delivered the opinion of the court.
The rule invoked by counsel, that where one person puts *465property in the name of another and thus enables him to acquire credit on the faith of it he can not defeat the claims of creditors who gave the credit on the strength of the record title, has no application to this case, for the reason there is no proof that before or at the time when Charles E. Hall guaranteed the notes upon which judgment was rendered against him, the complainant relied upon his being record owner of the real estate in question or even knew of his being such.
To sustain the allegations of its bill, complainant called as its witness the defendant grantee, William E. Hall. The substance, in part, of his testimony is that as early as 1882 he and his deceased father began dealing in a small way in real estate, purchasing and selling from time to time different pieces; that during this time the father was an employe of the Chicago City Railway Company, and looked after these transactions mornings and evenings or when not otherwise employed, and the witness was attending to his professional duties as a physician, leaving the details of the real estate management mainly to his father; that all the purchases, including the property involved in this suit (excepting that on Vernon avenue) were made on the joint account of both; that in all cases the witness, Dr. Hall, paid half the consideration and at different times advanced to his father divers sums of money to assist him in paying his share of the purchase price; that the title to the properties was taken and held in the father’s name because the witness, being a physician, was afraid that patients might bring blackmailing suits against him for alleged malpractice; that once or more times every year there was an accounting between him and his father in regard to the income and expenses of the properties held on joint account; that the Vernon avenue property was purchased and paid for by Dr. Hall alone and had been occupied by him as a homestead since March, 1896; that on September 26,1898, the date of three of the deeds, his father, being then indebted to him more than $9,000 for money advanced and loaned at various times, conveyed to him in good *466faith and in part satisfaction of said debt his, the father’s, one-half interest in all the properties in question excepting that on Yernon avenue, the latter having been conveyed previously, July 21, 1897.
Dr. Hall, as complainant’s witness, further testified that for many years prior to January, 1895, he carried a small pocket memorandum book in which he entered the amounts advanced by him to his father; that this book he had lost; that at the time of its loss, the amounts in his father’s account in it had been footed up and carried forward and that the amount carried forward was $7,280; that on January 3, 1895, his father called at his office and he told him that according to his recollection the balance due him, as shown by the lost memorandum book, was $7,280; that thereupon his father took from his pocket a small memorandum in which he kept an account of the sums received by him from his son and after looking at it said the balance of $7,280 was correct; that the witness then directed his bookkeeper to enter this balance in his office ledger, which was done, and the following entry was made on page 197 of the ledger, showing an account marked “ C. E. Hall,” to wit, “ 1895, Jan. 3, Acct. brot. up to 7280;” that the entry was made -because of the loss of witness’ memorandum book; that he himself entered the amount brought forward in a small memorandum book in which he afterward kept account of all sums advanced by him to his father after January 3,1895.
The first item of this account is; “Acct. from c. b., $7280.” The figure 7 is not in alignment with the figures 280, is smaller in size and is made with a finer and cleaner stroke. The master found the “ 7 ” was not written at the same time as the “ 280.”
No note or receipt or evidence of indebtedness of any kind from the father- to the son was produced on the hearing. The witness testified he never took a note, receipt or other paper from his father except upon one occasion when a receipt was given; but it was not produced, the witness saying he did not know what had become of it.
*467The witness voluntarily produced a memorandum book found by him among his father’s papers after his death, certain portions of which the complainant offered in evidence. In it the father kept an account with various parcels of real estate, including the properties in question. The accounts make no mention of the son as an owner of any interest in the properties.
The witness also voluntarily produced and offered in evidence a tax receipt book containing one receipt for taxes paid August 30,1899, on the S. Chicago avenue lot, in which the “ C ” before “ E. Hall ” seems to have been changed to “ W,” either at the time of issuing the same or afterward. Other receipts show a similar change. When it was made or by whom is not shown.
It further appeared that the father had practically no property other than that which he conveyed to his son, and that in purchasing the same and other pieces in which the son claims that he and his father dealt at different times, the father was the only person known to the sellers and grantors and their agents. So also, when mortgages and trust deeds were executed upon the real estate, either to secure the unpaid purchase money or loans contracted by the father, he was generally the only person known in the transactions.
Dr. Hall was examined at very great length in behalf of the complainant, and as the master says, his “ testimony and the other evidence does not indicate a state of facts or a course of dealing with his father or business habits such as are ordinarily found among business men. It is very indefinite and uncertain and contains many inconsistencies. His testimony is also directly in conflict with other evidence in the case in a number of particulars.” To which it mav be added that he testified without sufficient regard for the sanctity of an oath and in an easy, careless way, much as might be expected from a man who, according to his own statements, was in the habit of carrying large sums of monev on his person or would keep his money in apparently unsafe and exposed places, or would entrust it to his neighbors for *468temporary safekeeping. Yet he showed considerable familiarity with the general features of most of the real estate transactions, although unable to give with any degree of accuracy the dates of deeds, the amount of the consideration, how it was made up, whether in cash or notes and how much was in notes; and he differed quite materially in many instances from the accounts given by the parties or their agents, to whom certain pieces were sold or from whom they were purchased. In such matters, however, after some lapse of time, accuracy of recollection is seldom met with. The general impression created upon us by reading his testimony is that while as to details he is by no means a reliable or trustworthy witness and does not always pay that regard to precision and exactness which is demanded from a person on the witness-stand, yet he does not intentionally utter a falsehood, and we can readily understand how the master came to say that “ the personal appearance and manner of ITilliam E. Hall when on the stand did not impress me unfavorably.”
Appellee and others testified in his behalf that he had carried on with one Pfiaum, since deceased, as agent for the owner, the negotiations for the purchase of the Yernon avenue property and had paid to him the purchase price for it; that they had frequently seen appellee handle and have in his possession large sums of money and hand them in whole or in part to his father to be by him used in the joint deals in which they were engaged, and that appellee for many years before the execution of the deeds sought to be set aside had exercised acts of dominion over some of the properties conveyed, such as listing one of them for sale with a real estate agent, having a barn built and repairs made on them, paying for the improvements, etc. There was no controversy over the fact that ■ he had been in the sole occupancy of the Yernon avenue premises as his homestead since March, 1896.
There is no direct proof that the monetary transactions between appellee and his father, testified to by appellee and others, did not take place; nor is there any proof that he *469did not enjoy the professional income which he claimed, except his slowness in paying a small debt.
The main difficulty with appellant’s case is presented by the uncontradicted testimony of appellee and Whittlesey in regard to the circumstances under which the deeds in controversy came to be given and the then existing situation. Against the advice of appellee his father became interested and acquired some stock in the Minnehaha Granite Company, the notes of which he subsequently guaranteed. Having reluctantly advanced him moneys for that purpose, appellee later on became uneasy about the affairs of the company and his father’s relations to it and suggested to him during the winter of 1896-97, that they had better have a settlement of their accounts and straighten out their real estate matters, appellee asking his father to deed over to him the Vernon avenue property, and as to the others that he would either buy him out or his father should acquire his interest. Accordingly they met by appointment at the office of Elisha Whittlesey, Jr., the then attorney of the father, in March, 1897, just about six months before the notes were guaranteed, and in the presence of Whittlesey, he participating and aiding therein, had a complete settlement, at which it was found that the father then owed his son over $9,000, and it was agreed that he should deed to him the properties in question (except that on Vernon avenue), “ in satisfaction of the indebtedness,” as Whittlesey testifies. Previously G. E. Hall had been at his lawyer’s office a number of times and told him that he and his son owned jointly the properties on South Chicago, Ontario and Wabash avenues, and that he was deeply in his son’s debt for moneys advanced to him to pay for his interest in these lots and to make other payments.
Some time elapsed before the arrangement agreed on was carried out, but on July 21, 1897, nearly two months before the contingent liability giving rise to the judgment upon which appellant’s bill is based began to have any existence, the deed to the Vernon avenue premises was executed, acknowledged and delivered to appellee. It was filed for *470record on the 28th day of September following, the same day on which the other deeds were made in pursuance of the agreement entered into six months before. At that time the only debts owed by C. E. Hall were secured, having arisen out of his and his son’s real estate transactions. Ho occasion or inducement existed for the perpetration of a fraud. It is not shown that even on September 28th the son had any knowledge that his father had guaranteed the notes on the 15th. So far as appears neither party, to the deeds was actuated by any fraudulént motive in their execution; and if the grantor had such motive, it does not appear that the grantee knew of it.
Hr. Whittlesey was one of the solicitors in the present litigation and should have severed his connection with it before he gave his testimony. His failure to do so, while it subjects him to deserved criticism, does not disqualify him as a witness nor of itself justify the rejection of his testimony. We have carefully considered it and do not feel warranted in disregarding it.
If, as appellant’s counsel contend, William E. Hall and Whittlesey conspired together and concocted a plot to defraud the creditors of Charles E. Hall, and their testimony be a tissue of perjury from beginning to end, they would more likely have made it a part of their plan to give Charles E. Hall either no interest whatever or a half interest in all the lots, not excepting the Yernon avenue property.
We agree with the master in holding that since the execution of the deeds William E. Hall has had charge and possession of the premises conveyed, and that there is no secret trust in him for the benefit of Charles E. Hall or his heirs.
The master and the chancellor erred in ruling that “ fraud must .be proven to the satisfaction of the court,” and that the complainant “ must satisfy the mind of the court of the truth of the allegations of the bill.” A preponderance of the proof will suffice (Carter v. Gunnels, 67 Ill. 270; King-man v. Reinemer, 166 Ill. 208; Bank v. Lyon, 185 Ill. 343; Smith v. Edelstein, 92 Ill. App. 38); but we do not think this measure of proof has been furnished.
The decree dismissing the bill will be affirmed.