delivered the opinion of the Court s
At the election in November, A. D. 1886, appellee, John B. Kreitz, and one Dickerman, were candidates for election to the office of county treasurer of Adams county, Illinois, and on the canvass of the returns Kreitz was declared elected by a plurality of fourteen votes, and a certificate being made, a commission was issued to him by the Governor as the duly elected county treasurer of Adams county, whereupon he qualified, and entered upon the discharge of the duties of that office, continuing to occupy the office and discharge its duties until his death, in 1890. Appellee, by proper notice and petition, contested the election of Kreitz, which, after extended litigation, finally resulted in appellee being declared duly elected to the office of county treasurer of Adams county, by the judgment of this court, reported as Behrensmeyer v. Kreitz, 185 Ill. 591. Kreitz having died before the filing of this opinion, such proceedings were had in this court that the judgment of reversal was entered nunc pro tunc as of the 11th day of June, A. D. 1890, which declared Behrensmeyer elected to said office. On the 6th of April, 1892, appellee filed a claim against the estate of John B. Kreitz in the county court of Adams county, seeking to recover the sum of $10,000, for fees and salary received by Kreitz, for Bebrensmeyer’s use, and interest thereon. On the petition of appellant the venue on this claim so filed was changed from the county court to the circuit court of Adams county, where a trial was had, which resulted in a finding and judgment in favor of appellee, and against appellant, for the sum of $7333, to be paid in due course of administration, as a claim of the seventh class. Appellant prosecuted an appeal from that judgment to the Appellate Court for the Third District, where the judgment was affirmed, and she now brings the record to this court by appeal, and urges that appellee has no cause of action, and asks that this case may be considered as one of first im= *502pression, regardless of what was said by this court in Mayfield v. Moore, 53 Ill. 428, arguing that that case was decided under the constitution of 1848, and that by the provisions of the constitution of 1870 a different rule must prevail, inasmuch as, by the provisions of the latter, the fees of the office belong to the county, from which a salary is paid for the discharge of the duties of the office, whilst under the former the fees belonged to the officer.
It is conceded that no statute exists in this State declaring the right of a de jure officer to recover from a de facto officer the salary paid such defacto officer who has discharged the duties of the office under a wrongful or a mistaken purpose. There is no legislation on that subject in this State. The right of recovery, if it exists, depends, therefore, on the principles of the common law.
The common law is a system of elementary rules and of general judicial declarations of principles, which are continually expanding with the progress of society, adapting themselves to the gradual changes of trade, commerce, arts, inventions and the exigencies and usages of the country. Judicial decisions of common law courts are the most authoritative evidence of what constitutes the common law. By chapter 28 of Starr & Curtis’ Statutes of Illinois the common law of England is declared in force in this State. By reference to the decisions of the common law courts of England the common law of that country is to be found. An examination of the decisions of the courts of that country shows a uniform declaration of the principle that a de jure officer has a right of action to recover against an officer defacto., by reason of the intrusion of the latter into tile office and his receipt of the emoluments thereof. Among others the following opinions of English courts may be referred to as sustaining this right of recovery: Vaux v. Jefferson, 2 Dyer, 114; Arris v. Stukeley, 2 Mod. 260 ; Lee v. Drake, 2 Salk. 468; Webb’s case, 8 Rep. 45. By the adoption of the common law of England the *503principle announced in these cases was adopted as the law of this State, for the principle is of a general nature and applicable to our condition. On the basis of a sound public policy the principle commends itself, for the reason that one would be less liable to usurp or wrongfully retain a public office, and defeat the will of the people or the appointing power, if no benefit, but a loss, would result from such wrongful retention or usurpation of an office. The question has frequently been before the courts of the different States and of the United States, and the great weight of authority sustains the doctrine of the common law, as shown by the opinions of the judges in different States, and which, in most of the States, are based on the common law, without reference to any statute. The following cases are in point: United States v. Addison, 6 Wall. 291; Dolan v. Mayor, 68 N. Y. 274; Glasscock v. Lyons, 20 Ind. 1; Douglass v. State, 31 id. 429; Curry v. Wright, 9 Lea, (Tenn.) 247; Kessel v. Leiser, 102 N. Y. 114; Nichols v. McLean, 101 id. 526; People v. Miller, 24 Mich. 458; Hunter v. Chandler, 45 Mo. 452; People v. Smith, 28 Cal. 21; Petit v. Rousseau, 15 La. Ann. 239. And the only case enunciating a different rule is that of Stuhr v. Curran, 15 Vroom, 181, where the conclusion was reached by a divided court.
Whilst it is true that in this State a public office is not a franchise or an incorporeal hereditament, but a mere public agency, created for the benefit of the State, yet the salary or emoluments annexed to a public office are incident to the right to the office, and not to the mere exercise of its duties or its occupancy. And whether the compensation of the officer is by fees or a salary, the rule is the same. (People ex rel. v. Smith, supra; McVeaney v. Mayor, 80 N. Y. 185; Comstock v. Grand Rapids, 40 Mich. 397.) Such being the rule, the constitution of 1870 did not change the law in this respect from what it was under the constitution of 1848. The purpose of section 10 of article 10, of the constitution of 1870, providing that county boards should fix the compensation of county officers, with *504their necessary clerk hire and other expenses, to be paid, in all cases where fees were provided for, out of the fees collected, was to limit the amount of compensation an officer was to receive to a certain sum, if the fees amounted to that sum, and the residue to be paid into the county treasury; and section 12 of article 10, which provided that all laws fixing fees of certain officers should terminate with the terms of those who might be in office at the first meeting of the General Assembly after the adoption of the constitution, and that the General Assembly should, by general law, uniform in its operation, provide for and regulate the fees of said officers and their successors, so as to reduce the same to a reasonable compensation for services actually rendered, and classify counties, etc., had for its object the abolition of special acts fixing fees, and aimed to declare a rule of uniformity in fees in the several counties of the several classes, with uniform compensation, within the limited discretion of the various county boards, for- services actually rendered by the ele jure officers in such counties. Its purpose was, not legislation, but limitation on and requirement for legislation. In providing for legislation looking to a reasonable compensation for services actually rendered, it was not the aim or object of that section to establish a rule that would allow a mere usurper of an office actually rendering service the right to claim and retain the compensation to be fixed, as provided by that section. The provisions of those sections creating no different rights, so far ás a de jure officer is concerned, the rule announced by this court in Mayfield v. Moore, 53 Ill. 431, is as applicable under the present constitution as under the constitution of 1848, and in harmony with the rule of the common law of England as well as with the great weight of authority in this country, and has been followed by this court in more recent adjudications. (Farwell v. Adams, 112 Ill. 58; Waterman v. Chicago and lowa Railroad Co. 139 id. 669.) We adhere to the rule as announced in Mayfield v. Moore.
*505It is further insisted that appellee can not recover because he was never fully qualified, not being commissioned by the Governor, and not filing bonds as collector for the years 1888, 1889 and 1890. As was said in Mayfield v. Moore, supra: “Under the law, so soon as a majority of the votes were cast for aqipellant at the election held in pursuance to law, he became legally and fully entitled to the office. The title was as complete then as it ever was, and no subsequent act lent the least force to the right to the place. The commission was evidence of title, but not the title. The title ivas conferred by the people, and the evidence of the right by the law.” The contested election was continued through a long period of litigation, and by the final adjudication of a court of competent jurisdiction the appellee’s right to the office was determined in his favor. That determination was after the term expired for which he had been elected. His right to recover does not depend upon his possession of a commission—the judgment of the court determined his right. Neither is his right to recover affected by the fact that he failed to give bond as collector for the years 1888, 1889 and 1890, and failed to qualify. The statute requiring the oath of office and bond to be given by or within a specified time, applies only to persons to whom the certificate of election has been given or who has been declared elected. Where an election has been contested, and the contestant is declared elected, the requirement to qualify within a prescribed time does not apply until the termination of the contest. (Farwell v. Adams, supra.) The law will not require a useless act, and by talcing the oath of office and filing bonds as collector for the several years of 1888, 1889 and 1890 no purpose could have been subserved, as the contest was not determined until after the full term had expired. • Appellee’s right of recovery is therefore not affected by these considerations.
The amount fixed by the county board as salary of the county treasurer is a question of fact, settled by the adjudica*506tion of the circuit and Appellate courts, but it is insisted that as a part of that salary was earned and fees received more than five years before filing the claim in this case, to that amount the Statute of Limitations of five years applies, and bars a recovery to the amount so earned. The concluding clause of section 15, chapter 83, of Starr & Curtis’ Statutes of Illinois, provides that actions “shall be commenced within five years next after the cause of action accrued.” The cause of action to this plaintiff did not accrue, so that an action could be maintained therefor by him, until his right to the office was determined. The adjudication of the court finding he was lawfully elected, for the first time, entitled him to recover the salary incident to the office. His right then first accrued. The Statute of Limitations barred no part of this claim.
We find no error in the admission or exclusion of evidence, or in holding or refusing to hold propositions submitted to be held as law.
We do not desire to enter on a discussion of the question as to whether it is a hardship on Kreitz or his estate that he should be held to receive no compensation for his services, for however great that hardship may be, the rule of law has been long settled in this State that the de jure officer may recover the fees or salary paid to a de facto officer. The rule is in accord with a sound public policy. Its tendency is, that there would be less danger or frequency of usurpation or intrusion into an office. Its tendency is to cause greater caution in and purify elections, as one with such danger attendant on illegal voting would abstain from encouraging it. Its tendency is to cause a careful investigation into the right to an office, where a notice of contest is served and petition filed. Public interest is in accord with private right when it is held that one lawfully elected to an office, and deprived of the office by another, may recover the salary or fees attendant on the office. The rule is not changed by reason of one holding a certificate of election *507and entering in good faith, under a mistaken belief of right. However much the good faith of one entering, the right exists somewhere, and if the right existed in another, he is an intruder in the office and enters at his peril. As was said in Mayfield v. Moore, supra: “After the vote was canvassed by the clerk and justice of the peace, appellant promptly gave appellee notice that he would contest the election, and specifically pointed out the grounds. Being thus apprised of the grounds upon which appellant based his claim, the sources of information were open to him to learn the facts, and to have acted upon them. Failing to learn them, or, having done so, not heeding them, he has no reason to complain if he has to respond to the wrong perpetrated on another. He has intruded into appellant’s office without right and has received the profits of the office, and, like the person entering into the land of another with a defective title, he must answer for the profits.”
We find no error, and the judgment of the Appellate Court is affirmed, '
Judgment affirmed.