delivered the opinion of the Court:
On the 2d day of August, 1873, John Scanlan commenced this suit against Samuel L. Keith. The action is assumpsit, and originally the declaration contained only the common counts, to which defendant filed the plea of non-assumpsit. Afterwards, on the 5th day of January, 1880, plaintiff, by leave of court, amended his declaration by adding a count on *640a promissory note, alleged to have been made by defendant jointly with one W. H. Kretzinger. To the additional count defendant pleaded non-assumpsit, verified by affidavit, and also a special plea; but to the special plea a demurrer was sustained, and thereafter nothing seems to have been done in relation to it. On the trial in the Superior Court the issues were found for defendant, and judgment rendered against plaintiff for costs. That judgment was affirmed in the Appellate Court for the First District, and plaintiff brings the case to this court on appeal.
Omitting the signatures and date, the following is a copy of the note in suit: “Ninety days after date we promise to pay to the order of John Scanlan twenty-four hundred and eighty jUq dollars, at the Third National Bank of Chicago, . for value received, with interest at 10 %.” It was signed underneath, at the right hand, “Sam! L. Keith, Pres’t Chicago Beady Boof’g Co.,” and at the left hand, at the usual place for the signature of an attesting witness, it is signed, “W. H. Kretzinger, Sec’y, ” with the seal of the “Chicago Beady Boofing Company” attached. The question made is, whether the note thus signed and executed is the note of Samuel L. Keith, or that of the “Chicago Beady Boofing Company.” In all,cases of notes or bills,,executed as this one is, it is a question of vital importance what was the intention of the parties thereto,—whether it is the individual undertaking of the persons signing it as officers, or whether it is the-note of the corporation. On this subject the plaintiff in this suit certainly had as much knowledge as any one else as to what was the intention of the parties at the time of the execution of the note which is the basis of the action, and the court might be justified in treating it, as the plaintiff himself did, as the note of the “Chicago Beady Boofing Company, ” executed by its officers on behalf of the corporation. This he did by bringing suit on the note at an early day, after it became due, against the corporation, alleg*641ing it was the maker of the note, and prosecuting the suit to final judgment. The payee having elected to treat it as the note of the corporation, made through the instrumentality of its officers, by obtaining a judgment against the corporation, it would seem he ought not to be allowed or permitted to obtain another judgment on it against the officers, who were the mere agents acting on behalf of the corporation, as upon a personal undertaking by them. Having obtained a judgment against the corporation on the note, he ought to be concluded by his election, and be forever thereafter estopped to assert it was the individual note of the officers executing it on behalf of the corporation. A case analogous in principle is maintained with great force of reasoning in Melledge v. The Boston Iron Company, 5 Cush. 158.
But it is better the decision should be placed on broader grounds,—on grounds having the sanction of commercial usage, as well as authority. ' The impossible task of reconciling the decisions on this branch of the law will not be attempted, nor would it subserve any good purpose to review any considerable number of the cases in other courts on this subject. They will be found to be as conflicting as the cases are numerous. Much of the contrariety observed in the decisions, both in the American States and in England, no doubt, arises out of the equities of each case, and of an effort on the part of courts to carry out what was supposed to be the intention of the parties executing such notes or bills. Each State in this country has its decisions on this branch of the law, and when a rule has been- once established it is far better for commercial interests it should be adhered to. Beyond the decisions of this court it will not be necessary to go to ascertain principles that will afford a solution of the questions arising in the case now being considered.
Whatever may be the decisions elsewhere on analogous questions, the authorities in this State are full to the point a party will not be permitted to show, by oral testimony, that *642his written agreement, understandingly entered into, was not in fact to be binding on him. Accordingly, it was held in Hypes v. Griffin, 89 Ill. 134, mainly on the authority of Powers v. Briggs, 79 Ill. 493, that where trustees of a church corporation made a note in their individual names, although they described themselves as trustees of the church, parol evidence was inadmissible to show it was. the intention of the parties it was to be the note of the church corporation, and not the note of the trustees executing it. The principle running through that and other cases in this court is, that such instruments will be construed as the parties made them, without the aid of extrinsic evidence. That rule of interpretation would seem to be as well settled in this State as any rule can be. But there is another principle declared in Hypes v. Griffin, that has more immediate application to the case in hand. It is, that where a party signs his name as cashier or agent for a banking, railroad or other corporation, in drawing drafts and bills, or in accepting drafts or other evidences of indebtedness, in its ordinary business, if it appears, or is made to appear, it is the obligation of the corporation, and the cashier or agent or other officer had authority to bind the corporation, he is not personally liable, and the facts may be shown by extrinsic evidence. Most generally there is that on the face of the instrument itself, and especially where the execution- is witnessed by the seal of the corporation attached thereto, that indicates unmistakably it is the obligation of the corporation. It is seldom any one takes such paper under the belief it is the obligation .of the officers executing it on behalf of the corporation. But parol testimony is admissible to establish the facts, collateral though they may sometimes be, that will make it appear past all doubt whose obligation it is. In this case it was quite proper defendant should prove the “Chicago Beady Boofing Company” was a corporation existing under the laws of this State, and the character of the business transacted by *643it. Such evidence throws much light on the question at issue. Whether defendant was bound to do more than prove the “Chicago Ready Roofing Company” was a de facto corporation, doing business under the laws of this State, is hy no means certain. The legality of the corporation was not put at issue by the pleadings,, and on principle it would seem it were necessary for the defence interposed, defendant should do no more than prove it was a de facto corporation, actually engaged in the business for which it purports to have been organized. This was sufficiently proven by the fact plaintiff did business with the corporation, and in that way recognized its existence. But if it were necessary defendant should prove it was a corporation legally organized in conformity with the laws of this State, the evidence introduced must be regarded as quite sufficient for that purpose. Whether a corporation is legally constituted, involves questions of fact and law. The things done under the statute in and about the organization of the corporation, are, of course, facts susceptible of direct proof, but whether the things, when done, constitute a legal corporation, is a question of law. Since the trial court found the issues for defendant, it may be assumed it found every fact the evidence tends to prove against plaintiff. An affirmance of the judgment of the trial court by the Appellate-Court implies a finding of the facts the same way, which, under the statute, is conclusive on this court. Assuming, then, as may be rightfully done, that everything the evidence tends to show was done touching the organization of the corporation, it sufficiently appears, as a matter of law, the “Chicago Ready Roofing Company” is a corporation existing under the laws of this Staté.
The powers such a corporation could exercise were distinctly defined by the general law under which it was organized and had its existence. It is apparent, then, the “Chicago Ready Roofing Company” was a corporation transacting business, with power under the law to do whatever pertains *644legitimately to the business specified in its certificate of organization. It is inconceivable a person familiar with the business transacted by a corporation, taking a note executed by its officers under its corporate seal, should believe he was obtaining the individual note of the officers whose names are attached to it. It needs no extrinsic evidence to show such a note is the obligation of the corporation. Such is the common understanding from what appears on the face of the instrument itself. A most unreasonable conclusion it would be to hold that a secretary of a corporation who attests such an instrument by his signature and the corporate seal, thereby becomes .a joint maker. That is precisely the ease here. 'Kretzinger was secretary of the corporation, and for aught that appears in this record he did nothing more than attest the execution of the note and affix the seal of the corporation. Should that act, by judicial construction, be held to constitute him a joint maker of the instrument to which his name is attached, it would be to make a note for him which the party himself certainly never had the remotest intention of doing. The same reasoning applies with equal force to defendant, who made the note as president of the corporation, in connection with the secretary, using the seal of the corporation. So far as defendant is concerned, the case is precisely within the principle stated in Hypes v. Griffin. It is apparent on the face of the note itself, it was executed by him as an officer of the corporation, and if it were not so apparent, it is admissible to show the attendant facts and circumstances by extrinsic evidence, from which there can not be the slightest doubt it was the obligation of the corporation. As has been seen, plaintiff himself so treated it, and obtained a judgment on it against the corporation. It is shown the note was given for the balance due from the corporation for materials sold to it by plaintiff. Dealing with the corporation and taking a note made by its officers, with its corporate seal attached, it is most improbable plaintiff *645supposed he was obtaining the individual note of the officers. Had it been so, the note would no doubt have been executed without attaching to the signatures of the makers the name of the corporation. It is still more unusual that persons making an individual note or other obligation would cause it to be attested by the seal of the corporation with which they were connected.
No importance need be attached to the use. of the word “we,” in the body of the note. It was said by this court in The New Market Savings Bank v. Gillet, the word “we” may not improperly be used to denote a corporation aggregate. In the connection it is used in this note it may more appropriately be regarded as referring to the corporation rather than to defendant.
This case is certainly a much stronger one for holding the note in suit to be the obligation of the corporation than the case of The New Market Savings Bank v. Gillet, 100 Ill. 254. In that case the parties making the note used the word “we” in the body of it, as was done in the note in this case, but because it was followed immediately by the name of the corporation of which they were trustees, it was held the word “we” had reference to the corporation, and not to the trustees in their individual capacity. Opposite their signatures was placed the name of the corporation. The conclusion was, it appeared on the face of the note itself it was the obligation of the corporation. More cogent reasons lead to the same conclusion the note in suit was executed officially, and not individually, and the signatures, with the official seal affixed, were placed there as corporate acts, in order to the execution of the note as the obligation of the corporation.
The judgment of the Appellate Court will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
I am unable to concur in this judgment.