delivered the opinion of the Court:
The wife of John W. Connett, the appellant, received an accidental injury, in the city of Chicago, on the 6th of September, 1869, occasioned by a defective sidewalk. On the 17th of-Jnne, 1874, Connett commenced an action of assumpsit against the city, to recover expenses incurred by him for the nursing, attendance and treatment of her while disabled from said injury. On March 2, 1876, the form of the action was changed, at the instance of plaintiff, from assumpsit to an action on the case, whereupon a new declaration was filed in the cause, charging the city, in the usual form, with negligence in permitting the sidewalk in question to bé and remain out of repair, etc., whereby the injury was occasioned, etc. To this declaration the city filed three pleas: First, the general issue; second, that the cause of action did not accrue within five years next before the change of the form of action from assumpsit to case; and third, that the cause of action did not accrue within five years next before the commencement of the suit. A demurrer was sustained to the second plea, and issues joined on the other two. The cause was tried on these issues March 20, 1876, resulting in a finding and judgment in favor of the plaintiff for $1500. From this judgment the city prayed an appeal. Before the appeal was perfected, to-wit, on the 22d of April, 1876, Egbert Jamieson, city attorney, acting on behalf of the city, and Messrs. Tnley, Stiles & Lewis, the attorneys of record of Connett, acting on his behalf, entered into the following agreement:
“There is submitted to his Honor, Judge W. K. McAllister, the following questions only: Was defendant’s second plea a good plea in bar, and does the evidence sustain the third *237plea in bar of plaintiff’s action. It is agreed that if the decision should be in favor of the defendant, the plaintiff shall release said judgment; if in favor of plaintiff, then the appeal prayed by the city should be withdrawn. ”
In pursuance of the above submission, in the month of June following, Judge McAllister rendered his decision upon the questions submitted, both of which were determined by him in favor of the city. Connett having declined to release the judgment, the city, on the 11th day of January, 1878, filed the present .bill to enjoin the collection of said judgment, and to compel Connett to enter satisfaction thereof on the record. Upon the hearing, the circuit court of Cook county entered a decree in conformity with the prayer of the bill, which, on Connett’s appeal, was affirmed by the Appellate Court for the First District, whence the cause is brought to this court.
The decree in this case is assailed solely on the alleged ground that the action of the city attorney in entering a motion for an appeal from the judgment against the city, and also in entering into the agreement with Connett to submit the questions involved in the proposed appeal to the arbitrament and decision of Judge McAllister, was unauthorized, and consequently not binding upon the city. This being assumed, the conclusion is drawn, that, inasmuch as the city was not bound, Connett himself was not, and that he consequently had a right to enforce his judgment against the city. In support of this view of the case, counsel for appellant have formulated, in their brief, quite a number of general propositions, accompanied by numerous adjudicated cases supporting them, to the effect that the authority of an attorney employed to defend a suit, ends with its determination; that the power of the plaintiff’s attorney, “after judgment, extends only to the issuing of execution and receiving the debt; that a retainer of an attorney to prosecute or defend in a trial *238court does not authorize him to prosecute an appeal or writ of error in the same case; that an attorney, merely by virtue of his retainer, has no power to submit the cause to a common law arbitration;. and that, generally, an agent can not bind his principal by an agreement to arbitrate, without special authority. These several positions, considered as general propositions, are not at all questioned. We are of opinion, however, a city attorney, elected 'by the people, occupies a somewhat different position from one employed to prosecute or defend in a particular case. Subject to the general supervision which the city council has over him, it is his duty to look after and protect the interests of the city in all legal controversies and litigation, so far as he is able, unless directed by the city to the contrary, and his acts, within the general scope of his authority, will be deemed the acts of the municipality. It is his duty, from time to time, to report to the corporate authorities the condition of all suits of which he has charge, and other legal matters referred to him for investigation or adjustment, whether pending in court or out of court. The general principle that officers are presumed, in the absence of anything to the contrary, to do their duty, applies equally to a city attorney in the discharge of these duties. Such being the general scope of his powers and duties, we do not concur in the view that the city attorne)r had no power or authority, after judgment passed against the city, to enter a motion on its behalf for an appeal. On the contrary, we1 are of opinion that he not only had the power, but that it was highly proper for him to do so. After having thus prepared the way for an appeal, it was his duty to report the condition of the case to the city, together with a statement of his views with respect to the propriety of taking the appeal,—and it is presumed he performed his duty in this respect.
It is not necessary to inquire whether the city attorney, by virtue of his general powers, was authorized to enter into the *239agreement with appellant hy which the decision of the case was referred to Judge McAllister, for it may be conceded he was not. We also agree with counsel for appellant that said agreement, if valid at all, is valid as a contract, and that in determining its force and legal effect, the general rules and principles applicable to other contracts purporting to be made by an agent on behalf of a principal, are to be applied. It is, however, to be noted, the city is not complaining, here, that there was no authority in the city attorney to make the contract on its behalf, nor is there the slightest evidence in the record tending to show that such authority did not exist. But it is answered that the burden is upon appellee to show affirmatively the existence of such authority. Concede the circumstances disclosed by the record fail to show precedent authority, yet they are clearly sufficient to establish a subsequent ratification, which practically amounts to the same thing. • Oinnis ratihabitio retrotrahitnr et mandato priori eequiparatur. No doctrine of the law is better settled than that where the contract entered into on behalf of a named principal is one which the principal himself might lawfully make, it may be so ratified, and thus given effect. Nor is it necessary such ratification should be express. It may, like most other facts in pais, be proved by circumstances. (Abbott on Trial Evidence, 41-43; Bishop on Contracts, sec. 330.) So a ratification may be inferred from acquiescence after notice. (Gold Mining Co. v. National Bank, 6 Otto, 646; Benedict v. Maynard, 4 McL. 569; Abbe v. Rood, 6 id. 108.) So where an agent had, without authority, entered into an agreement to submit a controversy to arbitration, a suit by the principal on the agreement was held a sufficient ratification. (Smith v. Morse, 9 Wall. 82. See, also, Chitty on Contracts, 10th Am. ed. page 15, et seq.) In this case, it will be remembered, the contract was entered into in April, and the decision of Judge McAllister was not rendered until in June *240following, and it may well be presumed the city could, hardly, during all this time, have been ignorant of its existence, and that the case was then pending for decision before the court. Such being the case, if the agreement was not made by its authority, the city should have interposed, and not having done so, under the circumstances its silence will, at least as against appellee, be deemed a ratification.
What is here said of appellee’s duty to speak, applies with equal force to appellant. With eminent counsel to advise him, he deliberately entered into the contract, or, at least, his counsel did, on his behalf, (and he does not question their authority to do so,) after which he quietly stood by, speculating on the chances of a favorable decision from Judge McAllister, never intimating a doubt as to the authority of the city attorney to bind the city, until after the case was decided against him,—then, for the first time, when the existence of such authority could be of no possible advantage to him, by reason of the decision being against him, is the question in respect to it raised, for the sole purpose of defeating an agreement he would gladly have profited by. Such a defence as this, under the circumstances shown, does not commend itself to a court of equity. By his entering into the agreement, and his inexcusable delay in raising any question as to a want of authority in the city attorney to make it, the city lost its right of appeal, and it would be clearly inequitable to permit appellant to profit by such a course of conduct.
But waiving all this, we hold the filing of the present bill is of itself sufficient evidence of a ratification, on the part of the city, of the agreement in question, which is fatal to the defence of appellant, and the judgment of the Appellate Court will therefore be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.