The bill alleges an assignment, in fact, by Bolton to Mrs. Fleming, of the three interest notes in question, for a valuable consideration; but as respects the one of the three which, she paid first, the record is barren of evidence, and the decree does not profess to find any such assignment in fact; indeed, the decree does not find an actual assignment, or assignment in fact, of any of the three notes. It finds an equitable assignment only. Bor is there evidence in the record tending to show that before, at the time, or subsequently to the payment of the first of said notes, there was any arrangement, agreement or understanding, between the two parties, for the purchase by her of said note, ol* any part of said senior mortgage or trust deed. But the evidence is all one way, that she began to take up said interest notes, in pursuance of a determination on her part to redeem the premises from Bolton’s incumbrance, by paying the entire amount thereof; that she *507intended to do this in the exercise of a right of redemption, and not under any conventional arrangement with Bolton, the senior mortgagee; that acting with that intention, she paid the three interest notes, but neither paid, nor offered to pay, any more of the mortgage debt; that of these notes, the one first paid was simply indorsed paid, surrendered to Yeaton, the maker, and by him sent to Mrs. Fleming. The second and third potes, when paid, were respectively indorsed, at the request of Yeaton, “Paid by and assigned to Mrs. Mary E. Fleming without recourse,” and signed by Bolton by an agent.
Mow it is entirely clear that if Mrs. Fleming can be regarded as equitable assignee as respects the first note paid by her, it must be by mere operation of law, and upon principles of equity. And it is equally clear that the general rule as to the right of a junior mortgagee to be subrogated to the rights of the senior by redemption, can have no application to this case; for redemption is the payment of the entire mortgage debt, after forfeiture, by the terms of the mortgage contract; and here only a small part of such debt was paid. In order to be entitled to subrogation, or substitution, by operation of law, to the rights and interests of the senior mortgagee in lands by redemption, the party redeeming must pay the entire amount of an incumbrance which is senior to his own estate. Street v. Beal, 16 Iowa, 68; Johnson v. Harmon, 19 Id. 56; Knowles v. Rablin, 20 Id. 101; Sheldon on Subrogation, § 14; 1 Jones on Mort., § 871; 3 Pom. Eq. Jur., § 1211.
A junior mortgagee who claims to be an equitable assignee, or an assignee by operation of law, stands in the same posision in respect to a partial payment of the senior mortgage debt as a surety does in respect to a partial payment of the claim against his principal.
It is well settled that a surety can neither at law nor in equity call for an assignment- of the claim of the creditor against his principal, or be clothed, by the mere operation of law, and upon principles of equity, with the rights of an assignee of such claim, unless he has paid the entire debt of *?the creditor. A pro tanto assignment will not be allowed. Gannett v. Blodgett, 39 New Hamp. 150; Swan v. Patterson, 7 Md. 164; Commonwealth, etc., v. Ches. & Ohio Canal Co., 32 Id. 501; Magee v. Leggett, 48 Miss. 139; Vest v. Voss et al., 74 Ind. 565; Harlan v. Sweeny, 1 Lea (Tenn.), 682; 1 Lead. Cas. in Eq., 4th Am. Ed. 152; Sheldon on Sub., § 127; Brandt on Suretyship, § 266, and cases in notes.
The courts have sometimes recognized what has been„called a conventional subrogation, resulting from an express agreement with the creditor to the effect that the security held by him shall be assigned to the person paying, or kept on foot for his benefit. Sandford v. McLean, 3 Paige, 122; Receivers of the New Jersey, etc., Railway Co. v. Wortendyke, 27 N. J. Eq., 660. When the right of subrogation is the result of an express agreement, it is no objection that it extends only to a part of the mortgage or other security. Of that character is the case of Brice’s Appeal, 95 Penn. St. 145. That case was one of purely conventional subrogation, and it has no application to the present case. There is no evidence tending to establish any conventional arrangement between Bolton and Mrs. Fleming that the whole or any part of the mortgage of the former should be assigned to the latter, or kept on foot for her benefit.
There can be no presumption of any intention of the parties,- under the circumstances of the case, to have the payment by Mrs. Fleming of the three interest notes operate as an assignment of Bolton’s mortgage pro tanto. And we have shown by the authorities that such partial payment can not be considered as effecting a pro tanto assignment by operation of law and upon principles of equity'. Gannett v. Blodgett, supra.
There being, then, no right of conventional subrogation as the result of express contract, and the coupon note first paid by Mrs. Fleming having been simply canceled, it is entirely clear, upon the above authorities, that it was error in the court below to include the amount of that note in its decree. Then as to the other two notes paid by her and which were indorsed, “Paid by and assigned to Mrs. Mary E. Fleming without re*509course,” we are of opinion that, in view of all the circumstances, we are not warranted in holding that such transaction amounted to a purchase of said notes by Mrs. Fleming, of Bolton, or to an actual assignment by the latter to the former, but should hold, that as between those parties it was in law and in fact a payment, and that the assignment part of the indorsement had reference to the preservation alone of her rights as between her and Yeaton, the person primarily liable, and her mortgagor as well as Bolton’s. We maybe mistaken in this view, bnt it commends itself to our reason and sense of justice, and we are inclined to so hold.
The decree of the court below will be reversed as to appellant, and the canse remanded lor further proceedings not inconsistent witli this opinion.
Decree reversed.