delivered the opinion of the Court:
In this case, James W. Sykes was indicted by the grand jury, in the Criminal Court of Cook county, for divers offenses against the provisions of section 25 of the “Act to regulate public* warehouses, and the warehousing and inspection of grain, and to give effect to Article 13 of the Constitution of this State,” in force July 1, 1871. 1 Starr & Curtis, 1975. The indictment contained twenty-eight counts, but the defendant was tried on the ninth, tenth and twelfth counts only, and on such trial the jury found him guilty, and fixed his punishment at imprisonment in the penitentiary for the term of two years. The court, after denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial, passed sentence in accordance with the verdict, and the defendant now brings the record to this court by writ of error.
In each of the counts upon which the defendant was tried, it is alleged that, on the 7th day of August, 1886, in the county of Cook, the defendant was a warehouseman of a certain public warehouse in said county of class “G” for the storage of *38grass seeds. The ninth count alleges that, on the day above mentioned, the defendant, “with intent to, and contriving and intending, feloniously, unlawfully, fraudulently, designedly and deceitfully, to cheat and defraud the Merchants’ Loan and Trust Company, the same then and there being a corporation organized and incorporated under and by virtue of the laws of the State of Illinois, did feloniously, falsely, unlawfully, knowingly and designedly, ” make certain pretenses and statements to the cashier of “the said The Merchants’ Loan and Trust Company, organized and incorporated as aforesaid,” said. pretenses and statements being, in substance, that the defendant was then and.there the owner and in possession of forty-five hundred bags of timothy seed, and that the same ■ was then and there actually in store in said warehouse, and had been by him set apart from his other property in said warehouse; that he had marked and distinguished said forty-five hundred bags of timothy seed by and with certain marks and brands, to identify the same as being the timothy seed described in three certain false and fraudulent warehouse receipts which he then and there proposed to issue and did issue to “The Merchants’ Loan and Trust Company, a corporation as aforesaid,” as security for the payment of a certain sum of money which the defendant then and there proposed to borrow and did borrow from the said “The Merchants’ Loan and Trust Company, a corporation as aforesaid;” that said three false and fraudulent warehouse receipts were each of them then and there good, valid and genuine warehouse receipts for the property therein described, said warehouse receipts being in the words and figures following:
“ Warehouse receipt No. 2048—J. W. Sykes é Co.’s public warehouse of class ‘C,’ for the storage of grass seeds, 98■ and 100 Michigan Ave.
“Chicago, III., August 26, 1885.
“Received from Merchant’s Loan and Trust Co., in apparent good order, into our store as above, twenty-two hundred bags *39of timothy seed, marked thus: 1000 bags marked ‘32,’ 800 ' bags marked ‘33,’ and 400 bags marked ‘34,’ deliverable to the order hereon of the Merchants’ Loan and Trust Co., surrender of this receipt and payment of storage, loss or damage by the elements, heat, leakage, shrinkage, ratage, fire, etc., at owner’s risk. Storage paid for six months.
“Bates of storage two cents per bag for first month, and two cents per bag each following month or fraction thereof.
J. W. Sykes & Co.”
(The other two warehouse receipts were of the same tenor and effect as the foregoing, except that they covered the residue of the forty-five hundred bags of timothy seed above mentioned).
Said count further alleges that the defendant, by said warehouse receipts, then and there falsely pretended that said forty-five hundred bags of timothy seed were then in store in said warehouse at the time of issuing said receipts; that said warehouse receipts were then and there produced, issued and delivered by the defendant to said cashier for the purpose of inducing him to loan, transfer and deliver to the defendant a large sum of money, to-wit, $15,500, the money and property of said “The Merchants’ Loan and Trust Company, a corporation as aforesaid,” on a credit of two months, and that said cashier, relying upon and believing said representations, and being deceived thereby, was then and there induced, by reason thereof, to loan, transfer and deliver to said defendant said $15,500 on a credit of two months from the date above mentioned.
Said count further alleges, in substance, that the defendant, at the time of making said representations, in truth and in fact, was not the owner of said forty-five hundred bags of timothy seed, and did not have or hold said timothy seed in said warehouse, and had not set apart from his other property in said warehouse, said forty-five hundred bags of timothy seed, and had not marked and designated said quantity of timothy *40seed by and with marks and brands to mark and distinguish the same as being the timothy seed described in said false and fraudulent warehouse receipts, and that the defendant, at the-time of making said several pretenses, well knew the same to-be false and fraudulent, and so it was alleged that .the defendant, being then and there a public warehouseman in manner and form aforesaid, falsely, fraudulently and feloniously did issue warehouse receipts for property not actually in store at the .time of issuing said receipts, contrary to the form of the statute, etc.
The tenth and twelfth counts, which are substantially alike, allege that the defendant, on the 7th day of August, 1886, at-said county, being a warehouseman as aforesaid, “did falsely, fraudulently and feloniously issue to a certain corporation, to-wit, The Merchants’ Loan and Trust Company, then and there being organized and incorporated under and by virtue of the laws of the State of Illinois, three certain false and fraudulent warehouse receipts for certain property, to-wit, forty-five hundred bags of timothy seed, which said property, he, the said James W. Sykes, warehouseman as aforesaid, then and there and thereby falsely pretended was actually in store in said public warehouse, so described as aforesaid, at the time of issuing said receipts.” Said counts set forth said receipts in extenso, and then allege, in substance, that the defendant issued the same with intent thereby then and there to-prejudice, damage and defraud the said “The Merchants’ Loan and Trust Company, organized and incorporated as aforesaid,” whereas in truth and in fact, there was not actually in store, at the time of issuing said warehouse receipts, at said public-warehouse, the said forty-five hundred bags of timothy seedr and that the defendant, then and there being a warehouseman, then and there, in manner and form aforesaid, falsely, fraudulently and feloniously, did issue warehouse receipts for property not actually in store at the time of issuing said receipts, contrary to the form of the statute, etc.
*41The principal ground upon which the plaintiff in error now seeks to obtain a reversal of the judgment is, that there is. a material variance between the true name of the corporation shown by the evidence to have been defrauded by the issuing of said warehouse receipts, and the name of said corporation as the same is alleged in the indictment. The evidence-tended to show that said corporation, at the date of said warehouse receipts, and for several years prior thereto, was-known and had been doing business under the name of “The-Merchants’ Loan and Trust Company.” The State’s attorney, however, for the purpose of proving the due organization, and incorporation of said company under the laws of this State as alleged in the indictment, -read in evidence the charter of said corporation, being a private act of the General Assembly of this State, entitled “An Act to incorporate the-Merchants’ Savings, Loan and Trust Company,” Approved January 28, 1857. Private Laws of 1857, p. 82. Said act. declares that certain persons therein named, and their associates and successors, shall be a body politic and corporate, by the name and style of “The Merchants’ Savings, Loan and Trust Company,” and confers upon said corporation certain powers, and among them, banking powers, viz, to receive-money on deposit, to discount according to0 bank usage, to-buy and sell exchange, to grant and purchase annuities, and to issue letters Of credit and other commercial obligations, provided the same shall not be in the similitude of bank notes designed to circulate as money; Reed v. The People, 125 Ill. 592.
The State’s attorney also'read in evidence the record of a. certain meeting of the stockholders of said corporation, called and held on the 26th day of April, 1881, under the provisions-of the act of March 26,1872, providing for the change of the names of corporations, (1 Starr & Curtis, 624), at which a resolution was adopted that the name of “The Merchants* Savings, Loan and Trust Company” be changed to “The Merchants’ Loan and Trust Company.”
*42It is not pretended that the proceedings for changing said • corporate name were not in all respects in conformity with . the provisions of the act of March 26, 1872, the contention ■ being that said act can have no application to a banking corporation. Said act was passed subsequent to the adoption of the Constitution of 1870, and section 5, of article 11 of said Constitution provides as follows:
“No act of the General Assembly authorizing .or creating corporations or associations with banking powers, whether of issue, deposit or discount, nor amendments thereto, shall go into effect or in any manner be in force, unless the same shall' be submitted to a vote of the people at the general election next succeeding the passage of the same, and be approved by •a majority of all the votes cast at such election for or against such law.”
It can not be doubted that an act changing, or providing -a mode for changing, the corporate name of a banking corporation already incorporated by an act of the General Assembly under a particular name, is an amendment to such incorporating act. The provision fixing the name of the corporation created is an essential part of the act, and is an express legislative declaration that the corporate name shall be •as there given. “The identity of name is the principal means of effecting that perpetual succession, with members frequently changing, which is an important purpose of incorporation.” Regina v. Registrar of Joint Stock Cos., 10 Adolph. & Ellis, N. S. 839. As said in Bacon’s Abridgment: “The names •of corporations are given of necessity; for the name is, as it were, the very being of the constitution; for though it is the will of the king that erects them, yet the name is the knot of their combination, without which they could not perform their corporate acts; for it is nobody to plead and be impleaded, to take and give, until it hath gotten a name.” 2 Bac. Abridg., tit. Corporations, C., 1. Any act therefore which provides that a corporation shall or may take another name, changes *43in an essential particular the organic law of such corpora- ■ lion, and is therefore necessarily an amendment thereto. The ■charter of the corporation in question declares that the name •of said corporation shall be “The Merchants’ Savings, Loan and Trust Company.” If another act were passed expressly ■changing that name to something else, such act would unquestionably be an amendatory act. No reason can be perceived why an act permitting the stockholders of the corporation to do the same thing is not equally so. The charter ■of said corporation, being an act creating a corporation with banking powers within the meaning of the constitutional limitation above cited, was not subject to amendment except by •an act properly submitted to and adopted by the people of the State at a general election. The act of March 26, 1872, was not so submitted, and therefore, while it is doubtless valid as applied to corporations not possessing banking powers, it ■can have no application to corporations of that class. It follows then, that the proceedings by which the corporation in ■question attempted to change its corporate name were without legal authority, and were therefore inoperative and void.
But it is urged that the difficulty here pointed out is obviated by the provisions of the 14th section of the “Act concerning corporations with banking powers,” approved June 16, ’ 1887, and adopted by a vote of the people of the State at the general election held in November, 1888. The 11th section ■of that act makes provision for changing the name of any •corporation with banking powers existing by virtue of any general or special law of the State, and section 14 provides that: “In all cases where any corporation having any banking powers existing under and by virtue of any general or ■special laws of this State, has, prior to the passage of this act, changed its name * * * in the manner provided by an act of the General Assembly of this State, entitled An Act to provide for changing the names * * * of incorporated companies, approved and in force March 26, 1872, such change *44or changes are hereby ratified and confirmed and made valid in all respects as if made in pursuance of the provisions of this act.” Laws of 1887, p. 94. \
It is plain, we think, that this act neither has or purports-, to have a retroactive effect. Changes of names previously-attempted under the act of 1872 are ratified and confirmed, but how? In all respects as if made in pursuance of the-provisions of the act of 1887. As they could not have been, made in pursuance of that act until it was in force, it seems, clear that it was not intended that the ratification should be-deemed operative as of a previous date. The fair inference-is, that it was the intention of the legislature to place changes-of names attempted to be made under the act of 1872 in the-same situation, and to give them the same effect, that they would have had if they had been made under section 11 of the act of 1887, and as in that case their validity could not antedate the adoption of the latter act by the people in November, 1888, the proceedings validated were obviously intended to take effect and be operative only from that date.
It may indeed be doubted whether giving the ratification of such previous proceedings a retroactive effect was within legislative power. Such proceedings being absolutely void, an attempt to validate them retroactively would be the same, in effect, as an attempt to retroactively change a corporate name. When a corporation has existed through a period of time past under a given corporate name, the fact of its having done so, and of such being its corporate name during that period, is as irrevocable as is any other past event. What is past can not be recalled or changed even by legislative omnipotence.
The indictment was presented by the grand jury on the 20th day of September, 1887, and at that time the act in relation to corporations with banking powers had not been adopted by the people and was not in force. The name of said corporation therefore had not then been changed, and the indictment should have described it by its name as given by *45the act of incorporation. It can not be doubted that the difierenee between that name and the name alleged is such as to ■constitute a clear and material variance.
It is claimed, however, that the averment of the indictment is sustained by the evidence tending to show that said corporation, ever since the time it attempted to change its name, had assumed, done business under, and been generally known ■and recognized by the. name alleged, and that having thus ■acquired such corporate name by user, the identity of the corporation defrauded with the one named in the indictment is ■sufficiently established. It is not necessary for us to determine whether a corporation may not acquire a corporate name by user, or whether such name, when acquired, may not be • a sufficient designation and description of the corporation in judicial proceedings, as the indictment not only alleges that the body defrauded was a corporation, but also that it was ■ organized and incorporated under and by virtue of the laws of this State. This latter averment, though perhaps unnecessarily specific, was a matter of essential description of the •corporation alleged to have been defrauded, and imposed upon the prosecution the burden of proving the due organization ■of said'corporation under the laws of this State. As said in McGary v. The People, 45 N. Y. 153: “No allegation which is descriptive of the identity of that which is essential to the • charge in the indictment can be rejected, and the name of the person in whom the property which is the subject of the • charge is laid, or on whom the offense is stated to have been ■ committed, must be proved according to the indictment.” In making the proof thus rendered necessary by the averments • of the indictment, the State’s attorney, as he was compelled ■ to do, produced and read in evidence the act of the General Assembly by which the corporation alleged to have been defrauded was created and organized; and by that act it con- ■ clusively appears that, at the time of the commission of the ■ offense charged, and at the time the indictment was found, *46the name of said corporation was materially variant from that alleged in the indictment. Even then if the name of a corporation may, in the absence of better evidence, be shown by usage or reputation, here it was shown by the best evidence possible, viz, the act itself by which the corporation was created and named.
The name thus proved varying materially from that alleged in the indictment, it is urged that said variance is cured or rendered unimportant by the fact that the corporation had, without authority of law, assumed and been for some time doing business under the name alleged in the indictment. The law undoubtedly is, that a corporation can not, except as authorized by law, change its own name, either directly or by user. As said by Lord Denman in Regina v. Registrar of Joint Stock Cos. supra: “After a company has been completely registered without defect or omission, so as to be incorporated by the name set forth in the deed of settlement, such incorporated company has not the power to change its name. * * * And though the king, by his prerogative, might incorporate by a new name, and the newly-named corporation might retain former rights, and sometimes its former name also, it never appears to be such act as the corporation could do for itself, but requires the same power that created the corporation.”
It is doubtless true that a corporation may acquire a name by usage or reputation, but the cases where names have been held to be so acquired are generally if not uniformly where no name is given to the corporation at its organization by the State. Thus, in Dutch West India Co. v. Moses, 1 Strange, 612, it appeared that said company had never received any particular name by act of the State, and it was held that it might collect a name by reputation from its business, and being always known by that name might well be sued by it. In an anonymous case reported in 3 Salk. 102, it was held that if an incorporation exists by prescription, it may have *47several names, but if by charter it is otherwise, for in such . case it can not have several names at the same time and for ' the same purpose. In Smith v. Plank Mood Co. 30 Ala. 650, it was contended that the plaintiff had no corporate existence because it had been provided with no name; but it was held that although the name is usually given by the charter, it is not indispensable that it should be, but that it might be derived from usage. In South School District v. Blakeslee, 13 Conn. 227, there was no provision in the statute making it necessary for a school district, in becoming organized as such, to designate the name by which the district should be called, but when a district was formed the inhabitants generally assumed such name as they thought proper, and it was held that evidence that the district had been known and called by a particular name was properly admitted. In Minot v. Curtis, 7 Mass. 441, it appeared that a certain parish had used several names, and it was suggested rather than decided that there was no reason why corporations may not be known by several names as well as individuals. It did not appear, however, that either of the names used was the name given to the corporation at its organization, or that it ever had had such name.
We are referred to no case and have been able to find none where it is held that a corporation, having a corporate name given to it by its charter, can at the same time have a different corporate name by usage or prescription. It is true that, to sustain grants to or by corporations some latitude is permitted in the use of their names, it being usually sufficient to use the name in substance, though not the same in exact words and syllables. To sustain a devise to a corporation it has been held sufficient if the words used show that the testator could only mean a particular corporation, though the name be entirely mistaken. So where a corporation conveys by a wrong name, it will not be permitted to avail itself of its own wrong after receiving the full consideration for the convey*48anee. But where it is necessary to make use of the name of the corporation in judicial proceedings the rule is much more ■strict. “In legal proceedings, any variation from the true name of a corporation is fatal, even though the corporation be not a party to the proceedings.” 2 Bac. Abridg. tit. Corporations, C. 3.
The rule just stated is peculiarly applicable to prosecutions for crimes affecting corporations or their property. In all criminal prosecutions, an error in the name of the prosecutor, or of a third party when his name is material, is fatal. ■Wharton’s Crim. Ev. sec. 94. When therefore a corporation is the prosecutor, or is the party so affected by the crime charged that its name becomes material to a proper statement cf the offense in the indictment, its name must be correctly given and proved as alleged, and a variance between the allegation and proof will defeat the prosecution. Id. sec. 102 a.
The question as to said variance was properly raised by the ■defendant at the trial by objections to the evidence offered by ihe prosecution, and by a request to the court to give to the jury an instruction presenting it, and the point was expressly made by the defendant in his motion for a new trial, but the irial court held throughout that there was no variance, and exceptions to such holdings were duly preserved. We are of the opinion that the court was in error in this respect, and that there was in fact a fatal variance between the name of ■said corporation as laid in the indictment and as established by the evidence.
Counsel for the prosecution cite us to the act of June 3, 1889, to regulate proof in criminal cases, as bearing on the questions above discussed. That act provides: “That in all ■criminal prosecutions involving proof of the legal existence of a corporation, user shall be prima facie evidence of such existence.” Laws of 1889, p. 115. It is sufficient to say that in this case the prosecution did not see fit to rely upon said act, even if the allegations of the indictment were such as to *49admit of its so doing. The State’s attorney, of his own motion, resorted to a higher order of proof, viz, the act of incorporation itself, and whatever may have been the prima facie force of proof of user, the charter constituted plenary and conclusive proof of the fact of corporate existence, and mere proof of user was no longer important or necessary. Furthermore, the material question here is not whether such corporation was in existence, as that seems to be conceded on all hands, but as to its corporate name, and the act only provides that user shall be evidence of the legal existence of the corporation, but in no way attempts to change the rules of evidence previously existing by which the corporate name, when in dispute, might be established.
We are of the opinion that, by reason of the variance between the allegations and proofs as to the corporate name of the corporation alleged to have been defrauded, the conviction ■can not be sustained. The judgment will therefore be reversed, and the cause remanded.
Judgment reversed.