delivered the opinion of the Court:
This suit was brought in the circuit court of Stevenson county, by the firm of Grigsby Bros. & Co., against William G. Canon and Uriah Woodring. The declaration counts on two promissory notes, each for the sum of $500, payable to the order of J. & C. Huston, one year after date, at Blandinsville, Illinois, with interest thereon at the rate of seven per cent per annum. At first defendants filed a plea of the general issue to the whole declaration, but afterwards, by leave of court given for that purpose, they filed a joint and several plea of - non est factum, verified by their several affidavits. Plaintiffs are the assignees of J. & C. Plus ton, to whom the notes were delivered after they had been indorsed, and before maturity, by the payees. On the trial in the circuit court, the jury found the issues for plaintiffs, and assessed their damages at $1137.47. The court overruled the motion entered by defendants for a new trial, and rendered judgment on the verdict. That judgment was affirmed in the Appellate Court for the Second District, and defendants bring the ease to this court on their further appeal.
Many of the important facts in this record are either admitted or are so fully proven, no controversy exists as to them. As to others, the evidence introduced in the trial court is sharply conflicting, and it will be presumed that whatever the evidence tends to establish was found in favor of plaintiffs by both the trial and Appellate courts. The finding of the latter court upon controverted questions of fact involved in the case will, of course, be taken as conclusive upon this court, and will be so treated in considering all questions of law discussed as arising upon the record.
*155There is no question made as to the fact defendants bought a stallion of the payees of the note sued on, for which they were to pay them $1000 within one year from the date of the sale, the purchase money to be secured by their promissory notes. But whether defendants bought the horse jointly, or-as partners, or whether they were to pay interest at six percent per annum or at the rate of seven per cent per annum, are matters of contention between the parties. The makers of the notes resided at or near Davis, and the payees at orín the vicinity of Blandinsville. It seems one of the defendants,—Woodring,—was at Blandinsville, and saw the horse, and on his return home reported his negotiations to his co-defendant, Canon. Thereupon defendants went to a justice of the peace and had two notes prepared, each for the sum of $500, payable one year after date, with interest at the rate of six per cent per annum. At the same time the justice prepared a warranty as to the horse, to be signed by the seller, in which it was stated, among other things, the price to be paid, and that the notes given in payment drew interest at six per cent per annum. Both defendants signed the notes so prepared for them, and then they were taken with the warranty, by Woodriug, to Blandinsville, to complete the trade for the horse. Defendant Canon was not at Blandinsville when the trade was closed, nor, perhaps, at any other-time. When Woodring arrived a second time at Blandinsville, there was no controversy as to the price to be paid forth e horse or as to the credit to be given, but when the payees saw the notes had been prepared to bear only six per cent interest, they declined to receive them and deliver the horse. A controversy then arose. The payees required interest at the rate of eight per cent per annum, because they had to pay that rate at the bank where they expected to raise money upon the notes. The result of the controversy was the notes were so changed as to bear seven per cent interest instead of six per cent interest per annum, and the warranty that had *156been prepared was so changed as to describe the notes as bearing seven per cent interest instead of six per cent, as originally written. The trade was then completed. The horse, sold with the warranty, as it was changed, was signed by J. & C. Huston, and was delivered to Woodring, to be taken to Davis, and the notes as altered were delivered to the payees by Woodring.
The defence insisted upon is, the notes, after they had been signed by the makers, were changed- in two material respects, without their consent or subsequent ratification, in manner as follows: First, the notes were probably printed blanks, filled up by the justice. The blank left to be filled, with the name of the place where the notes were to be paid, was left blank. The notes read, “payable at......,” and afterwards this, blank was filled with the words; “Blandinsville, Illinois.” And second, that the words six per cent interest were erased, and seven per cent inserted. Although plaintiffs were assignees of the notes before maturity, the alterations of the notes in- the respect indicated were so manifest, it is insisted it was sufficient to charge them with notice. That fact may be conceded as to the rate of interest, but is hardly true as to the place of payment. As the ease comes before this court, there can be no defence to the notes on the merits, so far as defendant Woodring is concerned. There is evidence tending to show the notes in suit were delivered by him to the payees after the blank had been filled with the words “Blandinsville, Illinois, ” and after the rate of interest had been changed from six to seven per cent, and that the alterations had been made, in both respects, in his presence and with his consent. Conceding these were controverted questions of fact at the trial, as seems to have been the case, the finding as to them by the Appellate Court was against defendants, and that finding is not open to review in this court, and is conclusive. So far, then, as defendant Wood-ring is concerned, he having delivered the notes after he knew *157they had been changed, he is bound by them the same as he would have been had they been written that way in the first instance.
It remains to be considered whether the notes, since the alterations made in them after they had been signed by defendant Canon, although made without his consent at the time, are obligatory upon him. Where the notes may have been made jiayable is a matter of little consequence. Defendants’ original obligation was to pay the money secured by the notes “at.......,” but afterwards the blank was filled up with the words, “Blandinsville, Illinois, ” and that, too, without his knowledge or consent. There are cases that hold that the filling of a blank left in a note, with the place of payment, will not render the note invalid in the hands of an innocent holder. The leaving of the blank after “at,” has been held, by some courts, as carrying on its face implied authority to fill the blank with the place of payment. In this case, one of the makers, to whom the note was intrusted by his co-maker for delivery, consented the blank might be filled as was done. That brings the case within the strictest rule held by any of the cases on this subject, and the notes are not rendered void by this alteration. Although not entirely analogous, the principles of the following cases, in a measure, at least, sustain this view of the law: Elliott v. Levings, 54 Ill. 213; Kitchen v. Place, 41 Barb. 465; Redlich v. Doll, 54 N. Y. 234; McGrath v. Clark, 56 id. 34; Angle v. Northwestern Mutual Life Ins. Co. 92 U. S. 330.
As respects the change of the rate of interest in the notes from what it was when defendant Canon signed them, whether he subsequently acquiesced and ratified the alteration in that regard, is a question of fact, and not of law. There was testimony to the effect defendant read the warranty after the horse was delivered to him, which plainly informed him, by the description given of the notes, that the rate of interest had been changed from six to seven per cent. ' After notice *158of that fact, lie still retained the horse, and never offered to rescind the contract because of such alterations in the notes, or for any other reason. That was evidence tending to prove defendant ratified the change made in the notes, and as the Appellate Court has so found, its findings in that respect must be regarded as conclusive as to this controverted fact in the case. Assuming, then, that defendant Canon knew of the alteration in the notes as to the rates of interest, and that he did not, within any reasonable time, rescind the contract for that reason, and return the property bought, he must be held to have ratified the alterations made in the notes, and will be bound by the notes in like manner as if no change had been made in them.
This court fully'concurs in the view taken by the Appellate Court, it is unnecessary to discuss the question whether defendants were or were not partners in the transaction out of which this litigation arose. Conceding, if need be, they were not partners, the evidence establishes a joint liability, and that is sufficient to sustain the present judgment. Nor is it deemed important to enter upon any critical analysis of thd instructions. To do so would extend this opinion to a most unusual length, and would answer no good purpose. This much may be said: the instructions given at the instance of both parties are far more numerous than the nature of the case required. It may be, that on a close analysis this court would not approve of dll of the instructions given on behalf of plaintiffs, and does not wish to be understood as approving of them. But they have been examined, and jt is not perceived they contain anything that was especially injurious to defendants, under the evidence contained in this record. It is apparent the jury were not misled by anything contained in them. As respects the instructions given for defendants, it may be safely stated more were given than ought to have been. Every principle of law strictly applicable to the defence sought to be made, was contained in the *159instructions that were given, and there was no error in refusing the unreasonable number of others asked by defendants.
On the whole record considered, the judgment of the Appellate Court should be affirmed. T 7 . „ ¿
T 7 . ¿ Judgmeiit ajjmned.