delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiff appeals the circuit court’s dismissal of his second and third amended complaints, which alleged defendants unlawfully discharged him in retaliation for “blowing the whistle” on their violations of the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) (42 U.S.C. § 9601 et seq. (1994)), as later action is barred by the doctrine of res judicata.
On appeal, we consider whether dismissal of plaintiff’s federal administrative retaliatory discharge proceeding “with prejudice” for want of prosecution constitutes a “judgment on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction” and thus warrants dismissal of plaintiff’s state statutory retaliatory discharge action as being barred under principles of res judicata. Because the orders of the circuit court were entered pursuant to section 2 — 619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2 — 619 (1998)), our standard of review is de novo. Spiegel v. Hollywood Towers Condominium Ass’n, 283 Ill. App. 3d 992, 998 (1996), citing Kedzie & 103rd Currency Exchange, Inc. v. Hodge, 156 Ill. 2d 112, 116-17 (1993). We reverse and remand for trial.
According to plaintiffs complaint, he was employed by Lockheed Environmental Systems and Technologies Company, a subsidiary of Lockheed Corporation (Lockheed), from 1991 to 1994. His job as a senior scientist was to supervise organic chemical analyses of water brought to the Chicago laboratory of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) from sites that had been identified as toxic waste dumps within the scope of CERCLA.
According to plaintiff’s complaint, a supervisor ordered him to alter certain chemical test results. Plaintiff, believing that such alteration would violate CERCLA, refused and reported the suspected violation to Lockheed through confidential internal channels. Then, another supervisor requested that he alter the test results. Plaintiff refused and was subsequently demoted, barred from entering the laboratory and humiliated in various ways. After he was demoted and barred from the lab, plaintiff again reported the suspected violation to Lockheed. Lockheed informed plaintiff that he would be terminated and compelled him to resign. According to plaintiffs complaint, Lockheed’s actions toward him were in retaliation for, and as a result of, his reports that his supervisors had violated CERCLA.
Plaintiff filed a charge with the United States Department of Labor (Department) pursuant to the retaliatory discharge provision of CERCLA (42 U.S.C. § 9610 (1994)). Following an investigation, the Department determined the charges were well-founded and ordered Lockheed to reinstate plaintiff to his employment. Lockheed appealed the order and the case was assigned to a Department administrative law judge (ALJ).
*238Later, plaintiff filed a complaint in the state circuit court against Lockheed which alleged, inter alia, retaliatory discharge. The next day, plaintiff notified the ALJ of the state circuit court case and indicated his desire to terminate the Department proceeding.
Plaintiff asked Lockheed to stipulate to a dismissal of the Department proceeding. Lockheed refused unless the dismissal was “with prejudice.” Plaintiff rejected Lockheed’s offer and moved to stay the Department proceeding while he prosecuted his claim in state circuit court. Lockheed objected to a stay and moved for dismissal of the Department proceeding with prejudice.
The ALJ denied both the motion for a stay and the motion for dismissal with prejudice and entered two amended scheduling orders. Based upon those orders, Lockheed pressed to take plaintiffs deposition. Plaintiff refused and moved for voluntary dismissal of the Department proceeding explaining, “Complainant Wenig has elected to prosecute his actions solely in the Circuit Court of Cook County where his lawsuit has been docketed as 95 L 8953.” Lockheed had no objection to the dismissal, but insisted that it should be “with prejudice” so plaintiff would have “no further recourse to the Department of Labor.” (Emphasis omitted.)
Citing this procedural history, the ALJ issued an order to show cause why the Department proceeding should not be dismissed with prejudice. Plaintiff did not respond and the ALJ dismissed the Department proceeding with prejudice.
Based upon the “with prejudice” language in the ALJ’s dismissal order, Lockheed raised res judicata as an affirmative defense in plaintiffs state circuit court case. Plaintiff argued that res judicata does not apply unless the prior adjudication is “on the merits” and that the Department proceeding had not addressed the merits of the claim. Lockheed argued that the ALJ applied Rule 41(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Fed. R. Civ. P 41(b)) and, thus, the dismissal was an adjudication on the merits. Initially, the circuit court agreed with plaintiff and dismissed, inter alia, Lockheed’s res judicata affirmative defense. However, while the parties prepared for trial in the state circuit court, a new judge assumed the case and plaintiff filed a second amended complaint. Lockheed resurrected its res judicata defense and presented it to the new judge as a motion to dismiss the second amended complaint. The circuit court, by the new judge, granted Lockheed’s motion and entered an order stating there were no just grounds to delay the appeal under Supreme Court Rule 304(a). 155 Ill. 2d R. 304(a). Plaintiff filed his notice of appeal as to the second amended complaint.
Meanwhile, plaintiff obtained leave to file a third amended com*239plaint in order to add Lockheed Martin (created from the merger of Lockheed Corporation and Martin-Marietta Corporation) and Lockheed Martin Advanced Environmental Systems (the successor to the original defendant, Lockheed Environmental Systems and Technologies, Inc.) as defendants. The new judge granted the request for leave to file the third amended complaint over Lockheed’s objections, but then dismissed it as being barred by res judicata as to the new defendants. Plaintiff filed his notice of appeal as to the third amended complaint. The two cases were consolidated on appeal.
The doctrine of res judicata bars the refiling of an action previously adjudicated on the merits when the action is directed against the same parties and involves the same claims. Rein v. David A. Noyes & Co., 172 Ill. 2d 325, 334, 665 N.E.2d 1199 (1996). The doctrine applies if three conditions are satisfied: (1) a final judgment on the merits has been entered in the first lawsuit by a court of competent jurisdiction; (2) an identity of causes of action exists; (3) the parties or their privies are identical in both lawsuits. Rein, 172 Ill. 2d at 335. Here, there is no issue as to criterion (2) or (3). The question is whether the ALJ’s dismissal of plaintiffs Department proceeding with prejudice for failure to prosecute constitutes a final judgment on the merits that has been entered in the first lawsuit by a court of competent jurisdiction.
Historically, courts refused to give administrative decisions res judicata effect because administrative agencies are instruments of executive power, not courts of law. See, e.g. Pearson v. Williams, 202 U.S. 281, 284-85, 26 S. Ct. 608, 610 (1906); Churchill Tabernacle v. Federal Communications Comm’n, 160 P.2d 244, 246 (D.C. Circ. 1947); Jager v. Illinois Liquor Control Comm’n, 74 Ill. App. 3d 33, 43, 392 N.E.2d 176, 183 (1979). However, given the proliferation of administrative hearings in the last half century, the United States Supreme Court eased the strictness of this rule, reasoning that, when an administrative agency acts in a judicial capacity and resolves disputed issues of fact properly before it which the parties had an adequate opportunity to litigate, there is “neither need nor justification for a second evidentiary hearing on these matters already resolved as between these two parties.” United States v. Utah Construction & Mining Co., 384 U.S. 394, 422, 16 L. Ed. 2d 642, 661, 86 S. Ct. 1545, 1560 (1966). See also Kremer v. Chemical Construction Corp., 456 U.S. 461, 72 L. Ed. 2d 262, 102 S. Ct. 1883 (1982); Astoria Federal Savings & Loan Ass’n v. Solimino, 501 U.S. 104, 107, 115 L. Ed. 2d 96, 104, 111 S. Ct. 2166, 2169 (1991). An agency is said to act in a judicial capacity when it provides: “(1) representation by counsel, (2) pretrial discovery, (3) the opportunity to present memoranda of law, (4) examination and cross-examination at the hearing, (5) the opportunity to introduce exhibits, *240(6) the chance to object to evidence at the hearing, and (7) final findings of fact and conclusions of law.” Reed v. AMAX Coal Co., 971 F.2d 1295, 1300 (7th Cir. 1992). Thus, the current rule regarding administrative res judicata provides that “[w]hen an agency conducts a trial-type hearing, makes findings, and applies the law, the reasons for treating a decision as res judicata are the same as the reasons for applying res judicata to a decision of a court that has used the same procedure.” Drummond v. Commissioner of Social Security, 126 F.3d 837, 841 (6th Cir. 1997), citing 2 K. Davis, Administrative Law Treatise § 13.3 (3d ed. 1994).
Illinois courts accept and adopt this analysis. Raper v. Hazelett & Erdal, 114 Ill. App. 3d 649, 652, 449 N.E.2d 268, 270 (1983), quoted Utah Construction with approval regarding the general principles of res judicata despite a resolution on other grounds. More recently, the court in Powers v. Arachnid, Inc., 248 Ill. App. 3d 134, 617 N.E.2d 864 (1993), provided a thoughtful analysis of administrative res judicata. In all six cases discussed by the Powers court (Osborne v. Kelly, 207 Ill. App. 3d 488, 565 N.E.2d 1340 (1991); McCulla v. Industrial Comm’n, 232 Ill. App. 3d 517, 597 N.E.2d 875 (1992); Pedigo v. Johnson, 130 Ill. App. 3d 392, 474 N.E.2d 430 (1985); Martinez v. Admiral Maintenance Service, 157 Ill. App. 3d 682, 510 N.E.2d 1122 (1987); Colvett v. L. Karp & Sons, Inc., 211 Ill. App. 3d 731, 570 N.E.2d 611 (1991); Mitchell v. Jewel Food Stores, 142 Ill. 2d 152, 568 N.E.2d 827 (1990)), the question of res judicata arose only after the administrative agency conducted a hearing on the merits of the controversy before it and made findings of fact on contested issues.
Allahar v. Zahora, 59 F.3d 693 (7th Cir. 1995), is instructive. There, the Allahars filed a claim with the Illinois Department of Human Rights (IDHR) alleging Zahora had violated their civil rights. Shortly thereafter, the Allahars filed a similar claim in federal district court and notified the IDHR that they wished to withdraw their IDHR claim. However, the IDHR dismissed the Allahars’ administrative complaint for failure to comply with its procedures because the Allahars failed to complete the paperwork attendant to a voluntary withdrawal.
Later, in the federal district court, Zahora moved for summary judgment claiming the IDHR dismissal barred the Allahars’ federal district court claim under the doctrine of res judicata because the IDHR dismissal was an adjudication on the merits of the same claim. The federal district court disagreed and denied the motion for summary judgement.
The seventh circuit upheld the denial of Zahora’s motion, stating:
“Agency decisions may have a preclusive effect, but only in the *241limited area of factfinding. ‘[FJederal courts must give the agency’s fact-finding the same preclusive effect to which it would he entitled in the State’s courts.’ University of Tennessee v. Elliott, 478 U.S. 788, 799, 106 S. Ct. 3220, 3226, 92 L. Ed. 2d 635 (1986) (emphasis added).
In this case, however, there was no hearing on the merits or fact-finding by the IDHR prior to dismissal. The Allahars merely filed the case and then failed to complete the requisite paperwork for a voluntaiy dismissal. The IDHR’s dismissal was certainly not based on the merits of the case nor did any factfinding occur at that juncture. The IDHR’s dismissal was a self-defined action of administrative closure — a dismissal prompted by the Allahars’ stated intent to withdraw the claim. This occurred before any fact-finding or consideration of the case by the IDHR.” 59 F.3d at 696.
Here, as in Allahar, the dismissal of plaintiffs Department proceeding was not the result of a hearing on the merits or fact finding by the ALJ, but the result of plaintiffs efforts to withdraw his Department proceeding so he could proceed against Lockheed in the state circuit court. Moreover, the record reveals the ALJ added the “with prejudice” language to its dismissal order to prevent plaintiff from reinstating his Department proceeding if the state circuit court case did not proceed to his satisfaction, not to prevent plaintiff from proceeding with the state circuit court case. Accordingly, dismissal of plaintiffs state circuit court case based upon administrative res judicata was error.
Lockheed, nevertheless, contends that because the dismissal of plaintiffs Department proceeding was entered pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b), which states that a dismissal for failure to prosecute “operates as an adjudication upon the merits,” plaintiffs state circuit court claim is res judicata. In support, Lockheed relies upon Blaszczak v. City of Palos Hills, 123 Ill. App. 3d 699, 463 N.E.2d 762 (1984), and Martin-Trigona v. Gouletas, 105 Ill. App. 3d 28, 433 N.E.2d 1132 (1982).
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure may be adopted by a federal agency for its own use, but federal administrative rules do not bind the state courts. Fed. R. Civ. P 1 (stating that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure govern the procedure of the United States district courts); Fed. R. Civ. R. 81 (applicability in general). Thus, although the Department adopted the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for its own use and the ALJ dismissed plaintiffs Department proceeding pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b) for failure to prosecute, Illinois courts are not bound to accept that this was an “adjudication on the merits” warranting dismissal of plaintiffs state circuit court *242case as being barred by res judicata. Lockheed’s reliance on Blaszczak and Martin-Trigona is misplaced. Blaszczak and Martin-Trigona involved the dismissal of a federal district court claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b) as the basis for res judicata, not the dismissal of a federal agency decision based upon an administrative rule, patterned after Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b), as the basis for res judicata. The distinction makes a difference. As Utah Construction and its progeny make clear, federal administrative res judicata applies only when the administrative agency acts in a judicial capacity to resolve disputed issues of fact which the parties had an adequate opportunity to litigate.
Here, the ALJ issued scheduling orders and considered the parties’ arguments as to plaintiff’s efforts to voluntarily dismiss the Department proceeding. However, the ALJ conducted no hearing on the merits of the case and resolved no disputed issues of fact. Thus, the orders of the circuit court dismissing plaintiffs state statutory retaliatory discharge action as being barred by res judicata were error.
Accordingly, we reverse the orders of the circuit court dismissing plaintiffs state statutory retaliatory discharge action and remand the matter for further proceedings.
Reversed and remanded.
ZWICK, EJ., and CAMPBELL, J., concur.