The two principal questions arising on the present record are; first, as to right of the sheriff of Cook county to an allowance for disbursements in executing a writ of attachment in addition to his poundage or commissions, and other specific fees prescribed by the statute; and if he is so entitled, then secondly, whether his claim in the present case was for services and expenses actually necessary, and were reasonable in amount, and also the further incidental question, by whom are such costs and expenses to be allowed and taxed.
At common law the sheriff was bound to perform his duties gratuitously, and if he was entitled to make any charge for his services, he must show his title under some act of parliament. Bac. Ab. Tit. “ Fees;” 2 T. R. 158; 18 Eng. Com. L. R. 87.
*503The constitution, of 1870 (Art. 19, Sec. 9), provides that the sheriff of Cook county shall receive as his only compensation for services, a salary to be fixed by law. By the act of 1872, concerning fees and salaries, (R. S. Chap. 53), Cook county was assigned to the third class, and the sheriff’s salary fixed at $6,000 per year as his only compensation, to be paid out of the fees of his office. He is required to make semi-annual returns of the fees and emoluments of his office to the county commissioners. Section 19 enumerates specific services, and the fees prescribed therefor, which are to be taxed as sheriff’s costs, and also contains the following provisions: “ For taking possession of and removing property levied on, the actual costs of such possession and removal.” By the act of 1874, this provision was amended so as to read, “ the necessary actual costs.”
The last clause of section 19 is as 'follows: “In addition to the above fees, there shall be allowed to. the several sheriffs in this State a commission of three per cent, on all sales of execution, etc., * * * and no other fees or compensation whatever shall be allowed on any execution, except the necessary expenses for keeping personal property to be ascertained and allowed by the court out of which the same shall issue. ”
From these various provisions it will be seen, first, that the fees of the sheriff of Cook county are not his individual perquisites, but are provided for by wav of indemnity to the county, for the expenses of the sheriff’s office, including his salary, and constitute a part of the public revenues of the county, The sheriff has no direct personal interest in them.
Secondly, that express provision is made for an allowance of the necessary actual costs of taking possession of and removing property levied on. The provision for such allowance is no less plain than is the provision for a taxable fee of fifty cents for serving an execution or writ of attachment, or for a commission of three per cent, on sales, the only difference being that in one case the amount of compensation is fixed, and in the other is necessarily left for ascertainment. And such possession must be held to include, not merely the original taking, but also the keeping of the property to answer the exi. gency of the writ.
*504It is claimed by appellant that as it is the duty of the sheriff to take and safely keep property levied on by him, the labor and expense incident thereto must be -borne by him without other compensation than his salary; and it is argued that though this might operate harshly in a,given case, the loss, if any, would be made up in another case, and the sheriff must take the good with the bad; that this was a risk he assumed when he took the office. And such was the ruling in the leading case of Crofeet v. Brandt, in an elaborate opinion by Folger J., 47 How. Pr. P. 263; so in Slater v. Haines, 7 M. & W. 413, the sheriff was allowed his poundage, and such fees as were prescribed by the table of fees framed under certain statutes, and although-he was put to .extra trouble and expense, he was refused more. And in Lane v. Sewell, 1 Chit. R. 175, it is laid down that where the service falls within the general duty of the sheriff, he is not entitled to any extra compensation.
It is a sufficient answer to these, and many like cases we have looked into, that the decisions were made in the absence of any statutory provision, and were based upon the rule of the common law. Moreover, as under the statute, the sheriff of Gook county has no right to any of the fees collected by him, he could not reimburse himself for losses sustained in one case, by the fees collected in another case, and so the application of such a rule to him might work a great hardship.
It is further insisted that the statute authorizing the making of an allowance, only applies to the case of property taken on an execution, and is not applicable to writs of attachment. It is true, the last clause of section 19 above quoted, applies to executions only. But the authority for making an allowance incases of property seized on writs of "attachment does not depend upon that provision. By the act of 1872, as amended by the law of 1874, it is provided: “ For levying an execution or serving a writ of attachment, fifty cents, and five cents a mile each way. For taking possession of or removing property levied on, the she'riff shall be allowed to tax the necessary actual costs of such possession or removal.” The natural and fair construction of these two clauses, standing together as they do, is that the words “ levied on,” are used in the sense *505of taken and refer as well to the taking on a writ of attachnient, as to the taking on an execution. The need of an allowance is, at least, as great in the case of property attached, where it is liable to remain in possession of the sheriff for an indefinite period, awaiting the disposition of the attachment issues, as it is in the case of goods taken on an execution where they may be disposed of speedily.
Another objection urged is, that the court had no authority, in the first instance, to ascertain and allow the sheriff’s charges, but that the clerk should have first taxed the same, and the court could only pass upon them on a motion to re-tax. It is the duty of the clerk to tax all specific fees, the amount of which is fixed by the statute, but he is invested with no judicial power to pass upon and determine allowances, the amounts of which vary with the circumstances of each case, and the determination of which involves the exercise of judicial discretion and judgment. Such allowances must first be ascertained by the court, and then it becomes the duty of the clerk to tax them as costs. The words of the statute are, “the sheriff shall be allowed to tax the necessary costs,” etc.; bu this must be intended to mean he shall be allowed to cha/rge for such costs, and his charge shall be subject to the approval of the court.
1 . Our conclusion on this branch of the case is, that allowances may be made to the sheriff, in a proper case, for the necessary actual costs of taking possession of, removing and keeping property taken on a writ of attachment, and that such allowances are to be, primarily, determined by the court.
Was the allowance made by the court proper?
<' Taken as a whole, the sheriff’s bill of charges impresses us as being swollen and unreasonable. The large sum of $3,315 is charged for removing and keeping for six months or thereabouts, property, not of a perishable nature, of the presumable value of $10,500, the amount of the plaintiff’s claim. So large a bill is calculated to challenge unfavorable comment at the outset. Had the attachment issue remained undisposed of for a year and a half, not a very unusual period, the entire stock would have been well-nigh exhausted, in satisfying the- costs, *506leaving little, if anything, for the attaching creditor. Such a result would be a reproach to the law, and could only be justilled by the clearest necessity.
It may be, and perhaps is, true in respect to some of tiie items in the account, that there is no sufficient data by which we can test the correctness of the findings of the court below, and say they are manifestly contrary to the evidence. For example, the charges of $54 for tying up spokes and shafts in bundles prior to moving, and cash paid laborers, $204, depend upon the amount of time necessarily consumed, in respect to which the evidence is not very definite, and to some extent is conflicting. But as to the two principal items, the charge for rent, and for guarding the property, the finding of the court can not be upheld.
The charge of $1,950 for storing one-half the property at Brown’s for five months and a half .is out of all reason. Conceding it was necessary to remove the property from the place where it was attached, it was the duty of the sheriff to have made all reasonable efforts to find a place of storage at a reasonable price. Brown, or whoever else he might apply to, was required to take notice that the limit of the sheriff’s authority was to pay a fair and reasonable sum for storing the property, and that he could not bind the plaintiffs, nor the owners of the property, by an agreement to pay more. It appears they made no definite bargain as to the amount of rental; but Brown admits that he sent a bill at the end of the first two months at $300 per month, fifty dollars a month less then he was allowed by the court. But if the sheriff had expressly agreed to pay $350, or any sum in excess of what was reasonably necessary to obtain a suitable place of storage, the agreement would have been as to such excess, void, as against the plaintiff in the attachment.
We shall not stop to analyze the testimony on this branch of the case. Most of the witnesses on the part of the sheriff, based their estimates of the value of the rental on the charges customary in public warehouses. Such warehouse charges constitute an improper standard by which to measure the sheriff’s authority to charge for the storage of property taken by him on *507execution or attachment, and should not have been considered by the court in making the allowance for rental. The law imposes upon the sheriff the duty of safely keeping property levied on by him, and he can not relieve himself from responsibility in that behalf by requiring the plaintiff to pa} for storage prices which might be proper in the case of goods stored in a public warehouse; for this would be, in effect, to compel the plaintiff to assume, at least in part, the sheriff’s responsibility. The statute allows him to charge for the necessary actual expenses of taking and holding the property. To that extent he is entitled to indemnity, but no further. The testimony should therefore have been confined to the fair rental value of so much of the premises as was reasonably necessary.
We are also of opinion that the allowance of $850 and upwards, for custodians’ fees was, under the proofs, largely in excess of what was proper. Aside from the fact that the property had been levied on upon other writs, which should have shared proportionately in the expenses of taking care of it, we think $400 or $500, was the utmost limit of the necessary cost of guarding the property. It did not need a person of skill to act as watchman; a common laborer was all that was reasonably necessary. It appears that for a considerable period, two custodians were employed at a charge of five dollars a day for each man. Such an expense seems to us extravagant. If, as was claimed, five dollars was the customary price paid in such case, it is a custom that should not be followed. Public officers in the execution of process necessitating the expenditure of money in employing assistants, or otherwise, must exercise a reasonable prudence and economy, such as is exercised by the average prudent man in the management of his private business, and when they fail to do so, courts should refuse to make an allowance by way of reimbursing them to any extent beyond their necessary actual outlays.
The judgment of the court below must be reversed and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.