delivered the opinion of the Court:
On the 10th of August, 1877, Samuel Warner, the appellee, brought an action on the case in the Cook circuit court, against the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company, the appellant, to recover damages for personal injuries received by him while in the employment of the company, and which are claimed to have been occasioned through its negligence. There was a trial on the merits in the circuit court, resulting in a verdict and judgment in favor of appellee, and against the appellant, for $5000. This judgment, on appeal to the Appellate Court for the First District, was affirmed, and the company brings the case here for review.
The accident giving rise to the present suit occurred about two o’clock in the morning of the 20th of August, 1875, at Buda, Bureau county, this State, on the main track of the company’s road. Appellee had been in the company’s service about six years,—the first four as brakeman, and the last two as freight conductor. At the time of the accident *544lie had charge of a freight train, and was proceeding to uncouple and detach a car therefrom, the train at the time being in motion. For this purpose, by means of steps run: ning up the side and near the end of the ear, he had climbed about half way up to the top, when, standing upon one round of the steps and holding wdth one hand to another, he threw himself round the corner of the car, expecting to get hand and foothold on similar steps on the other side, from whence he could easily have passed to the dead-wood in the center of the end of the car, where the uncoupling had to be made, hut it so happened the car in question had no such steps on it, and there being nothing there which he could take hold of, appellee lost his balance and fell between the rails of the track, the moving train passing over his body. In doing so the iron rods under the center of the brake-beam came in contact with his left arm, crushing and mangling it from the fingers up to within about four or five inches of the shoulder, where, by reason of the injury thus received, it was subsequently amputated.
The negligence with which the company is charged, and which is relied on for a recovery by appellee, is the company’s failure to provide the ear in question with end steps or ladder to he used in making couplings and uncouplings, and for other purposes. It is alleged, in substance, in each of the three counts of the declaration, that it was the duty of the defendant “to provide only properly and carefully constructed cars, with end ladders, side handles and steps thereto attached,” and that by reason of its failure to do so the injury in question occurred. A direct issue W'as formed upon this averment in the declaration by the defendant’s plea, and the same'has been conclusively settled against the appellant. It remains, therefore, to inquire what, if any, errors of law appear of record requiring a reversal.
It is first objected the court erred in giving the plaintiff’s third instruction. It is as follows:
*545“If, under the evidence and instructions of the court, the jury find the defendant guilty, then, in estimating the plaintiff’s damages, it will be proper for the jury to consider the effect of the injury in future upon the plaintiff, the use of his arm, and his ability to attend to his affairs generally, in pursuing any ordinary trade or calling, if the evidence shows that these will be affected in the future, and also the bodily pain and suffering he sustained, and all damages, present and future, which, from the evidence^ can be treated as the necessary and direct result of the injury complained of.”
The first two objections to this instruction, as stated in counsel’s own language, are: First, “there was no evidence that the loss of Warner’s arm did, or would, impair his ability to pursue his business, much less of the extent to which said ability would be lessened.” Second, “there was no evidence of the extent of the pain Warner had suffered, other than the loss of his arm, and that pain, as an element of damage, could not be inferred from that fact. ” The third objection goes to the language used in the concluding part of the instruction, namely, “and all damages, present and future, which, from the evidence, can be treated as the necessary and direct result of the injury complained of.” The specific objections to the use of this language are: First, “there was no evidence to base it upon;” and second, “it left a question of law to the jury.” It will be perceived these several objections, except the last, substantially amount to the same thing, and may therefore be properly considered together. The only difference in them is, that they respectively relate to separate parts of the instruction, or to distinct elements of damage contemplated by it; but they are all placed upon the same common ground, namely, that there is no evidence upon which to base the instruction.
We are unable to agree with counsel that the proof of the crushing and mangling of plaintiff’s arm from the fingers *546up to within a few inches of the shoulder, and of its subsequent amputation at that place, as is shown by undisputed testimony, affords no evidence of that degree of pain which would make.it a proper element to be considered by the jury in estimating the damages. The rules of evidence are but the product of human experience and common sense, and hence they never require the performance of an unnecessary or useless thing. One of the most elementary of these rules is, that no proof is required of facts which everybody is presumed to know. When such facts become material in a legal controversy, it is the duty of courts and juries to take notice of them, and act upon them without proof. It is also part of the common experience of all, that many facts are so intimately connected with and dependent upon each other that the proof of one necessarily establishes the other, or at least affords so strong a presumption of the latter’s existence that no additional proof of it will be required until such presumption is overcome by countervailing testimony. In fact the whole theory of inductive proof is but the practical application of this fundamental principle. (1 Wharton on Evidence, sec. 327, et seq.) To satisfactorily prove a given act also establishes, at least prima facie, the' ordinary and probable consequences of such act; and as pain uniformly follows the crushing of a bone or the laceration of the flesh of one in a normal condition, which is always presumed when nothing to the contrary appears, the jury in this case were fully warranted in inferring the fact of pain from the character of appellee’s injuries, which were fully shown,—hence it can not be truthfully said there was no evidence to base the instruction upon, so far as it related to the pain or suffering of appellee. Indeed, we do not think any general words of the witness, such as, “I suffered a great deal, ” “The pain was very severe,” and the like, would have marked more definitely the quantum or degree of suffering than the simple recital of the mangled condition of the arm, requiring its amputation.
*547But it is suggested that while some pain might be inferred from the injury itself, yet the extent of appellee’s sufferings should have been otherwise shown in order to make it an element in the assessment of damages. This position is clearly not tenable, either upon reason or authority. Where, in such case, the law permits a recovery at all, the plaintiff will be entitled to some compensation for his sufferings, whether they be much or little,' and the fact that the amount of suffering is not definitely fixed by the testimony, if, indeed, that is possible in any case, will make no difference in this respect. In all cases like the present, where a recovery is permitted at all, if there is. any evidence tending to prove the fact of pain, whether much or little, it is the right of the plaintiff to have the jury instructed, if they shall so find the fact, to take it into account in making up their verdict.
All that is here said is equally applicable to the objection, “there was no evidence that the loss of Warner’s arm did, or would, impair his ability to pursue his ordinary business,” etc. At the time of receiving the injury his business was that of railroading. He had made his way up from a brakeman to a conductor of a freight train. By reason of the accident he lost his position as an employee of the company, and it is manifest, from the loss of the arm itself, that he could not successfully, if at all, follow that business any longer, and the fact he was forced to abandon it was before the jury. That both arms are useful in all, and indispensable in most, of the avocations of life, is but a part of the common information of mankind in general, and hence it required no other proof to establish it. With these facts before the jury, it is difficult to understand by what process of reasoning the conclusion is reached there was no evidence upon which to found the instruction, so far as it related to the impairment of appellee’s ability to pursue his ordinary business by reason of the loss of his arm.
*548What we have already said fully applies to the first branch of the objection relating to the concluding part of the instruction, and is deemed a sufficient answer thereto.
We do .not think there is any just ground for the claim that the latter clause of the instruction left a question of law to the jury. As we understand it, it simply tells the jury in making up their verdict they should take into account all such damages, whether present or future, as are shown by the evidence to be the necessary and direct result of the injury complained of. We see nothing improper in this. It was not necessary, nor, indeed, would it have been proper, for the instruction to have gone on and attempted to enumerate the various circumstances or possible contingencies in which appellee would probably suffer loss or inconvenience by reason of the injury. Nor was it necessary for the court, unless asked to do so, to define what was meant by the term “damages.” In cases of this character the damages necessarily rest, to a large extent, in the discretion of the jury, for the law affords no measure or rule by which they may be even approximately ascertained. About all the court can do in such cases is to confine the jury, in their assessment, to such damages as are shown by the evidence to necessarily result from the injury complained of, arid that was done in this case.
It is also contended the plaintiff failed to prove his ease as laid in the declaration, and that the court therefore erred in not excluding the evidence from the jury. We do not concur in this view. The mistake of appellant on this branch of the case is in assuming that appellee bases his right of recovery exclusively upon “the original improper construction of the car.” It is true the declaration proceeds upon ■this theory, but not upon this theory alone, for, as already shown, it is expressly averred in the amended declaration, that it was the duty of the defendant “to furnish for the use of its employees properly and carefully constructed cars, with *549end ladders, side-handles and steps attached thereto; ” and the declaration further on expressly negatives the performance of this duty. This being so, the plaintiff was not bound at his peril to prove both branches of his case,—it was sufficient if he proved either. It is a familiar doctrine of the law, that all torts are severable, and therefore in an action ex delicto it is immaterial that all the averments of the declaration are not proved as laid,—it is sufficient if such of them as are so proved show a good cause of action. Applying this principle to the question in hand, the position of appellant is clearly not tenable.
To the suggestion the declaration was fatally defective, and the motion to exclude the evidence should therefore have been sustained, it is sufficient to say that the defendant, by pleading to the merits, admitted the sufficiency of the declaration, and it is not readily perceived how its sufficiency could be subsequently raised by a mere ■ motion to exclude the evidence from the jury. We are aware of no practice authorizing such a course. If the defendant desired to question the sufficiency of the declaration, it should have .demurred, or moved in arrest of judgment. (Chicago, Burlington and Quincy R. R. Co. v. Harwood, 90 Ill. 426; Roberts v. Corby, 86 id. 182.) Having done neither, it is unnecessary to determine whether the plaintiff was bound to aver in the declaration he had no notice of the defective construction of the car, as the declaration was clearly sufficient after verdict.
, Appellant also complains of the action of the court in re.fusing to give defendant’s fifth instruction as asked, and in modifying it, and giving it to the jury as modified. The instruction, as originally drawn, is as follows:
“If the jury believe, from the evidence, that the plaintiff, in October, 1875, and in November, 1875, made written statements of the cause of the accident in question to the division superintendent of the defendant company, and that therein he *550attributed the accident to the manner in which the engineer slacked up, and the way in which the car door slid, as well as to the absence of a step, and that such statements as to the cause were true, and the accident could not have happened if the engineer had not slacked up as he did, then the plaintiff can not recover under the declaration in this case, and the verdict should be not guilty.”
The.court, before giving this instruction, struck out the concluding^ words, “and the verdict should be not guilty,” and added the following: “But the court further instructs the jury, that it is for them to determine whether any statements made by the plaintiff to the division superintendent correctly set forth the cause or causes of the accident, and from all the evidence, and under the instructions of the court, determine the issues in the case.”
The instruction, as originally drawn, was properly refused. It not only gave undue prominence to certain parts of the testimony, but if given it would have tended to divert the attention of the jury from the main issue, namely, whether the injury to the plaintiff was caused by the negligence of the company in its failure to furnish the ear in question with proper steps or end ladder, and would probably have caused them to decide the whole case upon a mere subordinate issue, namely, whether the plaintiff had not made previous statements relating to that subject, inconsistent with his present testimony. An instruction having such a tendency should never be given. It is very questionable whether the instruc.tion, as given, was entirely relieved from its objectionable features in this respect, but it is very clear there is nothing in the modification of which the appellant has any just cause of complaint. Hatch v. Marsh, 71 Ill. 370; Ogden v. Kirby, 79 id. 555; Evans v. George, 80 id. 51; Martin v. Johnson, 89 id. 537.
It is also objected that the court erred in refusing to give the following instruction:
*551“In the absence of evidence tending to show that steps and handles are necessary to safety in coupling and uncoupling, the verdict should be not guilty. ”
This instruction was clearly erroneous, and was, therefore, properly refused. Instructions should be based upon evidence relating to the general or some particular aspect of the ease, and it is the duty of the court to determine, in the first place, whether there is any evidence relating to the hypothesis assumed by a particular instruction. If, as contemplated by the instruction in question, there was no evidence tending to show steps or end ladders were necessary to safety in coupling and uncoupling, the jury should have been told to find for the defendant, for the plaintiff’s whole case depended upon the negative of that hypothesis. On the other hand, if, in the opinion of the court, there was such evidence, it was not applicable to the case made by the proofs, and was therefore calculated to mislead. But the manifestly fatal objection to the instruction is in referring the question whether there was any evidence upon the point covered by the instruction, to the jury. That, of course, is a pure question of law, which the court alone should have determined.
In this connection it is urged, with much earnestness and apparent confidence, there was no evidence before the jury tending to show that steps or ladders at the ends of ears were necessary to safety in coupling and uncoupling. The evidence certainly tends to show that it was customary and proper to sometimes make couplings and uncouplings when trains were in motion, and for this purpose the party performing the service had, by some means or other, to pass either from the side or top of the car to the dead-wood, in the center of the end of the car, and in doing so it is manifest something was required to rest the foot on or hold by, if not both. To meet this requirement, as is shown by the evidence, some cars are provided with platforms on the'ends, while most of them at that time were furnished with something like ladder rounds, *552attached to the ends of the cars, bot,h at the top and bottom, those at the top being used mainly for hand hold, and those at the bottom to stand on. The former were called “handles, ” and the latter “steps.” Sometimes these rounds extended all the way up, from top to bottom, and then they are called “ladders.” It will be borne in mind the negligence complained of is the failure of the appellant to furnish either the steps, handles or ladder, and the evidence shows the car in question had none of these appliances, or any of any kind whatever. Now, when it is considered the evidence does show, or at least tends to show, that it was one of the duties of appellee, as he swears it was, to couple and uncouple cars when the train was in motion, and this could not be done with safety, if at all, without some of these appliances, or others answering a like purpose, and that in the present case there were none of any kind, and that, as appellee positively swears, by reason of their absence the injury complained of occurred, it is difficult to conceive how it can be seriously contended there was no evidence before the jury tending to show that these steps, handles or ladder were necessary. The very fact the evidence tends to show they are, or at least were at that time, in general use, is certainly some evidence they were so regarded at that time.
It is also objected that the trial court erred in refusing to give appellant’s second instruction as asked, and also in modifying it, and giving it to the jury as modified. From the proofs in this case there is little, if any, ground to doubt the appellant was using on its road other cars without end steps or ladders besides the one in question, and there is also evidence tending to show this fact was known to the appellee. Assuming that a part of the appellant’s ears then in use were of that kind, and that the appellee had knowledge of the fact, it was clearly his duty, before attempting to pass from the. side to the end of the. car in the manner he claims he did, for the purpose of .uncoupling it, tq have ascertained whether *553it "was one of that kind or not, and if he found it was, it certainly would have been negligence on his part to attempt to make the coupling in the manner he did. Now, with a view of directing the attention of the jury specially to this aspect of the case, appellant’s counsel asked the court to give the jury the following instruction, being the one just alluded to : ■
“The jury are instructed, as a matter of law, that it was the duty of the plaintiff, before attempting to uncouple the car in question, to use ordinary and reasonable care to ascertain whether it was safe to do so, or not, while the train was in motion; and if the jury believe, from the evidence, that it was not safe for the plaintiff to uncouple said car at the time he attempted it, and that the plaintiff knew, or might by the exercise of ordinary care have known, that it was not safe to attempt it, then the plaintiff can not recover, and the verdict should be for the defendant.”
—Which the court refused to do, but gave as a substitute for it the following:
“The jury are instructed, as a matter of law, that it was the duty of the plaintiff, in attempting to uncouple the car in question while the train was in motion, to exercise great care and caution to prevent being injured; and if the jury believe, from the evidence, that it' was not safe for the plaintiff to uncouple said car at the time he attempted it, and that the plaintiff knew, or might by the exercise of ordinary care have known, that it was not safe to attempt it, then the plaintiff can not recover, and the verdict should be for the defendant. ”
We perceive no objection to the instruction as originally asked. As drawn it would have accomplished the object for which it was prepared,—the substitute did not. The original told the jury, in plain, unequivocal terms, “it was the duty of the plaintiff, before attempting to uncouple the car in question, to use ordinary and reasonable care to ascertain whether it was safe to do so, or not, while the train was in motion. ” Now, *554this proposition (the leading one in the instruction, and which, under the proofs, is entirely accurate,) is not found in the substitute, nor is its equivalent. To tell the jury, as was done in the substitute, “that it was the duty of the plaintiff, in attempting to uncouple the ear while the train was in motion, to exercise great care and caution to prevent being injured,” is quite a different thing from telling them that it was his duty before attempting to uncouple the car, to use ordinary and reasonable care to ascertain whether it was safe to do so, or not, while the train was in motion. The care and diligence contemplated by the original instruction, 'on the part of the plaintiff, was required to be exercised before attempting to uncouple the par; that contemplated by the substitute, while attempting to uncouple. The two ideas are radically distinct, as will fully appear from a moment’s thought. Under the substitute, so far as the first proposition in it is concerned, the jury might very well have concluded, that however rash and grossly negligent the undertaking may have been, yet if the plaintiff used due care and caution while the coupling was being attempted, he might nevertheless recover; and conceding this view is modified by the latter branch of the instruction, still the instruction, as a whole, was sufficiently uncertain as to have misled the jury,—at any rate, it did not state the proposition of law announced by the original instruction, and can not, in any legal sense, be regarded as its equivalent.
We are of opinion the'court erred in refusing the instruction as asked, and the judgment should have been reversed by the Appellate Court for that reason. An error of this kind, as is well known, does not, and ought not, always to reverse; but every case in this respect must depend upon its own circumstances. Where the reviewing court can see the case has been fairly tried, and that the judgment is clearly right upon the facts, and that consequently another trial must necessarily result the same way, it will not reverse on *555the ground an erroneous instruction may have been given or a proper one has been refused. Quite a different rule prevails where the case.is a close one on the facts. In such a case, where the evidence is about evenly balanced, the reviewing court will reverse for any substantial error in the trial court on a material question, that may have turned the scale in favor of the successful party. The present case we regard as coming within this rule.
The judgment of the Appellate Court is reversed, and the •cause remanded, with directions to reverse the judgment of the circuit court and remand the cause for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.
Judgment reversed,.