The appellant sued the appellee in an action of assumpsit on a promissory note given by the latter to Alice Ennor, and averred to have been indorsed to appellant. The note was given in the sum of §6,000, without interest, if paid when due, dated September 18,1882, and due in twelve months from date.
There was a plea of the general issue and notice given in accordance with the provisions of the statute of several special defenses. 1. That the note was never indorsed by the payee to appellant. This was accompanied by affidavit sworn to. 2. The appellee, without notice of any indorsement, paid "the payee the said note in full in a deed for eighty acres of land and the sum of §3,412.43, in full satisfaction of the note. 3. That the note was only held by said appellant as the agent of Alice Ennor, and that it was indorsed fraudulently, and that the appellant paid no consideration for the note. The cause was tried by a jury and resulted in a verdict in favor of appellee, and the court, after overruling a motion for a new trial, gave judgment against the appellant for costs, from which judgment this appeal is taken.
On the trial of the cause two defenses were particularly relied on. The first was that the note had never been indorsed by the payee, and hence no recovery could be had on it in the name of appellant as the legal holder, as was attempted. *447The second was that even if the note had been indorsed by the payee, it was only indorsed for collection, and that after such indorsement the appellant’s agency for collection had been revoked by the payee, and that she had settled the note in full with the appellee, and that nothing remained due on it
Concerning the first issue in regard to the indorsement, the evidence was conflicting and contradictory, but as we view it? sufficient to sustain the verdict. If that had been the only issue, and if the instructions given for appellee had not laid down the law as to the second point of the defense, it would not be necessary to examine the case further. ■ But as the jury may have found for appellee on the theory that, while the note was actually indorsed by Alice Ennor, yet she was the equitable owner and had received full satisfaction of it from appellee, it results that the instructions and rulings of the court concerning the last named issue must be correct, and we must pass on those questions also. We must also pass upon the complaint of the appellant that the court erred in modifying his second and fifth given instructions, the modification complained of being that the court so charged them as to make the right to recover depend on the appellant being the equitable as well as legal owner of the note, instead of his being the legal owner only, as they were offered by appellant. This action of the court is one of the matters most seriously complained of by counsel for appellant. In discussing the merits of the defense offered, we will confine ourselves to the facts and circumstances and the law thereto applicate concerning the alleged payment of the note to Alice Ennor. It appears that appellant is the father of Alice Ennor, and that on May 29, 1878, he deeded to Alice the 160 acres of land afterward sold to the appellee, and for which the note in question was given, for a named consideration in the deed of §4,500, which deed was duly recorded in La Fayette county, Wisconsin, where the land was situated, January 17, 1879. Alice Ennor, on the 18th day of September. 1882, deeded the land in question to the appellee in consideration of §6,000 named in the deed, and for which the note in question was given to her for the amount. It appears that the appellant throughout the *448entire transaction acted for Alice in making the sale of the land to appellee, taking the note and transacting the business generally. It appears, too, that Alice did not pay her father any money for the land. The appellant, after taking, the note in question, held the same in his own possession, and claims that Alice, within about one month after it was given, indorsed it to him in her own hand, as appeared on the back of the note, the name of Alice purporting to be her own handwriting. Some time prior to Hay, 1885, Alice, who was at the time of the trial about fifty-nine years old, and her father, had a falling out, and she undertook to repudiate her father’s right to act as her agent concerning the note any farther, and on the 4th of Hay, 1885, entered into a written contract with appellee wherein it is recited that the land in question was deeded to him under a contract that he was to subdivide said land into ten-acre tracts and sell the same, and make deeds to purchasers, and ’receive for such services all sums or amounts which might be realized over and above the sum of $6,000, and was to be allowed, over and above the sum of $6,000, the sum of $100 for expenses, and that appellee was to be allowed at least $30 per acre for the land remaining unsold when the agency should terminate; and further reciting that appellant retains said note and threatens to sue it and get the money into his own hands against her will, and reciting that the land had been attached as the property of appellant and the moneys realized from the said sale placed in the hands of a trustee to abide the event of the suit. It was therefore agreed in and by said instrument, and she did in terms revoke the agency of appellant in the matters in question and forbid his bringing suit against the appellee in the note, and she further agreed to receive the land remaining unsold (the eighty acres) back, which had been conveyed to appellee in trust, and the further payment to her of the $3,442.43 remaining in the hands of E. L. Bedford, as trustee, in full satisfaction of her claim against appellee. The appellee showed in evidence a receipt signed by said Alice, dated August 24, 1886, in full for the $3,442.43, and a deed back to her of the eighty-acre tract of land, in full .compliance with the terms of said *449last mined agreement. The appellee further showed a notice in writing signed by Alice, directed to appellee, of August 16, 1886, notifying him that she never signed a note for §6,000 to her father for the Elk Grove land and notifying him she would hold him responsible for the amount and authorizing him not to pay it to her father, as it belonged to her. The appellee further showed an indemnifying bond given by Alice to him of the same date with the receipt, agreeing to keep him harmless against the said note and all costs and expenses by reason of its being in the hands of appellant, and against any claim he or any one might have in the note. The evidence no doubt shows that the execution of the contract, the notice and the subsequent payment and accord with Alice ivas done at appellee’s instance.
The appellee sold, in addition to the land for which the $3,442.43 was realized, one other twenty-acre tract, and afterward received a deed hack for it, hut realized the sum of 8400 for it. The deposit of 83,442.43 drew four per cent, interest per annum while the litigation between appellant and the Cleveland Iron Company proceeded, and principal and interest at the time of the date of said receipt amounted to about 83,700, which, added to the $400, makes $4,100 realized by appellee out of the land. The evidence discloses that appellee only paid Alice Ennor, in cash, .$2,400, and gave her a deed for the eighty acres of land unsold, leaving in his hands $1,790 unaccounted for. The evidence shows that appellee had some arrangement with Alice by which he was to keep this -amount, but what that was — whether for fees for legal services (for appellee was an attorney at law) or for what purpose — the evidence does not disclose. It is claimed, in the argument of counsel for appellant, that the land in question was deeded by appellant to Alice Ennor, and the $6,000 note taken in her name as a scheme to prevent the Cleveland Iron Company from reaching the land. It appears that the Cleveland Iron Company had a large judgment which they were trying to collect of the appellant, or, at least, it was in existence at the time of his deed to his daughter. If this theory were correct, and the land was really the land of appellant *450and was neither intended as a gift to his daughter nor was conveyed to her in consideration of his indebtedness to her for money used by him, left to Alice by her mother, and Alice indorsed the note hack to appellant as his own, it would be conceded that the appellant had a right to recover on the note in question, notwithstanding any settlement made by appellee with Alice. The possession of the note by appellant with the indorsement would be sufficient notice to appellee that the note belonged to appellant. But, on the other hand, if the appellant never had any interest in the note except to hold it as the mere agent of Alice, we think it equally clear that she had a right to collect it from the maker, and the mere fact that the legal title to the note was in appellant for collection and that he held the possession, would make no difference. Tie, having no interest in the note, could not insist on its collection after it had been settled with the real owner. And such settlement may be made with the maker by the real owner of a promissory note as against the mere holder of it for collection, either before or after the suit is instituted. Even in case of the indorser of a note holding it as collateral security for a sum less than the face of the note and interest, the maker may have his defense against such indorser as he would have had against the payee, as to any balance due on the note over and above the amount for which the payee held it for security, even though the indorser were an innocent holder. Such defenses are allowed because it is equitable to do so, and it prevents circuity of action. Steere v. Benson, 2 Ill. App. 260; Mayo v. Moore, 28 Ill. 428; President, etc., v. Chapin, 8 Met. 40; Jones v. Heffert, 2 Starkie, 3 Eng. C. L. 356; Atlas Bank v. Doyle, 9 R. I. 76.
The same principle is involved here, and, on the theory of appellee’s case, its application is more forcibly demanded, for the appellant received the indorsement knowing of the peculiar contract concerning the deeding of the land in question to the appellee, besides accepting the indorsement of the note as a mere volunteer. We therefore perceive no error in the modification of the appellant’s second and fifth instructions in the particular complained of. The way the instructions read *451when presented to the court, the entire defense of satisfaction of the note by agreement between Alice and appellee was out off, provided appellant showed by a preponderance of the evidence that the note was actually indorsed by Alice to him and he retained the possession thereof; for then the legal title remained in him though the actual ownership might be in Alice, with whom the appellee had settled. It would have been error to have given the instruction as drawn. It follows, also, that the appellee’s instructions given by the court, based on the idea of equitable title in Alice, the payee, and settlement with her, were proper, and rightfully given.
The objection made that the court allowed the appellee to file a verification to the plea denying the execution of the indorsement after trial commenced, is not well taken. Under our present statute such amendments are allowable at any time before judgment; nor did the court err in refusing to strike special notice of defense from the files. Ho reason is suggested why such action was erroneous, and none occurs to us.
The objections to the admission of evidence for appellee are mostly answered and overruled in principle by the suggestions that we have already made, and we perceive no error in allowing appellee to testify to the supposed signature of Alice Ennor to the indorsements. A sufficient foundation was laid. lie testified that he was acquainted with her signature from seeing it attached to papers known to he signed by her.
The appellant’s counsel contend that the court erred in refusing to give the appellant’s sixth to sixteenth refused instructions. inclusivo; but no cause, is shown in their brief why it was error to refuse them, except as to the seventh to fourteenth inclusive. The theory of the eleventh instruction was that, if the note had been assigned by Alice Ennor to the appellant before it had become due, and had not been paid to him, then he must recover. The reason given for supposing this one good is that appellee was cut off from making his proposed defense, because it was attempting to show failure of consideration or want of consideration for the assignment, and that, it .is insisted, can not be done under the general issue, and must be specially pleaded, citing Sheldon v. Lewis, 97 Ill. 640.
*452It is claimed in appellant’s brief also that it was error to refuse the appellant’s seventh, eighth and eleventh refused instructions, for the further reason that the maker can not question, in a suit against him by the assignee, what consideration the
assignee paid for the note, as it does not concern the maker, citing Edwards on Bills and Promissory Notes, 250, and Burnap v. Cook, 32 Ill. loB. The law cited can not have any application when applied to facts in this case and to the defense set up. There appears to be a misapprehension as' to the nature of the defense relied on. It is not that there was no consideration, or that there was a failure of consideration for the assignment, or that the assignment was void for want of consideration, or that the assignment did not transfer the legal title so that suit could be brought in the name of the appellant. It is admitted that the assignment is valid, so that suit may be brought in the name of appellant, provided there was ah assignment in fact; but the defense is that the appellant ivas, and had been, a mere holder for collection, and not entitled to the same protection as to defenses against the note as an innocent purchaser before maturity for value. The conditions of his holding could be shown in order to Jet in the defense of. payment and settlement made to and with the payee, and the rules above cited are not violated by admitting evidence showing in what capacity appellant held the note in connection with and as a part of the chain of defense. The notice was amply broad to admit it.
It is insisted that the fifteenth refused instruction asked for by appellant should have been given. Thisholdsthat, “if appellee, with the intention of dividing up a large sum of money between himself and his brother and E. L. Bedford, made the payment to Alice Ennor, as claimed by said defendant, then such payment to Alice is no payment of said note,” etc.
This point seems to be much relied on, and a large part of the appellant’s argument is taken up in trying to show the bad faith, improper conduct and fraudulent intentions of appellee, his brother and Bedford, as regards the fund in controversy. It is also attempted to show that appellee has failed to pay all that he ought to have done to Alice in the settlement of the *453note; that he improperly retained §1,700. As we view the matter these considerations are wholly immaterial, provided in reality the money due on the §6,000 note was equitably due to Alice Ennor, and the appellant only held the note as her agent for collection. If Alice Ennor was defrauded by appellee it was no concern of his. She would be the proper person to bring him to account, and not the appellant. And it is presumable she will do so in some other proceeding, if she is not fully satisfied with the settlement. On the hypothesis that the note is hers, the appellant can not interfere. The evidence does not fully disclose and we need not inquire for what consideration appellee was allowed to retain the money he did. It follows, then, that instruction Ho. Id, offered by appellant, was properly refused.
As to the other refused instructions, as there is no error pointed out, we will not examine them, as we suppose if there had been any objection to refusing them it would have been shown what it was. It was not error to command and not advise the jury to find in favor of appellee on the hypothesis contained in his first and second instructions. We think that there was ample evidence on which to base appellee’s third instruction. The appellee had a clear receipt and quittance as against the note from Alice. It was paid partly in money and partly in a deed for eighty acres of land. It was partly paid and partly accorded and was receipted for in full; and if she was the equitable owner, that was good as to appellant, and neither in this instruction nor the fourth could the jury be misled because the instruction used the word “pay” Alice Ennor, as claimed by the defendant, instead of “ settled,” as set out in the fifth. The fifth instruction given for appellee is proper, as we view the law.
The last objection made by appellant’s counsel, that appellee can not set up the defense sought to be made for the reason that the will of Grace Ennor, mother of Alice, gave appellant “power and authority to control Alice Ennor’s property during his lifetime,” will be considered hereafter.
We have now considered all the appellant’s objections concerning the giving, modifying and refusing instructions, *454and the admission of evidence, and it now remains to be con sidered whether the evidence justifies the verdict. To this question we will now address ourselves. It will be observed that the appellant did not offer himself as a witness, and the only evidence he has to rely on to show'that he was the owner of the note in his own right, is the fact that he deeded the land to appellee without any consideration being paid at the tizne, and that after the deed was made to appellee for the land, and the note given to Alice Ennor, he l'etained possession of the note and procured Alice to indorse the note to him, which last claim is hotly contested by appellee and Alice, and perhaps another fact, that about that time he was endeavoring to defeat the collection of the judgment owned by the Cleveland Iron Company. Out of these facts azzd circumstances appellant’s counsel infer that he deeded the land to Alice, for the purpose of defeating the collection of this judgment-Against these facts and circumstances we have the following evidence:
1. Alice Ennor testified: “On September 18, 1882, my father had everything in his own hands and did as he had a mind to with all the property my mother left me. This land was bought with znoney my mother left me. He came over and got me to sign the deed to Mr. Hodson; said it was better to sell it than to pay taxes. I paid the taxes that year, which was $49.50.”
2. M. Y. Johnson was produced as a witness on the part of appellee, and testified as follows: “I know plaintiff; was attorney for the Cleveland Iron Company against hizn. I recollect of his testifying in February, 1882, in regard to the lands in Wisconsin in controversy in this suit. It was in that proceeding where Mr. Ennor was praying to be discharged from arrest in an insolvency proceeding. He testified he was the agent of Alice Ennor; that she received some $8,000 from her mothez-’s will; that $4,000 of the money was in his hands as agent for Alice; that he had a mortgage on this land; that the interest was not paid and he foreclosed it; when it was sold by the sheriff he and some other gentlemen went out there and he bid it off for Alice Ennor, but the sheriff misunderstood and *455struck it off in his name, and the deed was made out to him, and he immediately transferred the deed to Alice Ennor; that is the substance of it,” etc.
3. In addition to this, the will of Grace Ennor, the mother, was introduced in evidence on the ¡'art of appellee, which showed that the testatrix gave “to Alice all personal property belonging to her, unconnected with her husband,” in trust to Wm. Ennor, her husband, in trust for her daughter, Alice, for the purpose hereafter named; also moneys due from her husband, as follows: “All my personal property I give to my only child alive, Alice Ennor; all the furniture in the house; also, my gold watch, with all my clothes; also, the policy of insurance in the Northwestern Insurance Company, at Milwaukee, on my husband’s life for ten years, if he lives,” which insurance was made for her sole benefit. The will further created Wm. Ennor sole trustee for her daughter, Alice, to act and transact all her affairs during his natural life, without control of her husband, etc. The will was duly probated.
The above seems to be the substance of all the evidence on the question of the ownership. We think there is abundance of evidence from which the jury might properly find for the appellee and this question of the ownership of the note.
It will be seen as above stated that appellant did not go upon the witness stand to support his theory of the case or claim under oath that the land was his; indeed, he could not have done so without convicting himself of perjury committed either at the one time or the other. Would the appeliant without his oath denying his former testimony, and on no more evidence than appears in the record now, have us be. lieve that he had committed perjury in such testimony?
But it is suggested that he can hold the note and collect it as the trustee of Alice. This seems to be the last resort to which appellant flies to make out a case. We think under the circumstances he should not be allowed to benefit by such claim as this. As to any trusteeship he may have had, we think he has placed himself in such antagonistic position to the trust that it must be regarded as having been repudiated. It is not shown that he has ever attempted to administer the *456property as Alice’s agent or trustee. He made the deed directly to her without reservation, and by that means placed the land entirely under her control, without regard to the trust? and he should not be allowed to reclaim it. He has also brought this suit in his own name without mention of any trust in the declaration, and claims the money as his own, and if it is collected will hold it as his own. Even in his brief here he strenuously insists that the note is his in his own right, thus repudiating his trusteeship; and in taking dn antagonistic attitude to it, we 'think he can not claim the benefit of it. Alice now has the money, or a greater portion of it, in her own hands, and the deed of the eighty acres in her own name, and the result would be, if appellant succeeds, she would be compelled, under her indemnifying bond to appellee, to surrender it all to appellee, and appellee be compelled to hand it over to him. Seeing that appellant is claiming this fund as his own, we think the law would not sanction such an injustice.
Seeing no error in the record the judgment of the court below is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.