The plaintiff in error filed his bill in chancery in the Circuit Court of Christian county to obtain a decree of foreclosure upon a certain deed of trust given to secure the indebtedness set out in the bill.
That indebtedness was evidenced by two certain bonds, aggregating $1,800, signed by B. C. Huskey and Eva J. Huskey, his wife, payable to Thomas J. Bunn, or bearer, six years after their date (April 15, 1874), with interest at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, the interest to be paid semi-annually as per coupons attached.
Though the bonds were payable to said Bunn he was really acting in the capacity of an agent or loan broker, the money being furnished by one Loomis, of Hartford, Connecticut, and the name of Bunn being used only for the sake of convenience. Bunn and. one S. M. Moore, who lived near Huskey and through whom Huskey first applied for the loan, charged Huskey by a special agreement with him a commission of *211eight per cent, for procuring the money, of which commission Bunn received five and Moore three per cent. The lender, Loomis, furnished the entire sum loaned, and from this the commission was retained by Bunn and Moore respectively. With these commissions the lender had nothing to do and they were clearly a matter between the borrower and his agents, Bunn and Moore. The interest was paid for several years, and finally, a default having been made, the property was advertised for sale under the deed of trust. It was then ascertained that Mrs. Huskey had died and therefore it would be necessary to proceed by bill in chancery to foreclose. The complainant having purchased the bonds and taken an assignment thereof, filed this bill against R. Huskey, Alma Huskey sole heir of Eva J. Huskey, deceased, Powell, the trustee, and Fisher, the tenant. The answer of the Huskeys set up usury as a defense,'and that a sum equal to the principal had been paid. The decree upon a final hearing was for the defendants, upon which error is now assigned.
In the ease of Drennan v. Bunn, which was before us at a former term, we had occasion to inquire whether these bonds were tainted with usury, and upon substantially the same state of facts as above set forth we held in the negative. It is unnecessary to repeat the considerations upon which we, reached that conclusion and we need only say we see nothing to induce a change of the ruling then made upon the point.
It is urged, however, that as the decree finds there was usury, and as it is recited that there was oral testimony which has not been preserved, it is to be presumed there was evidence to support the finding.
Originally the practice in chancery required the evidence to be reduced to writing so that the record contained the proof upon which the findings as to contested points were based, and when the evidence in the record failed to support the decree as to such points there was ground for revérsal.
In this respect the practice was and is precisely opposite in proceedings at law, where the rule is, that unless from evidence preserved in the record it appears the judgment is erroneous, it will be affirmed.
*212An analogous difference between proceedings at lawr and in chancery has always prevailed. At law the plea is held to admit an allegation in the'declaration not denied, while in chancery, if the answer neither admits nor denies, the allegation must still be proved.
When the Legislature provided that oral evidence might be heard in chancery causes, it was urged that such testimony need not be preserved, but it was held that the practice had not been changed, and it was still necessary that the record should, upon its face, show the facts requisite to support the decree, though it would be sufficient if such facts appeared in the findings of the decree. This Avas first announced in White v. Morrison, 11 Ill. 361, where it Avas said, “When this statute is acted on, the testimony of the Avitnesses, or the facts proved by them, ought still to appear in the record. It may be stated in the decree, in a bill of exceptions, in a certificate of the judge or in a master’s report; Ave conceive it to be the duty of the Circuit Court to see that the testimony is incorporated in the record in some of these ways. This court avOI not presume that any other proof Avas made than what is thus stated in the record.”
The practice thus declared has since been adhered to, though it is not applicable in such statutory proceedings of a chancery character as mechanics’liens. Kelly v. Chapman, 13 Ill. 530; Ross v. Derr, 18 Ill. 246. Where sufficient facts are recited in the decree it will be presumed they are correctly found un’ess the evidence is preserved and sIioavs the contrary. Cooley v. Scarlett, 38 Ill. 316; McIntosh v. Saunders, 68 Ill. 128.
When the findings of the decree are relied upon, it is essential that the specific facts proved on the hearing should be set out. The findings are merely substituted for the evidence itself, and Avhile such details as the questions and answers, the- expressions of the Avitnesses, their names and the like may be omitted, yet the findings must recite such specific facts as will support the decree. White v. Morrison, supra ; Ward v. Owens,. 12 Ill. 283; Moore v. School Trustees, 19 Ill. 83; Hughes v. Washington, 65 Ill. 245; Marion v. Collins, 98 Ill. 510.
*213The recital in the present decree upon which reliance is had is as follows: “ And the court further finds that there was deducted from said principal the sum of one hundred and forty-four dollars ($144) in advance, which sum so deducted was usury and forfeited all interest.”
This is clearly not sufficient. It does not appear how, or for what purpose, or by whom the deduction was made, but from the fact that it was made and made in advance, the conclusion is drawn that it was usury. It does not even appear that the sum was deducted on account of interest. The phrase, “ Which sum so deducted was usury and thereby forfeited all interest,” merely expresses the inference drawn by the court from the preceding statement that the sum named had been deducted from the principal in advance. But if this language were construed to be declaratory of the fact that the deduction was usurious, still the finding is deficient, for without the particulars attending the deduction and giving it color, it can not be determined whether the transaction was indeed usurious. We regard it, however, as but the statement of a conclusion of law from the fact preceding.
The party affected by the decree can not be deprived of his right to present the facts found by the court upon the evidence, and inquire whether they support the conclusions reached. Hughes v. Washington, supra. The record contains the depositions of Huskey, Moore and Bunn, all concurrent and establishing the point that the deduction of $144 was for the commission of the two latter as agents of the former, for procuring the loan. There was no other deduction. This was the deduction referred to, and its character and purpose appear beyond all dispute from the testimony of the chief actors in the transaction. We can not infer that there was evidence contradicting this proof, merely from the use of the expression above quoted, but, if we could, the expression must be held insufficient as a recital of facts necessary to maintain the decree.
It follows that the decree must be reversed and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.