*1286In this consolidated action, Plaintiffs New Mexico Garlic Growers Coalition and El Bosque Farms (collectively "NMGGC"), Consolidated Plaintiff, Qingdao Tiantaixing Foods Co., Ltd. ("QTF"), and Plaintiff-Intervenors, Shandong Jinxiang Zhengyang Import & Export Co., Ltd. ("Zhengyang") and Jining Alpha Food Co., Ltd. ("Alpha") (together with Zhengyang, "separate rate respondents"), challenge the U.S. Department of Commerce's ("Commerce" or the "agency") final results and partial rescission of the 21st administrative review ("AR 21") of the antidumping duty order on fresh garlic from the People's Republic of China ("PRC" or "China"). See Fresh Garlic from the People's Republic of China , 82 Fed. Reg. 27,230 (Dep't Commerce June 14, 2017) (final results and partial rescission of the 21st antidumping duty admin. review; 2014-2015) (" Final Results "), ECF No. 23-5, and accompanying Issues and Decision Mem., A-570-831 (June 7, 2017) ("I & D Mem."), ECF No. 23-6.1 For the reasons discussed below, the Final Results are sustained.
BACKGROUND
In 1994, Commerce issued an order imposing antidumping duties on fresh garlic from the PRC. See Antidumping Duty Order: Fresh Garlic from the People's Republic of China , 59 Fed. Reg. 59,209 (Dep't of Commerce Nov. 16, 1994) (AD Order ). Commerce calculated a weighted-average duty margin for the PRC-wide *1287entity of 376.67 percent. AD Order , 59 Fed. Reg. at 59,210.
In November 2015, Commerce published a notice informing interested parties of the opportunity to request an administrative review of the AD Order for the period of review ("POR") November 1, 2014, through October 31, 2015. See Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Order, Finding, or Suspended Investigation ; Opportunity to Req. Admin. Review , 80 Fed. Reg 67,706, 67,707 (Dep't Commerce Nov. 3, 2015). In response, Commerce received requests from multiple entities; three of those entities, Zhengzhou Harmoni Spice Co., Ltd. ("Harmoni"), Fresh Garlic Producers Association and its individual members (collectively, "FGPA"),2 and NMGGC, requested a review of Harmoni. See Req. for Admin. Review of the Antidumping Duty Order on Fresh Garlic from the PRC (Nov. 30, 2015), PR 6, CJA Vol. I, PJA Vol. I; Pet'rs' Review Req.; Req. for Antidumping Review of Zhenghou [sic] Harmoni Spice Co., Ltd. and Affiliates (Nov. 28, 2015) ("NMGGC Review Req."), PR 4, CJA Vol. I, PJA Vol. I; Respondent Selection Mem. (March 1, 2016) ("Selection Mem.") at 2, CR 15, PR 47, CJA Vol. I, PJA Vol. I (noting that the agency received requests for review of 44 Chinese exporters).
Commerce initiated AR 21 on January 7, 2016. Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Admin. Reviews , 81 Fed. Reg. 736 (Dep't Commerce Jan. 7, 2016) ("Initiation Notice "). Due to the large number of producers and exporters involved, Commerce selected Harmoni and QTF, the two producers and exporters "with the largest volume of imports of subject merchandise during the POR," as mandatory respondents.3 Selection Mem. at 4. After Commerce initiated AR 21 but before it published its preliminary results, FGPA and Harmoni withdrew their review requests with respect to Harmoni. Harmoni Withdrawal of Review Req. (Mar. 4, 2016), PR 49, CJA Vol. I PJA Vol. I; Pet'rs' Withdrawal of Certain Reqs. for Admin. Review (Mar. 11, 2016), PR 71, CJA Vol. I, PJA Vol. I.
Commerce published its preliminary results on December 9, 2016. Fresh Garlic from the People's Republic of China , 81 Fed. Reg. 89,050 (Dep't Commerce Dec. 9, 2016) (prelim. results and partial rescission of the 21st antidumping duty admin. review; 2014-2015), PR 401, CJA Vol. IV, PJA Vol. IV, and accompanying Decision Mem., A-570-831 (Dec. 5, 2016) ("Prelim. Mem."), PR 389, CJA Vol. III, PJA Vol. III. Commerce preliminarily determined that QTF timely submitted a separate rate certification and demonstrated its eligibility for a separate rate. Prelim. Mem. at 2 & n.9 (citation omitted); id. at 13. Commerce found, however, that QTF failed to cooperate to the best of its ability and significantly impeded the proceeding because it provided false or incomplete information *1288regarding its affiliations. Id. at 10-11, 17. The agency used facts available with an adverse inference (referred to as "adverse facts available" or "AFA") to find that QTF and four other companies should be collapsed into a single entity, termed the "QTF-entity." Id. at 17. Using AFA, Commerce assigned the QTF-entity a rate of $4.71 per kilogram, which was the highest margin on the record of this proceeding.4 Id.
Commerce likewise found that Harmoni withheld information requested by the agency, failed to provide information within the established deadlines, and significantly impeded the proceeding. Id. at 16. Commerce determined that Harmoni was not eligible for a separate rate, and considered Harmoni part of the PRC-wide entity. Id. at 16-17.
Commerce issued its final results in June 2017. See Final Results ; I & D Mem. Commerce continued to find that QTF provided false or incomplete information regarding its affiliations and failed to act to the best of its ability. I & D Mem. at 31. Commerce found that QTF was affiliated with two additional entities beyond the four addressed in the preliminary results, including Hebei Golden Bird Trading Co., Ltd. ("Golden Bird"). Id. Commerce determined that some of the six companies with which QTF was affiliated were part of the PRC-wide entity and, therefore, denied the QTF-entity a separate rate, finding that it was part of the PRC-wide entity and subject to the China-wide rate of $4.71 per kilogram. Id. at 30-36, 37. Commerce rescinded the review of Harmoni because it found that NMGGC's review request-the only remaining review request with respect to Harmoni-"was illegitimate ab initio ."5 Id. at 18.
Before the court, QTF and the separate rate respondents challenge Commerce's decisions to collapse QTF with six other entities, deny it a separate rate, and apply to QTF the PRC-wide rate. See generally Consol. Pl. Mem. in Supp. of Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. Upon the Agency R. ("QTF Br."), ECF No. 38; Pl.'s Reply Br. ("QTF Reply"), ECF No. 64; Pl.-Int. Shandong Jinxiang Zhengyang Import & Export Co., Ltd. et al.'s Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. Upon the Agency R., ECF No. 36, and Mem. of Law in Supp. of Mot. for J. Upon the Agency R. ("Z & A Br."), ECF No. 36-1. NMGGC challenges Commerce's decision to rescind its review of Harmoni. See generally Mot. of Pls. New Mexico Garlic Growers Coalition and El Bosque Farm for J. on the Agency R. and Revised Mem. in Supp. of the Mot. of Pls. New Mexico Garlic Growers Coalition and El Bosque Farm for J. on the Agency R. ("NMGGC Br."), ECF No. 42. The court heard oral argument on September 25, 2018. See Docket Entry, ECF No. 86; Oral Arg. Tr., ECF No. 89.
JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
The court has jurisdiction pursuant to § 516A(a)(2)(B)(iii) of the Tariff Act of 1930,6 as amended, *128919 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(iii) (2012), and 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c). The court will uphold an agency determination that is supported by substantial evidence and otherwise in accordance with law. 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).
DISCUSSION
I. QTF's and the Separate Rate Respondents' Motions
A. Relevant Legal Framework
1. Separate Rate Status in Non-Market Economy Proceedings
In antidumping duty proceedings involving a nonmarket economy country, such as China, "Commerce presumes all respondents are government-controlled and therefore subject to a single country-wide rate." Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Comm. v. United States , 802 F.3d 1339, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2015). A respondent may rebut that presumption and obtain a "separate" antidumping duty rate by demonstrating the absence of both de jure (in law) and de facto (in fact) government control over its export activities. See id. at 1353.
An entity wishing to secure a separate rate must submit to the agency a separate rate application or, for an entity who received a separate rate in the most recent segment of the proceeding, a certification that the entity continues to meet the criteria for obtaining a separate rate. Initiation Notice , 81 Fed. Reg. at 737. Commerce may disregard a respondent's separate rate submission when the agency determines that the information submitted is unreliable. See, e.g. , Ad Hoc Shrimp, 802 F.3d at 1355-57 ; Jiangsu Changbao Steel Tube Co. Ltd. v. United States , 36 CIT ----, ----, 884 F.Supp.2d 1295, 1309-1310 (2012). In that circumstance, Commerce continues to rely on the presumption of government control and use the country-wide rate for the named respondent. See Jiangsu Changbao Steel Tube , 884 F.Supp.2d at 1303. However, "Commerce's determination that a party is not entitled to a separate rate because its separate rate information is unreliable must be based on substantial evidence." Fresh Garlic Producers Ass'n v. United States , 39 CIT ----, ----, 121 F.Supp.3d 1313, 1328 (2015) (citation omitted).
2. Collapsing
The antidumping duty statute does not address the consequences of finding that two or more entities are affiliated when calculating the dumping margin. Jinko Solar Co., Ltd. v. United States , 41 CIT ----, ----, 229 F.Supp.3d 1333, 1344 (2017) (citing 19 U.S.C. §§ 1675(a)(2)(A)(ii), 1677b(a) ). Rather, Commerce has promulgated regulations that treat closely related companies as a single entity (a process referred to as "collapsing") for purposes of the dumping inquiry. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.401(f). Specifically, the regulations provide that Commerce
will treat two or more affiliated producers as a single entity [when] those producers have production facilities for similar or identical products that would not require substantial retooling of either facility in order to restructure manufacturing priorities and the [agency] concludes that there is a significant potential for the manipulation of price or production.
Id. § 351.401(f)(1). When assessing whether there is "significant potential for manipulation,"
*1290Commerce considers relevant factors including, but not limited to:
(i) The level of common ownership;
(ii) The extent to which managerial employees or board members of one firm sit on the board of directors of an affiliated firm; and
(iii) Whether operations are intertwined, such as through the sharing of sales information, involvement in production and pricing decisions, the sharing of facilities or employees, or significant transactions between the affiliated producers.
Id. § 351.401(f)(2).
3. Facts Available and Adverse Facts Available
When "necessary information is not available on the record," or an interested party "withholds information" requested by Commerce," "fails to provide" requested information by the submission deadlines, "significantly impedes a proceeding," or provides information that cannot be verified pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(i), Commerce "shall ... use the facts otherwise available." 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a). Additionally, if Commerce determines that the party "has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request for information," it "may use an inference that is adverse to the interests of that party in selecting from among the facts otherwise available."7 Id. § 1677e(b). Commerce uses total adverse facts available when "none of the reported data is reliable or usable," such as when all of the "submitted data exhibit[s] pervasive and persistent deficiencies that cut across all aspects of the data." Zhejiang DunAn Hetian Metal Co., Ltd. v. United States , 652 F.3d 1333, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (citation omitted).
Commerce employs adverse inferences to "ensure that the party does not obtain a more favorable result by failing to cooperate than if it had cooperated fully." Uruguay Round Agreements Act, Statement of Administrative Action, H.R. Doc. No. 103-316, vol. 1, at 870 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4040, 4199 ("SAA").8 Commerce determines whether a party has acted to the "best of its ability" by assessing whether that party "has put forth its maximum effort to provide Commerce with full and complete answers to all inquiries in an investigation." Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States , 337 F.3d 1373, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2003). Commerce may apply an adverse inference "under circumstances in which it is reasonable for Commerce to expect that more forthcoming responses should have been made." Id.
B. Relevant Facts
After QTF submitted a separate rate certification, Commerce issued a questionnaire to the company. See Prelim. Mem. at 2 & n.9 (citation omitted); Req. for Information (Mar. 7, 2016) ("Initial QTF Questionnaire"), PR 52, CJA Vol. I, PJA Vol. I. Section A of the questionnaire requested information regarding QTF's corporate structure and disclosure of any affiliations with other Chinese garlic entities. Initial QTF Questionnaire at A-1-A-2, A-5-A-6. In response, QTF stated that it "has no *1291relationship with any other producers or exporters" of fresh garlic from the PRC, and it "does not share any managers or owners with any other entity." SAQR in 21st Antidumping Admin. Review filed on Behalf of QTF (Apr. 1, 2016) ("QTF Initial Sec. A Resp.") at A-3, CR 48, PR 98, CJA Vol. II, PJA Vol. II. It also asserted that it "does not have any affiliated producers of the merchandise under consideration." Id. at A-13.
Following QTF's responses and before the preliminary results, FGPA alleged that QTF had misreported its affiliations. See Comments on Deficiencies in QTF's Initial Questionnaire Resps. (May 12, 2016) ("Pet'rs' Deficiency Cmts."), CR 81, PR 175, CJA Vol. III, PJA Vol. III. Relying on affidavits of three different individuals claiming personal knowledge of the allegations, FGPA alleged that an individual named Wenxuan Bai ("Mr. Bai"), and his immediate family members and a business partner named Roupeng Wang ("Mr. Wang"), own or control a number of Chinese garlic exporters or producers, including QTF and Golden Bird.9 Id. at 5-6. They alleged that Mr. Wang also was the "founder of Huamei [Consulting] and [Robert] Hume's Chinese co-counsel."10 Id. at 6 (citation omitted). FGPA further alleged that QTF shipped fresh garlic to the United States in packages that identified Golden Bird as the processor. Id. at 8. Based on these allegations, FGPA urged the agency to issue a supplemental questionnaire requiring that QTF address the deficiencies in its Section A responses. Id. at 15.
Commerce issued a supplemental questionnaire to QTF on August 12, 2016, asking numerous questions related to QTF's possible affiliation with other entities, including Golden Bird and Mr. Bai. Second Suppl. Questionnaire to QTF (Aug. 12, 2016) ("QTF 2nd Suppl. Questionnaire"), CR 109, PR 301, CJA Vol. III, PJA Vol. III. QTF denied any connection to Mr. Bai or Golden Bird and denied having exported any "fresh garlic that was processed or packaged by Golden Bird." Resp. to Second Suppl. Questionnaire (Sept. 6, 2016) ("QTF's Second Suppl. Resp.") at 1, CR 114, PR 325, CJA Vol. III, PJA Vol. III. Notwithstanding its assertion that it had no connection to Mr. Bai, QTF acknowledged that Mr. Bai is the brother of QTF's legal representative at that time, Leiwen Bai. Id.
In its preliminary results, Commerce explained that it had discovered, through publicly available documents, that QTF was affiliated with four Chinese entities-Qingdao Tianhefeng Foods Co., Ltd. ("QTHF"), an agricultural processor; Qingdao Beixing Trading Co., Ltd. ("QBT"), a garlic trading company; QXF, a garlic producer subject to AR 21; and Lianghe, another garlic producer subject to the review.11 Prelim. Mem. at 10-11. Commerce *1292found that these companies were affiliated by way of common control by a single family-the Bai family. Id. at 11. Based on this information, Commerce determined that QTF provided false and incomplete information regarding its affiliations, significantly impeded the proceeding, and failed to cooperate to the best of its ability; therefore, the agency used adverse facts available to preliminarily determine that QTF, QXF, QTHF, QBT, and Lianghe "should be collapsed into a single entity," the QTF-entity. Id. at 17.
In the Final Results , Commerce revised its findings and included Golden Bird and Huamei Consulting in the group of affiliated companies referred to as the QTF-entity. I & D Mem. at 31. Moreover, Commerce found that the QTF-entity included companies that were not eligible for separate rates and, on that basis, determined that the QTF-entity was part of the PRC-wide entity. Id. at 34-35. Consequently, based on "total AFA," the agency continued to collapse the QTF-entity, declined to use any of the other information QTF reported in its Section A response, and found the QTF entity to be part of the PRC-wide entity and subject to the China-wide rate. Id. at 32-36.
C. Parties' Arguments
QTF and the separate rate respondents challenge Commerce's decisions to apply an adverse inference and to collapse the QTF entity. See generally QTF Br.; QTF Reply; Z & A Br. at 7-8. In particular, they argue that QTF's failure to provide the requested information was due to inadvertence and misunderstanding;12 Commerce failed to comply with 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d) because the agency did not provide QTF with an opportunity to cure its deficient responses; and Commerce's collapsing determination failed to comply with 19 C.F.R. 351.401(f) because the agency did not make a finding, supported by substantial evidence, that there is a "significant potential for manipulation" by the QTF-entity. QTF Br. at 7-8, 11-13, 15-21, 23-26; Z & A Br. at 7-11. QTF also contends that Commerce's selection of the China-wide rate as an adverse inference is overly punitive and runs counter to the fundamental principles of equity and fairness in antidumping duty proceedings. See QTF Br. at 19-20.
The Government and FGPA argue that Commerce's finding that QTF submitted false and incomplete information is supported by substantial evidence, and the agency's issuance of the supplemental questionnaire provided QTF an opportunity to correct the deficiencies in its initial Section A response.13 Confidential Def.'s Opp'n to Pls.', Consol. Pl.'s and Pl.-Ints.' Rule 56.2 Mots. For J. on the Agency R. ("Gov. Resp.") at 16-21, ECF No. 60; FGPA's Resp. in Opp'n to Pls.' Mots. For J. on the Agency R. ("FGPA Resp.") at 41-42, ECF No. 49. The Government and FGPA further contend that Commerce properly found QTF to be part of the PRC-wide entity. Gov. Resp. at 25-26; FGPA Resp. 42-43. According to the Government, QTF impeded Commerce's ability to conduct the collapsing analysis because it withheld affiliation information that is integral to that analysis; therefore, *1293Commerce properly based its collapsing determination on AFA. Id. at 25. Likewise, without the affiliation information, QTF's separate rate information was unreliable and, combined with the finding of affiliation with other companies not entitled to separate rates, the agency's denial of a separate rate to the entire QTF-entity was supported by substantial evidence. Id. at 26-28.
D. Analysis
1. Commerce's Application of Adverse Facts Available is Supported by Substantial Evidence on the Record And is Otherwise in Accordance with Law
Substantial evidence supports Commerce's finding that QTF provided false or incomplete information regarding its affiliations. Section A of Commerce's questionnaire instructed QTF to identify all affiliated companies. Initial QTF Questionnaire at A-2, A-6. The Glossary of Terms appended to the questionnaire defined affiliated persons as including "members of a family," and "an officer or director of an organization and that organization." Id. , App. I. The Glossary also referenced the statutory and regulatory provisions for the definition of "affiliated" or "affiliated persons." Id. , App. I. (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1677(33) ; 19 C.F.R. § 351.02(b) ). Both the statutory and regulatory provisions include members of a family and officers or directors of an organization within the definition of affiliated persons. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677(33)(A)-(B) ; 19 C.F.R. § 351.02(b).
QTF responded that it was not affiliated with any other exporters or producers of fresh garlic from the PRC. QTF Initial Sec. A Resp. at A-3. In point of fact, QTF was affiliated with at least four other entities through family relationships.14 I & D Mem. at 31, 33 & n.222 (citation omitted); Prelim. Mem. at 11 & nn.43, 45-48; Affiliation Docs. Furthermore, QTF does not dispute that it was affiliated with most of those entities or that it failed to provide information responsive to Commerce's request. See QTF Br. at 18 (acknowledging that the "common denominator" for QTF, QTHF, QBT, and Lianghe "is the familial relationship through the Bai brothers"); id. at 8, 15-16 (arguing that QTF's failure to provide the information was due to inadvertence, misunderstanding, or mistake); QTF Reply at 3. Accordingly, Commerce's finding that QTF failed to comply with Commerce's request for information is supported by substantial evidence.15
Substantial evidence also supports Commerce's decision to apply an adverse inference. Commerce may use an adverse inference when the respondent "fail[s] to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request for information." 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(1)(A). Commerce concluded that the QTF-entity failed to cooperate to the best of its ability *1294because the information in question was "standard affiliation information requested of all respondents in [antidumping] proceedings," I & D Mem. at 32, 33 & n.223 (citation omitted), and the "QTF-entity should have been able to provide this information if it had made the appropriate effort" when it received the initial questionnaire, id. at 35. Commerce's factual findings are supported by substantial evidence.
Commerce's questionnaire requested information for all companies affiliated with QTF, and clearly defined the scope of its request. Initial QTF Questionnaire at A-6, App. I. QTF asserts that its failure to provide the requested information was inadvertent and based on the assumption that " 'control[ ]' was a requisite component of affiliation." QTF Br. at 16. QTF did not seek guidance from Commerce, even in light of FGPA's allegations raising concerns regarding QTF's initial Section A responses and Commerce's issuance of a supplemental questionnaire requesting further affiliation information. QTF, therefore, failed to act to the best of its ability. See Reiner Brach GmbH & Co.KG v. United States , 26 CIT 549, 556-557, 563-64, 206 F.Supp.2d 1323, 1330-31, 1337-38 (2002) (application of an adverse inference merited when Commerce requested information about " 'all' home market sales [ ] for 'identical or similar merchandise' " and respondent "never asked Commerce to clarify whether its assumption was correct," instead, using its own interpretation of the relevant term).
Although QTF admits that its assumption was ultimately erroneous, QTF claims "inadvertence," "misunderstanding," or "mistake." QTF Br. at 7, 16; QTF Reply at 3. QTF's conduct is more appropriately described as an inadequate inquiry into the proper scope of Commerce's request for information and the company's obligation to respond accordingly. QTF is "a sophisticated company with experienced counsel," I & D Mem. at 34, and both the entity and its counsel have a history of prior participation in multiple segments of this and other proceedings before the agency, id. at 32 & n.219 (citing previous administrative reviews in which QTF and its counsel participated and U.S. Court of International Trade cases that QTF's counsel litigated). Thus, QTF could and should have made further efforts to understand the relevant provisions of the statute and regulations pertaining to the definition of "affiliated persons" or entities.16 See Nippon Steel , 337 F.3d at 1382 (the "best of its ability" standard "assumes that importers are familiar with the rules and regulations that apply to the import activities undertaken").17
QTF's and the separate rate respondents' arguments that Commerce failed to comply with 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d) are also unavailing. As discussed above, following QTF's responses and before the preliminary results, the agency received comments from FGPA regarding QTF's *1295misreporting and issued a supplemental questionnaire. See Pet'rs' Deficiency Cmts. at 15; QTF 2nd Suppl. Questionnaire at 3-4. Although QTF did disclose at that time that its legal representative was Mr. Bai's brother, it nevertheless maintained that QTF itself "has never had any connection to Mr. Bai."18 QTF 2nd Suppl. Resp. at 1. Thus, QTF had the opportunity to remedy the deficiencies in its earlier submission, but failed to do so.19
QTF relies on Mukand, Ltd. v. United States , Slip Op. 13-41, 2013 WL 1339399 (CIT Mar. 25, 2013), to suggest that Commerce's supplemental questionnaire was insufficient. See QTF Br. at 19. While Commerce chose to elicit the same information on five separate occasions in Mukand , the case does not stand for the proposition that Commerce is required to issue multiple supplemental questionnaires. 2013 WL 1339399 at *6. Rather, one supplemental questionnaire is enough. See Maverick Tube Corp. v. United States , 857 F.3d 1353, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (Commerce satisfied its obligation under 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d) when the respondent "failed to provide the information requested in Commerce's original questionnaire, and the supplemental questionnaire notified [the respondent] of that defect").
Commerce explained that additional questionnaires in this review were unnecessary because "once QTF confirmed that Mr. Bai Wenxuan was the brother of QTF's legal representative," the agency "had already collected [on its own] the required information to complete its analysis of the QTF-entity's affiliations." I & D Mem. at 33. In sum, the agency provided QTF two opportunities to provide accurate affiliation information, and QTF failed to do so. Commerce was not required to provide additional supplemental questionnaires seeking the same information.
2. Commerce's Collapsing Determination is Supported by Substantial Evidence and in Accordance with Law
As set forth above, Commerce's regulations guide its decision to collapse two or more entities. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.401(f). In this case, however, Commerce found that QTF withheld information necessary to conduct that analysis. I & D Mem. at 35. Instead, due to QTF's failure to cooperate to the best of its ability, the agency based its collapsing decision on the application of adverse facts available. Id. at 32, 35.
QTF and the separate rate respondents argue that Commerce failed to comply with 19 C.F.R. § 351.401(f) by not making a finding, supported by substantial evidence, that there is a "significant potential for manipulation" by the QTF-entity. QTF Br. at 22-30; Z & A Br. at 9-11. Normally, *1296Commerce determines whether there is a "significant potential for manipulation" by evaluating the levels of common ownership, whether directors, managers, or officers within firms are affiliated, and whether operations of relevant entities are intertwined. 19 C.F.R. § 351.401(f)(2). However, because QTF did not provide requested information on its affiliates, the agency lacked the information to evaluate this factor. I & D Mem. at 35.
QTF should have been able to provide the basic affiliation information to which it had ready access. I & D Mem. at 32-33. "Because Commerce lacks subpoena power, Commerce's ability to apply adverse facts is an important one." Maverick Tube , 857 F.3d at 1360 (quoting Essar Steel Ltd. v. United States , 678 F.3d 1268, 1276 (Fed. Cir. 2012) ). In this case, Commerce pointed to evidence on the record, which showed that garlic shipped to the United States in "Golden Bird's name[ ] was actually QTF's garlic". I & D Mem. at 35 & n.231 (citation omitted). To the agency, this "indicate[d that] there is a significant potential for the manipulation of price or production of QTF's garlic."20 Id. at 35. Moreover, because QTF failed to cooperate by providing necessary information, the agency reasonably concluded that "QTF cannot benefit from [its] failure." Id.
The agency properly filled a gap in the record that QTF itself created. Cf. Zhaoqing New Zhongya Aluminum Co. v. United States , 39 CIT ----, ----, 70 F.Supp.3d 1298, 1305-06 (2015) (holding that that Commerce's decision to collapse three affiliated producers into a single entity was reasonable when "evidence regarding intertwined operations during the period of review was limited due to [two of those producers'] failure to cooperate"). With regard to QTF's assertion that Commerce's collapsing determination runs counter to the statutory mandate to calculate dumping margins as accurately as possible, any inaccuracies resulting from Commerce's use of adverse facts available are a function of QTF's failure to cooperate and provide accurate information. See id. at 1306 (collapsing to address possible future manipulation "arises out of the basic purposes of the statute-determining current margins as accurately as possible") (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
3. Commerce's Denial of QTF's Request for Separate Rate is Supported by Substantial Evidence
Commerce concluded that QTF was not eligible for a separate rate and offered several reasons for its decision. QTF's "inaccurate responses with respect to its affiliations were in response to questions in the 'Separate Rate' section of the [agency's initial] questionnaire." I & D Mem. at 34. Without this critical information, Commerce lacked the basic information *1297necessary for determining whether QTF was eligible for a separate rate. Id. Moreover, record evidence confirmed that the QTF-entity is affiliated with companies that are part of the PRC-wide entity; thus, the other information that QTF provided in its Section A response was unreliable.21 Id. at 34-35 & n.228 (citing Affiliation Docs.). Having found all of QTF's information unreliable, Commerce used total AFA to find that the QTF-entity was not entitled to a separate rate. Id. at 31, 35; see also id. at 37.
QTF asserts that the agency's use of total AFA is "unfairly and improperly punitive." QTF Br. at 15. The court is not persuaded. The instant case is analogous to Ad Hoc Shrimp , in which a respondent repeatedly denied its affiliation with a third-country company "until confronted with the public registration documents unequivocally revealing the affiliation." 802 F.3d at 1356. As a consequence, Commerce rejected the respondent's separate rate information because it deemed "the entirety of [the respondent's] submissions unreliable," and found that the respondent did not rebut the presumption that it [was] part of the China-wide entity. See id. at 1357-58. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ("Federal Circuit") affirmed Commerce's determination to rely on total AFA rate because "the necessary information missing from the record was ... an accurate representation of [the respondent's] corporate structure and indications of government control exercised through the company's Chinese affiliates," and such information was deemed "core, not tangential" to Commerce's separate rate analysis because it went "to the heart of [the respondent's] corporate ownership and control." Id. at 1356, 1357 (citations omitted).
Here, Commerce properly determined that QTF's misrepresentations rendered the entirety of its submissions unreliable when the information it withheld included the identity of its affiliates, at least some of which are part of the PRC-wide entity. QTF's failure to provide the necessary affiliation information prevented Commerce from evaluating QTF's eligibility for a separate rate. That separate rate inquiry is a binary question-QTF either is or is not eligible for a separate rate. In that circumstance, when the agency is permitted to make an adverse inference, that inference must manifest itself in the answer to that binary question, in this case resulting in the denial of a separate rate.
4. Commerce's decisions to apply an adverse inference and collapse the QTF entity were not arbitrary and capricious
QTF also argues that the agency's decisions to apply an adverse inference and collapse the QTF entity were arbitrary and capricious. QTF Br. at 7-10, 22. " '[A]n agency's finding may be supported by substantial evidence,' yet 'nonetheless reflect arbitrary and capricious action.' " Changzhou Wujin Fine Chem. Factory Co. Ltd. v. United States , 701 F.3d 1367, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (quoting Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Ark.-Best Freight Sys., Inc. , 419 U.S. 281, 284, 95 S.Ct. 438, 42 L.Ed.2d 447 (1974) ). While "the substantial evidence standard applies to review of factual determinations," the "the arbitrary and capricious (or contrary to law) standard" applies to review of the agency's reasoning. Id. (citing *1298Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. , 463 U.S. 29, 48-49, 103 S.Ct. 2856, 77 L.Ed.2d 443 (1983) ). The agency "must examine the relevant data and articulate a satisfactory explanation for its action including a 'rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.' " Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n , 463 U.S. at 43, 103 S.Ct. 2856 (quoting Burlington Truck Lines v. United States , 371 U.S. 156, 168, 83 S.Ct. 239, 9 L.Ed.2d 207 (1962) ). In reviewing the agency's explanation, the court finds that the agency considered the relevant factors with respect to both determinations that QTF challenges. The agency's decision evinces a rational connection between the record facts and the choice made. The court finds no "clear error of judgment" on the agency's part. See id. (quoting Burlington , 371 U.S. at 168, 83 S.Ct. 239 ).
E. Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, QTF's and Zhengyang and Alpha's motions for judgment on the agency record are denied. Commerce's application of total adverse facts available and its determination to deny QTF a separate rate and collapse QTF with six other entities are supported by substantial evidence and otherwise in accordance with law.
II. NMGGC's Motion
A. Relevant Legal Framework
The antidumping duty statute provides that, in the anniversary month of an antidumping duty order, "if a request for such a review has been received," Commerce shall "review, and determine ... the amount of any antidumping duty." 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(1). Although the current statute requires Commerce to conduct such a review if properly requested, the statute does not provide for "how Commerce should proceed if a request, once made, is withdrawn." Glycine & More, Inc. v. United States , 880 F.3d 1335, 1337 (Fed. Cir. 2018). To address this situation, Commerce has promulgated a regulation, which states:
The [agency] will rescind an administrative review under this section, in whole or in part, if a party that requested a review withdraws the request within 90 days of the date of publication of notice of initiation of the requested review. The [agency] may extend this time limit if the [agency] decides that it is reasonable to do so.
19 C.F.R. § 351.213(d)(1).22 The regulation further provides: (1) a domestic interested party may request a review "of specified individual exporters or producers covered by an order" if it explains the reasons for the request;23 (2) an exporter or producer covered by the order may request a review of itself; and (3) an importer of the merchandise may request a review of the exporter or producer of the merchandise imported by that importer.24 19 C.F.R. § 351.213(b).
B. Relevant Facts
On November 28, 2015, NMGGC timely requested a review of Harmoni and Jinxiang Jinma Fruits Vegetables Products Co., Ltd., a Harmoni affiliate.25 See *1299NMGGC Review Req. Joey Montoya, Esq. ("Mr. Montoya") of Hume & Associates filed the request on behalf of NMGGC,26 and advised the agency that Mr. Montoya was "handling this case independent from any member of [Hume & Associates] for the purpose of avoiding the appearance of a conflict of interest." Id. at 2. NMGGC asserted that its members are producers or wholesalers in the United States of fresh garlic, seeking the review as a "domestic interested party" pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677(9)(C). See id.
NMGGC supplemented its initial review request on December 3, 2015 with additional comments explaining to the agency "why investigating Harmoni [was] important to the ability of NMGGC and to similar garlic producers throughout New Mexico to compete in the fresh garlic market." Suppl. Comments for the 21st Admin. Review on behalf of NMGGC (Dec. 3, 2015) ("NMGGC Suppl. Review Req. Cmts") at 2, PR 8, CJA Vol. I, PJA Vol. I. NMGGC stated that Mr. Crawford had requested a review of Harmoni in the preceding period of review ("AR 20"), but "Mr. Crawford was scared off and withdrew his request after private investigators were sent [by Harmoni and FGPA] to inspect his facility and pry into his business." Id. at 4-5.
On January 9, 2016, two days after the initiation of AR 21, Mr. Montoya entered an appearance on behalf of NMGGC and informed Commerce that he would be representing NMGGC "without collaboration, conjunction, or advisement of any other attorney of Hume & Associates [ ]." Application for Admin. Protective Order and Entry of Appearance on Behalf of NMGGC (Jan. 9, 2016) ("Montoya Entry of Appearance") at 1-2, PR 21, CJA Vol. I, PJA Vol. I. He further stated that Hume & Associates "has counsel representing opposing parties for [AR 21], however, said counsel has built a so-called 'Chinese Wall' to avoid conflict of interest issues arising from representing clients with adverse interest in the same proceeding." Id. at 2. Following Mr. Montoya's appearance on behalf of NMGGC, Mr. Hume entered an appearance on behalf of QTF. Entry of Appearance and Appl. for Admin. Protective Order on behalf of QTF (Jan. 12, 2016) ("Hume First Entry of Appearance"), PR 23, CJA Vol. I, PJA Vol. I.
On March 8, 2016, NMGGC notified the agency that Mr. Montoya was withdrawing from representation of NMGGC and stated that Hume & Associates would continue to represent NMGGC. See 21st Admin. Review Withdrawal (Mar. 8, 2016), PR 56, CJA Vol. I, PJA Vol. I. The following day, Mr. Hume entered an appearance on behalf of NMGGC. See Notice of Appearance (Mar. 9, 2016) ("Hume Second Entry of Appearance"), PR 59, CJA Vol. I, PJA Vol. I.
On April 8, 2016, the agency issued a set of questions to NMGGC to evaluate whether its members are producers or wholesalers of fresh garlic and, thus, domestic interested parties that may request an administrative review. See Letter from Commerce to NMGGC (Apr. 8, 2016), PR 116, CJA Vol. II, PJA Vol. II. The agency requested information regarding the quantity of fresh garlic produced during the POR, the total production value, the total amount of investment in garlic production, the employment numbers for the POR, *1300and other costs and activities related to fresh garlic production in the United States. See id. at Attach. II. NMGGC provided its members' responses to those questions on April 15, 2016. See NMGGC Resp. to Gilgunn Letter Confirming NMGGC Members are Domestic Interested Parties as they are Producers or Wholesalers Within the United States of the Domestic Like Product - filed on Behalf of NMGGC Parts 1-3 (Apr. 15, 2016) ("NMGGC Questionnaire Resp."), CR 60-62, PR 137-39, CJA Vol. III, PJA Vol. III. Relying on those responses, the agency issued a memorandum on June 3, 2016, finding that NMGGC and its individual members are domestic producers of fresh garlic and had standing to request an administrative review of Harmoni. See Commerce's Mem. on Whether the Members of NMGGC are U.S. Domestic Producers of Fresh Garlic (June 3, 2016) at 4 & nn.23-29, CR 104, PR 214, CJA Vol. III, PJA Vol. III (citations omitted).
Specifically, the agency relied on information that Mr. Katz and Mr. Crawford provided regarding each member's output, sales, investments, and labor expenses. Id. at 4. The agency also relied on a statement by Mr. Katz with respect to NMGGC's "stake" in the proceeding, which read:
The price of my garlic is absolutely affected by changes in imported garlic price. Cheap, imported Chinese garlic is used to set price. People at my market stand ask us all the time why the supermarket prices are so much cheaper. It is not unusual for someone to place their garlic on the scale, hear our price, and walk away.
Id. at 4-5 & n.32 (quoting NMGGC Questionnaire Resp. at page 1 of Mr. Katz's response). In this memorandum, Commerce acknowledged that Harmoni had made several allegations of fraud by NMGGC members, but stated it would fully address the arguments in the preliminary results, after giving the parties an opportunity to address those allegations and other record filings. Id. at 5.
In its preliminary results, Commerce continued to find that NMGGC's members are domestic producers of fresh garlic and, therefore, the requested review of Harmoni would continue. Prelim. Mem. at 8. Commerce also noted, however, that it had not had time to consider all the recent factual submissions. Id.
On December 14, 2016, shortly after Commerce issued the preliminary results, Mr. Katz withdrew from NMGGC. See Withdrawal of Avrum Katz from NMGGC (Dec. 14, 2016), PR 402, CJA Vol. IV, PJA Vol. IV. Subsequently, on February 2017, Mr. Katz submitted a letter to Commerce containing various allegations pertaining to NMGGC and Mr. Hume. I & D Mem. at 2 & n.11 (citing untitled Letter from Avrum Katz to Commerce (Feb. 10, 2017) ("Katz 2/10/17 Letter"), PR 440, CJA Vol. IV, PJA Vol. IV).27 Mr. Katz wanted to address "fraud recently discovered in connection with [AR 21] concerning the fraudulent and misleading scheme perpetrated by Mr. Hume and Mr. Crawford." Katz 2/10/17 Letter at 1. Among other things, he alleged that Mr. Hume "intentionally misled" Mr. Katz on the nature and purpose of AR 21. Id. at 2. Mr. Katz stated that he was unaware that Mr. Hume was simultaneously representing Chinese clients, and alleged that Mr. Hume was using "small New Mexico farmers as puppets to petition the government for his Chinese clients." Id. at 2-3. He further alleged that Mr. Hume was compensated *1301$100,000 by his Chinese clients to initiate a review request with respect to Harmoni, and Mr. Crawford received $50,000 and garlic harvesting equipment for participating in the review request. Id. at 3. Mr. Katz expected he would receive similar payment in exchange for his participation. Id. at 3-4. Moreover, contradicting his earlier statement in the questionnaire response, Mr. Katz stated:
Boxfarm's fundamental problem was, and is, a lack of capital for infrastructure to increase our production. [Mr.] Hume and [Mr.] Crawford led us to believe that if we went along with their narrative and forced Harmoni out of business, money would come from China to take care of some of those infrastructure problems.
In light of this information, Commerce established deadlines by which parties could submit comments and rebuttal information about Mr. Katz's allegations. See I & D Mem. at 2-5. The agency also held a public hearing on May 11, 2017. Id. at 5.
After reviewing the additional information placed on the record, Commerce concluded that it could no longer credit NMGGC's submissions. See id. at 17-23. Commerce noted three examples to demonstrate that NMGGC and Mr. Hume made representations to the agency that were contradicted by record evidence. Id. at 18-21. Those representations undermined NMGGC's and Mr. Hume's credibility and the credibility of their remaining submissions on the record, including claims that NMGGC is a domestic interested party. See id. at 18, 20. Thus, "because [ ] NMGGC lack[ed] credibility, its review request was illegitimate ab initio ," and the agency rescinded its review of Harmoni. Id. at 18.
The three factual claims made by NMGGC and Mr. Hume that Commerce discussed were whether: (1) Chinese exporters and businessmen were involved in NMGGC's review request; (2) members of NMGGC and Mr. Hume received any direct or indirect compensation for their participation in AR 21; (3) Mr. Crawford withdrew his previous review request because he was intimidated by a private investigator sent by Harmoni. Id. at 18-21. Commerce identified additional issues that caused the agency concern regarding NMGGC's submissions. Commerce explained that Mr. Katz's February 2017 submission raised questions about NMGGC's initial questionnaire responses upon which Commerce had relied in determining that NMGGC was a domestic interested party. Id. at 21. Commerce also identified "serious problems" with NMGGC's certifications. Id. at 22. In sum, Commerce concluded that it could not consider any of the information that NMGGC submitted to be reliable, and therefore, NMGGC failed to demonstrate that it was a domestic interested party. Id. at 23.
C. Parties' Arguments
NMGGC challenges Commerce's authority to rescind its review of Harmoni, Commerce's factual findings and credibility determinations with respect to NMGGC, and Commerce's decision not to refer the allegations of collusion between Harmoni and FGPA to the U.S. Department of Justice ("DOJ").See NMGGC Br. at 8-13, 16-39. NMGGC frames the issue of Commerce's authority to rescind its review of Harmoni as a Chevron step one inquiry, arguing that once a review is initiated of any producer/exporter, all producers/exporters from the subject country must be reviewed and rescission of the review is not permitted.28 Id. at 8, 16-21. Next, *1302NMGGC contends that Commerce's factual findings and credibility determinations with respect to NMGGC were arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and unsupported by substantial evidence. Id. at 21-35. Further, NMGGC claims that Commerce abused its discretion by failing to request that the DOJ investigate and prosecute NMGGC's allegations that Harmoni and the FGPA "engag[ed] in collusion" and "effectively established a monopoly in trade for Chinese garlic." Id. at 39.
The Government and FGPA aver that 19 U.S.C. § 1675 is silent on the issue of rescission and, therefore, Commerce's authority to rescind a review of a producer/exporter when no requests are pending is a Chevron step two inquiry. See Gov. Resp. at 42; FGPA Resp. at 23-25. They argue that under the Chevron step two analysis, Commerce's rescission policy is a permissible construction of the statute.29 Gov. Resp. at 42-46; FGPA Resp. at 26-27. Moreover, the Government, FGPA, and Harmoni argue that the agency's factual findings are supported by substantial evidence, and urge the court to defer to Commerce's credibility findings. See Gov. Resp. at 37-41; Harmoni Resp. at 24-38; FGPA Resp. at 28-29. FGPA and Harmoni further aver that the agency properly concluded it lacked authority to pursue a criminal action against Harmoni.30 FGPA Resp. at 39; Harmoni Resp. at 45.
D. Analysis
1. Commerce's Rescission Policy is a Permissible Construction of the Statute
As previously stated, the statute provides for a review of an antidumping duty order when Commerce receives a request for such a review. 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(1). While specifying that Commerce shall conduct a review upon request, the statute does not provide for "how Commerce should proceed if a request, once made, is withdrawn."31 See Glycine & More, 880 F.3d at 1337. Accordingly, pursuant to Chevron , the court must determine whether Commerce's interpretation of *130319 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(1) as allowing the agency to rescind a review upon the withdrawal of the request(s) upon which the review was initiated is a "permissible construction of the statue."32 Chevron , 467 U.S. at 842-43, 104 S.Ct. 2778.
Section 1675(a) previously provided for mandatory annual reviews of antidumping duty orders. Floral Trade Council of Davis, Cal. v. United States , 888 F.2d 1366, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(1) (1982) ); see also Trade Agreement Act of 1979, Pub. L. No. 96-39, § 751, 93 Stat. 144. In 1984, Congress amended the statute to require review only when the agency received such a request or upon the agency's initiative. Trade and Tariff Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-573, tit. VI, § 611(a)(2), 98 Stat. 2948, 3031; Floral Trade Council of Davis , 888 F.2d at 1369. The legislative history associated with the 1984 amendments demonstrates that Congress recognized that an "increasing number of outstanding orders subject to review each year impose[d] an unnecessarily heavy burden on [Commerce's] limited staff resources." H.R. REP. No. 98-725, at 22-23 (1984), as reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5127, 5149. This amendment was intended "to reduce the administrative burden on [Commerce] of automatically reviewing every outstanding order even though circumstances do not warrant it or parties to the case are satisfied with the existing order."Id. ; see also H.R. REP. NO. 98-1156, at 181 (1984) (Conf. Rep.), as reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5220, 5298 (explaining that the amendment was intended to "limit the number of reviews in cases in which there is little or no interest, thus limiting the burden on petitioners and respondents, as well as the administering authority"). The House Conference Report also indicates that Commerce was to "provide by regulation for the assessment of antidumping and countervailing duties on entries for which review is not requested...." H.R. REP. NO. 98-1156, at 181 (1984) (Conf. Rep.), as reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5220, 5298.
"Commerce promulgated the [withdrawal] regulation in essentially its current form in 1989." Glycine & More, Inc. v. United States , 39 CIT ----, ----, 107 F.Supp.3d 1356, 1365 (2015), aff'd, 880 F.3d 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2018) ; see also Antidumping Duties, 54 Fed. Reg. at 12,778. Consistent with the statute's legislative intent, the regulation provides that Commerce will rescind a review "if a party that requested a review withdraws the request within 90 days of the date of publication of notice of initiation of the requested review." 19 C.F.R. § 351.213(d)(1). In other words, the regulation is on par with the legislative intent that Commerce not conduct a review when interest in such a review is absent.
Congress adopted a statutory provision that requires Commerce to conduct an administrative review upon request, but does not answer what Commerce is to do when that requisite request is withdrawn. Commerce acted upon this implicit legislative delegation by adopting 19 C.F.R. § 351.213(d)(1) and, so long as that regulation provides a reasonable construction of the statute, it is not to be disturbed. Chevron , 467 U.S. at 843-44, 104 S.Ct. 2778. NMGGC's claims that Commerce's regulation is contrary to the statute are unpersuasive. While recognizing that the statute is silent on withdrawals of review requests, NMGGC contends that "the Act specifies *1304affirmatively the procedures Commerce must follow and these procedures negate rescissions once Commerce publishes a notice of the review in the Federal Register." NMGGC Br. at 8 (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(1),(2) ); id. at 16-17.
Section 1675(a)(1) establishes the procedural groundwork for when reviews must commence once Commerce receives a request for review. See 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(1) (instructing Commerce to initiate reviews "[a]t least once during each 12-month period ... if a request for such review has been received ..."). This language predicates Commerce's obligation to conduct a review only upon receiving a review request (and after publishing the notice). The language does not address a situation when the request is later withdrawn, let alone mandate that Commerce complete the review in all circumstances once the agency publishes the notice. Such a reading would run contrary to the legislative intent of easing the administrative burden on Commerce and preserving its limited staff resources when industry interest is lacking.
In Glycine & More , the Federal Circuit analyzed whether the Court of International Trade properly remanded Commerce's decision to continue a review of a company for which all review requests had been withdrawn, even though the last request was withdrawn after the 90-day deadline set forth in the agency's regulations. See 880 F.3d at 1342-44. The Federal Circuit affirmed the lower court's opinion that Commerce could have reasonably granted an extension to allow the requesting party to withdraw the review request because Commerce received the request a few days after the deadline, the agency had not devoted significant resources to the review, and all other parties that had requested review of the company had filed timely withdrawals.33 Id. at 1342, 1345. If NMGGC's interpretation of the statute is correct, that once initiated, a review may not be rescinded by Commerce, then the Federal Circuit could not have reached the result it did-Commerce would have been statutorily required to complete the review.
NMGGC cites to 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(2) and 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(c)(1) to suggest that Commerce is required to review each entry of merchandise for all exporters and producers when it conducts a review, regardless of whether a request is made for the particular producer/exporter of the entry. See NMGGC Br. at 18-19 (arguing that "the Act does not authorize Commerce to allow requests that specify 'individual exporters or producers' "). NMGGC, however, fundamentally misunderstands the antidumping duty law.
Section 1675(a)(2) requires Commerce, for purposes of determining the amount of a dumping duty pursuant to section 1675(a)(1)(B) to "determine (i) the normal value and export price (or constructed export price) of each entry of the subject merchandise, and (ii) the dumping margin for each such entry." 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(2). Nothing in subsection (a)(2) expands the breadth of the review being conducted pursuant to subsection (a)(1) to all entries subject to the order. In fact, while section 1675(a)(1) provides for a review upon request, nothing in that provision suggests that it must be a review of the order as a whole. Because the review is to "determine ... the amount of any antidumping duty" and such duties are calculated on a company-specific basis, the better reading of section 1675(a)(1) is that it *1305provides for company-specific reviews upon request.34
Simple reference to the conduct of "a review" does not predetermine the breadth of the proceeding. Instead, the breadth of any "review" is determined by the context of the provision giving rise to the proceeding. For example, section 1675(a)(2)(B) provides for company-specific reviews of new exporters and producers. On the other hand, section 1675(b) provides for changed circumstance reviews, whereby Congress specified that it is the determination resulting in the antidumping order that is reviewed. Similarly, section 1675(c) provides for five year (sunset) reviews and, therein, Congress specified that the review is of the continued need for the order. Thus, as considered herein, it is clear that Commerce's interpretation of a review pursuant to section 1675(a)(1) as a company-specific exercise is a reasonable interpretation of the statute.
NMGGC's argument regarding section 1677f-1(c)(1) is similarly unconvincing. That subsection provides that, generally, the agency must determine an individual weighted-average dumping margin for each known exporter and producer of the merchandise under review, but allows the agency, in certain circumstances, to limit its examination to "exporters and producers accounting for the largest volume of the subject merchandise from the exporting country that can be reasonably examined." 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(c). While the starting point for the application of the provision allowing selection of the largest exporters is the number of companies involved in the review, nothing in this language suggests that it requires Commerce to expand the review to include exporters or producers for which a review was not requested. Plaintiff's argument again fails.
Furthermore, Commerce's regulations provide that a domestic interested party may request a review "of specified individual exporters or producers covered by an order" if it explains the reasons for the request. 19 C.F.R. § 351.213(b)(1). Commerce's ability to rely on this regulation to review named producers/exporters and to decline to review other exporters not expressly named in the review request was tested and affirmed soon after its adoption by the agency in its original form.35 In Floral Trade Council , 888 F.2d at 1369, the Federal Circuit held that requiring the review requester to name the specific party to be reviewed is "consistent with and promotes the articulated statutory purpose of reducing [Commerce's] burden in reviewing outstanding orders." The court affirmed *1306Commerce's decision not to review certain companies not adequately identified in the review request, while the review of other identified companies went forward. NMGGC's argument cannot be squared with Floral Trade Council's affirmance of the review of some, but not all, foreign producers and exporters subject to the order in question.36 Rather than attempt to distinguish or explain Floral Trade Council , NMGGC ignores it.37
For these reasons, Commerce has authority to conduct reviews limited to named companies and to rescind reviews when the request has been withdrawn. Consequently, NMGGC's appeal of Commerce's rescission of the review of Harmoni turns on the reasonableness of the agency's decision that NMGGC's review request was illegitimate, leading to the rescission of the review ab initio , the issue to which the court now turns.
2. Commerce's Factual Findings and Credibility Determinations Are Supported by Substantial Evidence
In the Final Results , Commerce identified three examples of misrepresentations by Mr. Hume and NMGGC that undermined their credibility and led the agency to conclude that NMGGC's submissions were unreliable. I & D Mem. at 18-21. Commerce noted additional concerns that caused the agency to question many of NMGGC's questionnaire responses and other submissions. Id. at 21-23. Ultimately, because the agency "determine[d] that the entirety of [ ] NMGGC's information, including its garlic production information, [was] unusable," it found that NMGGC "failed to demonstrate that it is a domestic interested party. As such, there [was] no valid review request of Harmoni." Id. at 23. For the reasons discussed below, the agency's credibility determinations and factual findings are supported by substantial evidence.
i. Commerce's finding that NMGGC misrepresented that Chinese exporters and businessmen were not involved in NMGGC's review request
Substantial evidence supports Commerce's credibility finding with respect to NMGGC's claim that Chinese exporters or businessman did not have any involvement in its review request. I & D Mem. at 18 & n.109 (citation omitted). Specifically, Commerce cited email exchanges from 2010 in which Mr. Hume and Mr. Wang discussed a plan to "attack [the] Harmoni issue," (i.e. to get Commerce to review Harmoni). I & D Mem. at 18-19 & nn.110-111 (citing Harmoni New Factual Information in Resp. to Mar. 7, 2017 Mem. (Mar. 9, 2017) ("Harmoni 3/9/17 Letter"), Ex 6 (email), CR 239, PR 466, CJA Vol. IV at ECF p. 771, PJA Vol. IV). Commerce then cited a more detailed outline of a plan, discussed between Mr. Hume and an employee of Mr. Wang in 2014, to get Commerce to review Harmoni. I & D Mem. at 19 & n.112 (citing Harmoni Rebuttal Factual Information (Feb. 21, 2017) - Part 2 ("Harmoni 2/21/17 Letter Pt. 2"), Ex. 3 (email), PR 455, CJA Vol. IV, PJA Vol. IV). Specifically, Mr. Hume told his Chinese client:
*1307I have been considering [ ] filing a review request against Harmoni in my name (H[ume] & A[ssociates] ) and letting [another Hume & Associates employee] do the responses. We could "create a Chinese wall" where lawyers in the same firm represent clients on different sides of a proceeding ... to give teh [sic] appearance they are not working together. Of course, I need a "client" that is a US garlic producer. NOTE: This is only an option, but one that can work since I know most of the issues and Huamei can do the other work. In fact, Huamei can do the filings from China...
Harmoni 2/21/17 Letter Pt. 2, Ex. 3 (email).
The following year, Hume & Associates attempted to locate U.S. garlic producers and, when contacting solicitants, "[did] not indicate [the firm was] Chinese affiliated." NMGGC Reply to 3/3/17 Harmoni Submission (Mar. 9, 2017) - Part 6 ("NMGGC 3/9/17 Letter Pt. 6"), Ex. 9 (email), PR 472, CJA Vol. IV at ECF p. 937, PJA Vol. IV; see also I & D Mem. at 19 & n.113. Commerce also had an email communication, dated November 12, 2015, in which Mr. Hume directed Mr. Montoya on the contents of NMGGC's review request for AR 21. I & D Mem. at 19 & n.114 (citing NMGGC 3/9/17 Letter Pt. 6, Ex. 9 (email) at ECF p. 939). This direction, however, was inconsistent with Mr. Montoya's representation in the review request itself, that he was representing NMGGC "without collaboration, conjunction, or advisement of any other attorney of Hume & Associates."38 Montoya Entry of Appearance. Thus, Mr. Hume's and NMGGC's actions before the agency were consistent with Mr. Hume's 2014 plan of finding a "client" and creating a so-called "Chinese wall" to give the "appearance" that the attorneys within the same firm are not working together. See Harmoni 2/21/17 Letter Pt. 2, Ex. 3 (email).
Plaintiff disputes that the cited evidence reflects "involvement by Chinese businessmen," and argues that "the absence of involvement is obvious by the fact that Harmoni had all of [Hume & Associates] emails and produced no evidence of involvement in [AR 21]." NMGGC Br. at 10 (citing Harmoni Pre-Prelim. Comments (Nov. 21, 2016), Ex. 2, CR 171, PR 376, CJA Vol. III, PJA Vol. III; Harmoni *13082/21/17 Letter Pt. 2, Exs. 6-7; Harmoni 3/9/17 Letter, Ex. 6; Harmoni 3/9/17 Letter, Ex. 7, ECF No. 87). However, while it is clear that Harmoni did obtain access to some of Hume & Associates' emails, the record does not indicate that Harmoni had all of the firm's emails. Moreover, those emails do reflect involvement by Mr. Wang in Mr. Hume's plan to get Commerce to review Harmoni as early as 2010.39 See Harmoni 3/9/17 Letter, Ex 6. Mr. Wang is part owner of Huamei Consulting and, from November 2015 to November 2016, owned Golden Bird, a Chinese garlic company found to be affiliated with QTF. NMGGC Reply to 2/10/2017 Katz Submission (Feb. 20, 2017) ("NMGGC 2/20/17 Letter"), Ex. 2 (Decl. of Wang Ruopeng) ("Wang Decl.") ¶ 1, PR 450, CJA Vol. IV, PJA Vol. IV; see also I & D Mem. at 8.
NMGGC also argues that Commerce failed to address other evidence supporting the conclusion that Chinese exporters and businessmen were not involved in NMGGC's review request. See NMGGC Br. at 24. In particular, NMGGC points to Mr. Wang's declaration wherein he stated that NMGGC's review request "was done on their own" (referring to NMGGC) and "ha[d] nothing to do with any Chinese garlic company." NMGGC Br. at 24 & n.57 (quoting Wang Decl. ¶ 10). NMGGC also points to Mr. Hume's declaration wherein he stated that he was "pursuing [his] interest in finding a garlic farmer to file a review request." NMGGC Br. at 24 & n.59 (citing I & D Mem. at 19).
As noted, Mr. Wang is associated with Huamei Consulting, Wang Declaration ¶ 1, "a Chinese consulting firm" that "works with [Hume & Associates]," I & D Mem. at 8. Although not explicitly stated, it may reasonably be inferred that by concluding Mr. Hume and NMGGC were not credible, Commerce also discredited Mr. Wang's declaration. See I & D Mem. at 23 (stating NMGGC's "inability to provide complete and accurate responses taint all of the ... information that [it has] submitted on the record of this review"). Alternatively, "it may be inferred" from Commerce's failure to discuss certain evidence that the agency "determined that the [ ] evidence was insignificant, immaterial, or not seriously undermining enough to merit discussion." Diamond Sawblades Mfrs. Coal. v. United States , Slip Op. 13-130, 2013 WL 5878684, at *7 (CIT Oct. 11, 2013). The substantial evidence standard does not preclude the possibility that some record evidence may support an alternative conclusion. Here, when the record actions of Mr. Hume, his associate, and his client (about whom Commerce identified serious questions) are consistent with the documented plan Mr. Hume concocted with his Chinese clients, the court has no difficulty in finding that the agency's decision was based on substantial evidence.
ii. Commerce's finding that NMGGC misrepresented whether its members or Mr. Hume received direct or indirect compensation for their participation in AR 21
NMGGC made several claims to the agency that neither its members nor *1309Mr. Hume received direct or indirect compensation for their participation in AR 21.40 I & D Mem. at 20 & n.117 (citation omitted). Substantial evidence supports Commerce's finding that NMGGC's representations were unreliable.
The record shows that Mr. Hume paid Mr. Crawford $50,000 following his withdrawal of the Harmoni review request in AR 20.41 I & D Mem. at 20 & n.119 (citing Boxcar Farm Rebuttal Comments (Feb. 21, 2017) ("Katz 2/21/17 Letter"), Ex. 1 (email), CR 235, PR 452, CJA Vol. IV at ECF pp. 511-15, PJA Vol. IV) (Mr. Crawford stating "I received payment re: AR 20"); see also Katz 2/10/17 Letter at 3 (stating that "Mr. Crawford had received $50,000 from some 'very nice' Chinese businessman in March 2015 for withdrawing his review request in AR 20"). Shortly thereafter, in July of 2015, Mr. Hume and Mr. Crawford traveled to China, and Mr. Wang partially paid for their trip. I & D Mem. at 20 & n.120 (citing Wang Decl.); see also Wang Decl. ¶ 11.
Evidence also shows that Mr. Hume provided $15,000 to Mr. Katz between June and November 2016. Id. at 20 & n.118 (citing NMGGC 2/9/17 Letter, Ex. 4 (personal checks for $5,000 and $10,000 from Mr. Hume to Mr. Katz), ECF No. 87. Thereafter, in March of 2017, Mr. Crawford received garlic processing equipment, "shipped from China for use by coalition members." Id. at 20 & n.121-122 (citing Crawford Decl. Harmoni 3/9/17 Letter, Ex. 4 (importation of processing equipment shipped from Qingdao, China to Hume & Associates) ); see also Crawford Decl. ¶ 15.
NMGGC does not dispute any of these transfers of funds or equipment or that Mr. Wang partially paid for Mr. Crawford's and Mr. Hume's trip to China in July of 2015. See NMGGC Br. at 32. Instead, NMGGC asserts that the $50,000 payment to Mr. Crawford was "was an unexpected gift from Mr. Hume," arising out of Mr. Crawford's participation in AR 20 and "willing[ness] to fight Harmoni." Id. at 31. Regarding Mr. Wang's partial payment of Mr. Crawford's and Mr. Hume's trip to China, NMGGC attributes those expenses to Chinese hospitality. Id. at 12. NMGGC states that Mr. Crawford's payment of $5,000 to Mr. Katz was "charity to a beleaguered farmer," whereas the $10,000 was a loan. Id. at 11-12.
Commerce identified record evidence, which showed that Mr. Hume's Chinese clients made monthly payments to Hume & Associates throughout 2016.42 I & D
*1310Mem. at 20-21 & nn.123-24 (citations omitted). Commerce concluded that while his Chinese clients were compensating Mr. Hume, Mr. Hume was compensating Mr. Katz and Mr. Crawford. Id. at 21. In fact, a retainer agreement, dated January 1, 2016, between Hume & Associates and Huamei Consulting states that Hume & Associates was to receive $13,500 per month to represent clients of Huamei Consulting at the Court of International Trade in cases concerning the 16th through 19th administrative reviews of the AD Order . NMGGC 3/9/17 Letter Pt. 5, Ex. 7; see also Wang Decl. ¶ 16 (the $13,500 monthly payments were for "office expenses, office rent, payments for [Mr. Hume's] staff, and his work, [including] ... travel expenses.").
While NMGGC attempts to explain the evidence and invites the court to interpret the evidence in a different way, "[a]n agency finding may still be supported by substantial evidence even if two inconsistent conclusions can be drawn from the evidence." Ad Hoc Shrimp , 802 F.3d at 1348 (quoting Consolo v. Fed. Mar. Comm'n , 383 U.S. 607, 620, 86 S.Ct. 1018, 16 L.Ed.2d 131 (1966) ). To the extent NMGGC argues that the evidence before the agency "could be open to multiple interpretations, its argument does not require, or even allow, reversal." Mitsubishi Heavy Indus., Ltd. v. United States , 275 F.3d 1056, 1062 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. Ltd. v. United States, 750 F.2d 927, 933 (Fed. Cir. 1984) ). Instead, given the temporal overlap between these receipts and payments, the court finds that substantial evidence supports the agency's finding that "Mr. Hume was compensated by his Chinese clients during the entire course of his representation of NMGGC," and at the same time, "Mr. Katz and Mr. Crawford were compensated by Mr. Hume." I & D Mem. at 21.
iii. Commerce's finding that NMGGC misreported the reasons behind Mr. Crawford's withdrawal of his previous review request concerning Harmoni
As noted in the factual background section, NMGGC represented to the agency that Mr. Crawford had requested a review of Harmoni in AR 20, but "withdrew his request after private investigators were sent [by Harmoni and the FGPA] to inspect his facility and pry into his business." NMGGC Suppl. Review Req. Cmts at 4-5. Commerce determined this statement was contradicted by record evidence, which showed that Mr. Hume and Mr. Crawford withdrew the request in AR 20 "at the behest of Mr. Hume's Chinese clients." I & D Mem. at 21. Indeed, in sworn declarations to the agency, Mr. Hume stated the reason for the withdrawal as follows:
Harmoni went after Mr. Bai in China.... When I learned (and communicated with [Mr.] Crawford) that Harmoni was jeopardizing [Mr. Bai's] business and [Mr.] Wang [ ] asked me to consider asking [Mr.] Crawford to withdraw his review request. [Mr.] Crawford agreed, and we did.
*1311I & D Mem. at 21 & n.126 (quoting NMGGC Refiling of 3/22/16 Submission (Apr. 8, 2016) - Part 2, Ex. 5 (Decl. of Robert T. Hume) (Mar. 22, 2016), PR 115, CJA Vol. II, PJA Vol. II).
NMGGC asserts that events relating to the withdrawal of the review request in AR 20 are not relevant to the current review because each review is a separate segment. NMGGC Br. at 34. Regardless of the actual reason for the withdrawal of the review request in AR 20, these inconsistent representations were made to the agency in AR 21 and support the agency's credibility assessment in this review.
iv. Commerce's other findings and credibility determinations
In addition to the foregoing examples, the agency also noted other contradictions between Mr. Katz' statements in his February 2017 submission and NMGGC's questionnaire response upon which Commerce relied to make its initial finding that NMGGC qualified as a domestic interested party. See I & D Mem. at 21. Specifically, the agency explained:
[R]regarding its status as a domestic producer, [ ] NMGGC claimed that "[g]arlic farmers in the United States cannot compete with the Chinese garlic funneled into the United States by Harmoni that is exempt from the [agency's] administrative reviews." However, Mr. Katz later stated that "Boxcar Farm's fundamental problem is not competition from cheap garlic coming in from China," and that "[b]ased on nearly two years of conversation with Crawford and Hume, there was usually never any pretense otherwise in verbal conversation." Referring again to Mr. Crawford and Mr. Hume, Mr. Katz stated that "[o]ur stated moral high ground - 'leveling the playing field,' etc., etc. - inevitably came with a 'wink, wink' whenever we talked about it."
Id. at 21 & nn.128-31 (citing NMGGC Questionnaire Resp. at 4; Katz 2/10/17 Letter; Katz 2/21/17 Letter at 7) (second, fourth, and fifth alterations in original).
The agency further noted "serious problems with the certifications" that NMGGC submitted pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 351.303(g).43 Id. at 22. Mr. Katz claimed that he had not personally signed company certifications that his counsel submitted to Commerce on his behalf, and had not provided his approval to counsel to make those submissions. Id. at 22 & n.136 (citing Katz 2/21/17 Letter at 7) (Mr. Katz stating that he "only signed one Certification document - at the very beginning"). NMGGC confirmed that its counsel "adopted a procedure of compliance similar to the use of an autopen." NMGGC Reply to 3/3/17 Harmoni Submission - Part 1 (Mar. 8, 2017) ("NMGGC 3/8/17 Letter Pt. 1") at 2, PR 461, CJA Vol. IV at ECF p. 461, PJA Vol. IV; see also I & D Mem. at 22. Commerce acknowledged that while Mr. Hume produced some emails in which he or his office staff requested permission from Mr. Katz and Mr. Crawford for the placement of their "e-signature" on documents or approval of drafts prepared, this evidence did not account for all of the submissions. I & D Mem. at 22; see also NMGGC 3/8/17 Letter Pt. 1, Exs. 3 (sample emails seeking authorization), 4 (sample approvals). Moreover, "Mr. Crawford attempt[ed] to retroactively approve certain submissions" by belatedly signing certifications, but Commerce determined that "the contradictions and inconsistencies present in the statements *1312made by the members of [ ] NMGGC raise[d] further concerns regarding the reliability of all of [ ] NMGGC's submissions." I & D Mem. at 23. Overall, the court finds Commerce's reliance on these additional concerns to be supported by substantial evidence.
v. Commerce's rescission of its review of Harmoni
The agency "possesses inherent authority to protect the integrity of its yearly administrative review decisions." Tokyo Kikai Seisakusho, Ltd. v. United States, 529 F.3d 1352, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2008). Having concluded that Commerce's individual findings and credibility determinations with respect to NMGGC are supported by substantial evidence, the court affirms Commerce's decision that NMGGC's review request was illegitimate ab initio.
3. Commerce's decision not to refer NMGGC's claims to the DOJ
As noted previously, NMGGC claims that Commerce abused its discretion in failing to request that the DOJ investigate and prosecute NMGGC's allegations that Harmoni and the FGPA "engag[ed] in collusion" and "effectively established a monopoly in trade for Chinese garlic." NMGGC Br. at 39. Commerce concluded that it did not have the authority to enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and declined to offer an opinion on NMGGC's allegations. I & D Mem. at 23. In challenging that conclusion before the court, NMGGC simply cites to 18 U.S.C. § 1001 and 18 U.S.C. § 371, both of which are criminal statutes. See NMGGC Br. at 39.
Plaintiff has failed to develop this argument in that it does not provide any authority that would have obligated Commerce to accept NMGGC's suggestion of referring the matter to the DOJ, let alone any precedent establishing that Commerce abused any discretion in declining to do so here. Moreover, NMGGC has not addressed whether Commerce's refusal to exercise that discretion is judicially reviewable by this court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c), the jurisdictional basis of NMGGC's complaint. See Compl. ¶ 12, ECF No. 12. Based on NMGGC's failure to develop its argument, the court deems it waived. See Home Prods. Int'l., Inc. v. United States, 36 CIT ----, ----, 837 F.Supp.2d 1294, 1301 (2012) (quoting United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 17 (1st Cir. 1990) ("[I]ssues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed waived.") ).
E. Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, NMGGC's motion for judgment on the agency record also is denied.
Judgment will enter accordingly.