortgage to H. Herman Sternbach & Co. to secure a debt of $35,000; (these mortgages were made October 29, 1890, and all recorded on the 30th, except the last, which was recorded the 31st;) all interest in block 7 by quitclaim deed to Lehman Spiegelberg, November 1, 1890, recorded on the third.
On the 31st of October, 1890, the firm of Leopold Bros. & Co. confessed judgments in the Superior Court of Cook county as follows : In favor of Emma Leopold for $15,000; of William Goodheart for $6500; of Louis Mayer for $20,000; of Lehman Spiegelberg for $15,188.50; of Carrie Spiegelberg for $10,150; of the firm of Gitterman & Wedeles for $7000; of Gustave Hartstein for $2150; and of Louis Pappe for $10,000.
In the month of October, 1890, the firm of Leopold Bros. & Co. proved to be hopelessly insolvent, and in view of that fact Henry Leopold consulted with D. K. Tenney, of the law firm of Tenney, Church & Coffeen, the result being the execution of the mortgages and the confession of the judgments above set forth. The purpose of giving those liens, Tenney’s connection therewith, and his knowledge, at the time, of the existence of the $60,000 mortgage, are shown by the following communications sent out by his firm:
“Chicago, October 29, 1890.
“H. Herman Sternbach & Go., New York Gity, N. Y.:
“Gentlemen—The failure of Leopold Bros. & Co. will occur on the day this reaches you. We have advised them, and such is the fact, that the mortgage given you by Mr, H. Leopold, and which has been kept from record *51by agreement, is wholly ineffectual as security to you, and is fraudulent as to the subsequent creditors. Our opinion is that the mortgage should never be asserted or mentioned. The courts have lately held that where such a mortgage is given and withheld from record, a new one, to take thé place of the old one, is also fraudulent. Be that as it may, Mr. Leopold is anxious to secure you on his individual property to the extent possible in justice to some others to whom he is also under confidential obligations.- * * * Your prompt attention is necessary to make this security valid. Please regard this information for the present as confidential.
“Respectfully,
Tenney, Church & Coffeen.”
“Messrs. Stern & Kingsbury, J/.0 Wall Street, New Torlc:
“Gentlemen—We write you at the request of Mr. Stern, of Stern & Adams, this city. Mr. Henry Leopold gave to your clients, H. Herman Sternbach & Co., last winter, so we are informed, a mortgage on his individual real estate to secure a line of accommodations, which, by agreement between the parties, was to be kept off the record, so as not to injure the credit of Leopold’s firm. A few days since, when the firm was about to get into hot water, Mr. Leopold informed us of this mortgage, and we told him such a mortgage would afford no security whatever to the mortgagee as against creditors whose debts were contracted after its date, but as to that it would be fraudulent. Nearly the entire indebtedness of the firm has been contracted since that time, consequently we regard that security as of no value whatever, and so informed Mr. Leopold, and that if his firm was about to fail, that he had better consider the situation carefully, the same as if that mortgage had not been given, and make such just and equitable preferences among his confidential creditors as he thought the circumstances attending each called for. He has done so, *52and has secured your clients by a mortgage on the undivided three-fourths of a block of ground at the corner of Calumet avenue and Fifty-first street, opposite the Washington Park, to the extent of $35,000, subject to. two prior mortgages, one of $4500, and one of $7000. The property we suppose to be ample security for the three mortgages. Immediately following that came vast numbers of confessions of judgments. We wrote your clients to ratify our act in accepting this mortgage, so as to make it valid, and they promptly did so through Mr. Stern here. We do not expect to represent them in any other respect, unless they should wish us to, as we are the attorneys of Leopold Bros. & Co.
“Respectfully,
Tenney, Church & CofFeen.”
There was a direct employment of Tenney, Church & Coffeen by appellants Lehman and Carrie Spiegelberg and Mayer and Goodheart at the time the judgments were confessed in their favor, though the papers for that purpose had all been prepared by Tenney in advance of such employment. Neither Tenney nor his firm was employed by appellants Cole, Haas or Carrie B. Leopold in person until after the execution of the several mortgages in their favor; nor had they any knowledge of the fact that such instruments were to be executed until they were delivered to them by Tenney, but they were accepted by them, and returned to him to be placed on record. It clearly appears from the testimony of Tenney, that while Henry Leopold designated the creditors which he wished to prefer, the plan and method of doing so were recommended by himself, as attorney, and consented to by the firm of Leopold Bros. & Co. and Henry Leopold.
The circuit court held each of the parties in whose favor these liens were given, chargeable with notice of complainants’ mortgage, “from the fact that Henry Leopold and his attorney acted for them in that behalf, though without in fact informing them of the existence *53of that mortgage.” That court decided, however, that the $60,000 mortgage was fraudulent in law, and void as against those parties as to so much of their respective debts as were contracted after its execution, because it had been withheld from record by agreement of the parties thereto, and decreed accordingly, thus giving $6500 of the $13,400 secured, to Cole, and $5387.21 of the $10,000 to Haas, and each of the confessed judgments in full as to lot 4, and each of the judgments in full as to the undivided three-fourths of block 7, priority over complainants’ mortgage. By its decree the whole of the debt of Carrie B. Leopold, and the remaining portion of the debts due Cole and Haas, were made junior to the lien of each of the confessed judgments. The $35,000 mortgage in favor of complainants was held void, and a decree of foreclosure on the $60,000 mortgage entered, subject to the liens found entitled to priority, as above stated. Prom that decree the complainants in the original bill, Charles Sternbach et al., Isaac Haas et al., holders of the mortgages of October 29, and Lehman Spiegelberg et al., in whose favor judgments had been confessed, appealed to the Appellate Court for the First District. There, on a hearing of the several appeals as one, it was held the circuit court had erred in deciding that withholding complainants’ mortgage from record was a fraud in law, and postponing it to the lien of said junior mortgages and judgments, and in that respect the decree below was reversed but affirmed in all others, the cause being remanded, with directions to the circuit court to correct its decree by adjudging the mortgage to Charles Sternbach for $60,000 a valid and first lien upon the premises described therein, as against the parties in whose favor the junior mortgages were executed and judgments confessed. Prom that judgment this appeal is taken.
Complainants in the original bill insisted in the Appellate Court, not only that their first mortgage was a valid prior lieu, but that the one for $35,000, made on *54the 29th of October, was also valid. Haas, Cole and Carrie B. Leopold assigned cross-errors in that court, questioning the correctness of so much of the decree of the circuit court as postponed the mortgages in their favor to the judgments confessed October 31, 1890. Both these contentions are renewed here. These, with the question whether the mortgage of February 8, 1890, is entitled to priority over the mortgages and judgments in favor of Haas, Cole and Carrie B. Leopold, and Lehman, Carrie Spiegelberg, Mayer and Goodheart, (the two appeals being treated as one,) form the issues in this court. The argument of counsel is mainly directed to the last of these questions, and it will be,, first considered. In its decision two considerations arise: First, was the senior mortgage fraudulent and void as to liens created to secure debts contracted after its execution, because of its concealment; and second, if valid, should holders of the junior liens be charged with notice of its existence when they took their liens.
The contention of appellants in support of the first of these propositions is based upon the rule announced in Hungerford v. Earl, 2 Vern. 261, and later cases, that “a deed not at first fraudulent may afterwards become so by being concealed or not pursued, by which means creditors are drawn in to lend their money.” It is very earnestly contended that, as between these parties, appellees’ mortgage is, within that principle, fraudulent, both in fact and in law.
We said in Lawson v. Funk, 108 Ill. 502: “The authorities clearly establish two distinct grounds upon which conveyances and other contracts will be deemed fraudulent as against creditors: First, such as are entered into with a fraudulent intent; and second, such as, from the terms of the agreement or the nature of the transaction itself, are deemed so as a mere inference of law, without regard to the motives or actual intentions of the contracting parties. In the first class of cases the fraudulent *55intent is always a question of fact, to be established by extrinsic proofs; in the latter, the agreement, under the circumstances shown, is deemed fraudulent, although the parties may have acted in the best of faith.” Actual fraud is a “deception practiced in order to induce another to part with property or to surrender some legal right, and which accomplishes the end designated.” (Cooley on Torts 474. See 1 Story’s Eq. Jur. 186,187.) “By constructive frauds are meant such acts or contracts as, though not originating in any actual evil design or contrivance to perpetrate a positive fraud or injury upon other persons, are yet, by their tendency to deceive or mislead other persons, or to violate private or public confidence, orto impair or injure the public interests, deemed equally reprehensible with positive fraud, and, therefore, are prohibited by law, as within the same reason and mischief as acts and contracts done malo animo.” (1 Story’s Eq. Jur. 258.)
The circuit court found and recited in its decree that the withholding of the mortgage in question from record was without fraud in fact, and the members of the Appellate Court, though divided upon another feature of the case, unanimously concurred in that finding. While the unsworn answer of Henry Leopold sets up conversations between himself and Charles Sternbach relative to keeping the mortgage off record and concealing it from others, which, if true, would establish a wicked conspiracy to defraud creditors by giving a false credit to himself and his firm, his own testimony does not support those allegations. We have gone over his entire testimony, as well as that of Charles Sternbach and Oscar M. Stern, who testified to a conversation with Leopold on the subject of making the mortgage, about the time it was executed, and we are unable to find sufficient evidence to establish a .fraudulent design or purpose on the part of complainants or Charles Sternbach in withholding the mortgage from record. The testimony of Stern*56bach, corroborated by that of Stern, is to the effect that it was so withheld at the request of Leopold, ás a favor to him, with the understanding that the mortgaged propperty would shortly be sold and the indebtedness liquidated. Unless that testimony is willfully false, Sternbach at that time believed Leopold Bros. & Co. perfectly solvent, without reference to this individual property of Henry Leopold, and the latter does not deny that he then told him that the firm was abundantly good for all its liabilities, though he denies telling him, as he swears, that it was worth $300,000 over all its debts. In determining the question of actual fraud, the fact that the mortgaged premises were the individual property of the mortgagor, and not that of the firm, is entitled to at least some consideration. There was no agreement or promise to keep the mortgage secret, but simply that it should not then be recorded, and there is an entire absence of proof that Charles Sternbach or his firm did or said anything, other than withholding the mortgage from record, which could have misled others as to its existence. We are not disposed to disturb the finding of the courts below upon the question of actual fraud.
To our minds there is much le”ss reason, in view of the decision in Field v. Ridgely, 116 Ill. 424, for holding that mortgage fraudulent in law. In the case cited, one of the" acts of fraud relied upon by the appellants' was the failure of the appellees to put their mortgage on record, and in passing upon the question so raised we said: “We are aware of no principle, outside of self-interest and prudence in business, that requires the holder of a mortgage to put it on record at any particular time. Bjr not doing so promptly he runs the risk of having it postponed to junior liens, and even of losing the benefit of it altogether. As to subsequent purchasers and creditors without notice, such securities take effect from the time of filing for record, only.” The correctness of this statement of the law, in view of our statute, cannot be seri*57ously questioned. No one will contend that the recording of a mortgage is in this State necessary to its validity. Recording such instruments serves but one purpose, and that is to make them valid as against creditors and subsequent purchasers without notice. Section 31, chapter 30, of the Revised Statutes, provides that they shall take effect, as to such persons, from the time of filing for record, and not before. No time is fixed within which the filing for record must take place in order to give such an instrument validity. It cannot, therefore, be said that the mere omission to record is fraudulent per se •as to subsequent creditors of or purchasers from the mortgagor.
But it seems to be thought that the motive or cause of such failure may render the omission fraudulent as a matter of law,—that is to say, while the holder of a mortgage may negligently, or even intentionally, of his own motion withhold a mortgage from record and be guilty of no fraud, yet if he does so at the request of the mortgagor the law will charge him with fraud, no matter how innocent may have been his motive for yielding to such request. This position we regard as untenable. If to not record a mortgage is fraudulent in law as to third parties, it must be so because, as to them, there is a duty on the part of the mortgagor to record, the failure to perform which tends to mislead them to their injury. The fraud in that case, and consequent injury, would result from a failure to record, regardless of the motive or. reason for such failure. Therefore, if withholding an instrument from record is fraudulent because of an agreement or other reason for so doing, it is not so per se, but in fact. In other words, whenever the motive is involved the question becomes one of intention,—actual fraud as distinguished from fraud in law, ■—and so the question has generally been presented and disposed of. Wait on Fraudulent Conveyances, sec. 235, and cases quoted from.
*58Of the many cases cited by counsel for appellants as sustaining the view that the withholding of an instrument from record by agreement is fraudulent per se, most, if not all, in view of the statutes of the States in which they were rendered, are reconcilable with the views we have here expressed. In much the larger number of those cases the question was treated as one of fact. But if it were otherwise, we regard the question as free from doubt, in the light of our statute. Certainly, the fact that a promise is made not to record an instrument properly admissible to record, whereby it becomes constructive notice of its existence, is a fact strongly tending to prove a fraudulent intent, and in some cases has been held sufficient, of itself, to defeat or postpone the instrument to subsequent conveyances or liens. In other cases such a promise, attended by a different state of facts, the courts have decided not fraudulent. Magovern v. Richard, 27 S. C. 272; Sawyer v. Turpin, 91 U. S. 114; Folsom v. Clemence, 111 Mass. 273; Thouron v. Pearson, 29 N. J. Eq. 487; Scott v. McMurran, 7 Blackf. 284; Scott v. Alford, 53 Tex. 82.
Our conclusion then is, that complainants’ mortgage must be treated, in all respects, as though the failure to record it had been the result of mere negligence on the part of the mortgagees.
On the finding of the circuit court that the mortgage of complainants was fraudulent in law as to subsequent creditors of the mortgagor, its decree giving preference to so much of the debts secured by the junior liens as were contracted after that mortgage was executed but postponing them as to so much thereof as existed at that time, was perfectly consistent, and in conformity with the law. If that mortgage was void, in law, because of the agreement to withhold it from record, it was only so as to debts of the mortgagor contracted after it was made, but to that extent its invalidity in no way depended upon the absence of notice of its existence. The Appellate Court, however, having reversed the finding of that court *59as to its being fraudulent in law and affirmed its finding that it was not fraudulent in fact,—in both of which conclusions we concur,—the question between the parties as to the priority of their respective liens is resolved into one of notice,—that is, if the senior mortgage was neither fraudulent in law nor fact it must be treated like any other unrecorded mortgage, and be given priority over all subsequent liens taken with notice of its existence, but postponed as to all others.
It remains to be seen, then, whether, at the time appellants'took their mortgages and judgments, they were chargeable with notice of the prior mortgage to appellees, and the determination of that question may, we think, be made to depend upon whether notice to D. K. Tenney was, in law, notice to appellants. If, as a matter of fact, he acted solely as the attorney of Henry Leopold in procuring these mortgages and judgments, and in his interest alone, to procure an extension of time on appellants’ claims, or if he simply performed the ministerial act of executing those liens, (both of which positions are insisted upon by counsel for appellants,) his knowledge of the senior mortgage could not be imputed to appellants even though they derived a „ benefit from his services. The evidence does not, however, as we understand it, support either of these contentions. The testimony of Tenney himself, and the letters written by his firm to appellees and their attorneys in Hew York, as well as the testimony of Henry Leopold, clearly show that the sole object and purpose of his employment were to defeat the mortgage of appellees, to the extent of giving appellants a preference over it. He was, for all practical purposes, the attorney of these appellants, though employed by Henry Leopold.
“If one without authority assume to act as the agent of another, and the latter take the benefit of the unauthorized act by claiming rights under it, or otherwise ratify the act of his self-appointed agent, he must take *60such benefit charged with notice of such matters as appear to have been within the knowledge and recollection of the agent at the time of the transaction.” (Wade on the Law of Notice, 691.) The foregoing rule is deduced from the decision in Hovey v. Blanchard, 13 N. H. 145. To the same effect see Brotherton v. Hall, 2 Vern. 573. Mechem, in his work on Agency, (sec. 167,) says : “By ratifying the unauthorized act the principal assumes and adopts it as his own, and, as has been seen, this adoption extends to the whole of the act,—it goes back to its inception and continues to its. legitimate end. Subject, therefore, to an exception to be immediately noticed, it is the universal rule that, as against the principal, the ratification is retroactive, and equivalent to a prior authority, or, to use the language of a distinguished writer and judge, ‘no maxim is better settled, in reason and law, than the maxim omnis ratihabitio retrotrahitur, et mandato priori equiparatur,—at all events where it does not prejudice the right of strangers.” He also quotes from Field, J., in Cook v. Tulles, 18 Wall. 332 : “The ratification operates upon the act ratified, precisely as though the authority to do the act had been previously given, except when the rights of third parties, have intervened between the act and the ratification/’
We think the Appellate Court reached a correct conclusion upon this branch of the case. The dissenting views of Mr. Justice Shepard are, in our opinion, based upon conclusions of fact not authorized by the evidence. As we have in effect said, D. K. Tenney, "though retained by Henry Leopold, was employed in the interest of and acted for appellants. He performed not merely ministerial duties, but used his professional skill and discretion in their behalf. To allow them the full benefit of his services, and at the same time relieve them from the legal effect of notice to him of the existence of the instrument he was seeking, in their interests, to defeat, would be unjust, and, in our opinion, contrary to authority.
*61The circuit court erred in giving the confessed judgments preference over the mortgages of appellants Haas, Cole and Carrie B. Leopold. The mortgages were recorded on October 30, but the judgments were not entered until the 31st. No reason is shown why the former should be held subject to the latter.
As to the contention of appellees that the §35,000 mortgage in their favor is valid, we concur in the conclusion reached by both the circuit and Appellate Courts. That mortgage was executed and intended to secure a part of the same indebtedness secured by the one for $60,000. Both cannot stand.
The judgment of the Appellate Court will be affirmed, but its remanding order will be modified so that the mortgages of Cole and Haas and Carrie B. Leopold shall be given preference over the confessed judgments of October 31, 1890.
Judgment affirmed.
Mr. Justice Phillips, dissenting.