In this consolidated action, plaintiff Flint Hills Resources, LP, formerly Koch Petroleum Group, LP, and consolidated plaintiffs Texaco Refining & Marketing Inc., Texaco Aviation Products, LLC, Shell Oil *1365Company, and Citgo Petroleum Corporation (collectively, "plaintiffs") move for summary judgment, challenging the decisions of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection ("Customs") to deny plaintiffs' administrative protests seeking drawback of (1) Harbor Maintenance Taxes ("HMT")1 imposed under 26 U.S.C. § 4461, (2) Merchandise Processing Fees ("MPF")2 imposed under 19 U.S.C. § 58c, and/or (3) Environmental Taxes ("ET")3 imposed under 26 U.S.C. § 4411, that were paid or imposed upon the entry of their petroleum products into the United States (collectively, "taxes and fees"). Mem. Supp. Pls.' Am. Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 80 ("Pls.' Br.") 1. Plaintiffs ask the court to order the re-liquidation of their entries, payment of their drawback claims, and interest as provided by law. See Pls.' Br. 1.
By its cross-motion for summary judgment, defendant, the United States ("defendant" or the "Government"), on behalf of Customs, asks the court to deny plaintiffs' summary judgment motion, and dismiss the case because plaintiffs' protests were properly denied and Federal Circuit precedent has answered the questions presented by plaintiffs' motion. See Def.'s Resp. Pls.' Mot. Summ. J. and Cross-Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 84 ("Def.'s Br.") at 8-9.
The court has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) (2006), and, for the reasons below, denies plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment and grants defendant's cross-motion for summary judgment.
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
At the time a majority4 of plaintiffs entered their products into the United *1366States, under 19 U.S.C. § 1313(j)5 and § 1313(p),6 an importer could receive a refund of up to 99 percent of the amount paid on any duty, tax, or fee imposed under federal law "because of its importation" into the United States if (1) the goods are either exported unused or (2) if acceptable substitute merchandise is exported within the statutory and regulatory timeframe. See 19 U.S.C. § 1313(j), (p) (2000) ; see also 19 C.F.R. § 191.176(2)(i) (2000) (requiring the exportation of the substitute merchandise within 180 days of entry of the imported merchandise). This refund is known as a "drawback." See 19 U.S.C. § 1313(j).
Pursuant to the statute, a claimant has three years from the date of exportation or destruction of the entered merchandise (or substitute merchandise) to file a drawback claim, including "all documents necessary to complete a drawback claim," or else it will be "considered abandoned." 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1) (2000). Since the year 1998, Customs' regulations have defined a "complete" drawback claim as
consist[ing] of the drawback entry on Customs Form 7551, applicable certificate(s) of manufacture and delivery, applicable Notice(s) of Intent to Export, Destroy, or Return Merchandise for Purposes of Drawback, applicable import entry number(s), coding sheet unless the data is filed electronically, and evidence of exportation or destruction under subpart G of this part.
19 C.F.R. § 191.51(a)(1) (1998).
Beginning in the mid-1990s, the issue of whether certain taxes or fees were eligible to drawback became the subject of litigation. In Texport Oil Co. v. United States , the Federal Circuit considered whether HMT and MPF were eligible for drawback under 19 U.S.C. § 1313(j)(2). As to HMT, the Court found that
the dispositive question is whether the HMT is assessed "because of ... importation." 19 U.S.C. § 1313(j)(2). This language, we think, is best read as limiting the scope of the charges eligible for drawback to only those with a substantial nexus to the importation of merchandise. We thus read the "because of ... importation" clause to require a nexus between the assessed charges and the act of importation, and therefore preclude the grant of drawback to a duty, tax, or fee that is assessed in a nondiscriminatory fashion against all shipments utilizing ports.
*1367Texport Oil Co. v. United States , 185 F.3d 1291, 1296 (Fed. Cir. 1999).
Thus, the Court found that because "[t]he HMT is a generalized Federal charge for the use of certain harbors," and is "intended to be assessed independently of whether the 'port use' is for imports, exports, or other shipments," the HMT "does not have the necessary nexus to the importation of goods to qualify it for drawback under section 1313(j)(2)." Id. at 1297 (first citing 26 U.S.C. § 4461 and then citing 19 C.F.R. § 24.24(b)(1) ). The Court did find, however, that the MPF was eligible for drawback. Id. at 1296.
The Federal Circuit reaffirmed its decision with respect to HMT, and extended its holding to ET, in George E. Warren Corp. v. United States , 341 F.3d 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2003). There, the Court found that
Warren has shown no question that is precedent-setting or of exceptional importance or any question not correctly resolved by Texport and thus no justification for en banc hearing of this appeal. Under Texport , Warren's claim for HMT is absolutely foreclosed. Nor has Warren shown any error in the trial court's application of the Texport rule to the protest claim for drawback of ETs. We hold simply: like the HMT, the ET is not imposed on cargo "because of ... importation."
Warren , 341 F.3d at 1356. Read together, the Texport and Warren decisions made it clear that neither HMT nor ET qualified for drawback under 19 U.S.C. § 1313(j)(2).
In December 2004, following the issuance of the Federal Circuit's opinions in Texport and Warren , Congress amended 19 U.S.C. § 1313(j) to allow importers to receive drawback of duties, taxes, or fees imposed under federal law "upon entry or importation " (rather than only allowing drawback of those duties, taxes, or fees imposed "because of ... importation "). See Miscellaneous Trade and Technical Corrections Act of 2004, Pub. L. No. 108-429, Title I, § 1557(a), (b), 118 Stat. 2579 (2004) ("2004 Trade Act") (emphasis added). The amendment applied to "any drawback claim filed on or after [December 3, 2004, the date of the Act's enactment,] and to any drawback entry filed before that date if the liquidation of the entry is not final on that date ." See id. (emphasis added). Thus, assuming an importer's unliquidated drawback claim complied with all other drawback statutes and regulations, HMT and ET were eligible for drawback under the 2004 Trade Act.7
After the amendment of the statute, the Federal Circuit addressed the new statutory provision in Aectra Refining and Marketing, Inc. v. United States , 565 F.3d 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (" Aectra II "). There, plaintiff Aectra8 had timely filed ten drawback claims between 1997 and 1998, following its export of substitute petroleum derivatives, but only sought drawback of import duties, and not HMT, MPF, or ET. Customs liquidated Aectra's drawback entries on or about November 28, 2003, and refunded the import duties Aectra had requested in its drawback claim, but not the unrequested HMT, MPF, or ET. Subsequently, on or about February 2, 2004, Aectra filed protests that sought, for the first time, drawback of *1368HMT and MPF.9 The protests, however, were filed more than three years after the date of exportation of Aectra's substitute petroleum derivatives, and therefore, Customs denied Aectra's protests as time-barred under 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1). Aectra sought review in this Court, which sustained Customs' protest denials, and the Court of Appeals affirmed. Aectra Refining and Marketing Inc. v. United States , 31 CIT 2086, 533 F.Supp.2d 1318 (2007), aff'd , 565 F.3d 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (" Aectra I ").
In reaching its decision in Aectra II , the Federal Circuit concluded that (1) the 2004 Trade Act did not suspend the time limit for completing a drawback claim for HMT, MPF, and ET (i.e. , that a claimant must file a drawback claim for HMT, MPF, and ET within three years from exportation of the substitute merchandise); (2) a "complete claim" included the 19 C.F.R. § 191.51(b)'s10 requirement that a claimant "include an accurate calculation of the entire amount that it seeks to be refunded under the drawback statute," including any HMT, MPF, and ET sought; and (3) "futility [of filing drawback claims for HMT and ET11 ] does not excuse the failure to file a proper claim for limitations purposes." Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1372-73 (first citing 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1) and then citing 19 C.F.R. § 191.51(b) (1998) ). In short, the Federal Circuit held that a "complete" drawback claim must include a correct calculation of any taxes and fees for which refund is sought and the claim must be made no later than three years following export of the substitute merchandise. Id.
Following the Court of Appeals' decision, importers with claims that were suspended under Aectra I moved to designate another test case in this Court: Shell Oil Company v. United States , Court No. 08-00109. Shell was designated the test case for the purpose of determining whether drawback claimants that filed drawback claims prior to April 6, 1998 (the effective date of 19 C.F.R. § 191.51(b)'s "correct calculation" requirement) were also required to claim HMT and ET12 within the three-year limitation. See Shell Oil Co. v. United States , 35 CIT ----, ----, 781 F.Supp.2d 1313, 1323 (2011), aff'd , 688 F.3d 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (" Shell I "). Shell filed drawback claims in 1995 and 1996, seeking only drawback of the import duties paid, which Customs refunded on liquidation. See id. , 35 CIT at ----, 781 F.Supp.2d at 1317-18. Thereafter, Shell filed protests with Customs in 1997, beyond the three-year limitation period for filing drawback claims, which sought, for the first time, HMT and ET payments that *1369Shell had made in connection with its imports. Id. 35 CIT at ----, 781 F.Supp.2d at 1318. Customs denied Shell's protests and Shell filed a summons in this Court contesting the denials. Id. This Court sustained Customs' denial, and the Federal Circuit affirmed.
The Federal Circuit held that Shell's claim for drawback of HMT and ET were time-barred under Aectra II . See Shell Oil Co. v. United States , 688 F.3d 1376, 1385 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (" Shell II "). Specifically, in response to plaintiff's argument that "re-filing its HMT and ET drawback claims would have been futile because Customs had a policy of denying drawback claims for HMT and ET," the Court found that " 'futility does not excuse the failure to file a proper claim for limitations purposes' because a 'claimant is generally required to file a complete and specific claim within the limitations period, even if the government authority to [which] the claim is presented is certain to dispute the validity of the claim.' " Shell II , 688 F.3d at 1383 (quoting Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1373 ). The Court also observed that, although the pre-1998 version of the regulations did not include an explicit requirement to include a "correct calculation" of the amount of drawback sought with its drawback claims, Shell still bore the burden "to place Customs on notice as to the specific amount it [was] seeking for a refund," and thus, "was required to place Customs on notice that it was seeking drawback for HMT and ET." Shell II , 688 F.3d at 1384. In other words, even before the 1998 regulation specifically required a "correct calculation" of the amount of drawback due (including taxes and fees), importers were required to put Customs on notice that they were seeking drawback of HMT and ET before the expiration of the three-year limit imposed under 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1).
BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs are the remaining importers whose claims were suspended under both Aectra and Shell .13 See Order dated Dec. 13, 2012, ECF No. 33 ("Consolidation Order"). Between the mid 1990s and the early 2000s, plaintiffs filed drawback claims with Customs on petroleum products the companies imported into the United States, and later exported as non-manufactured "substitute finished petroleum derivatives." See Agreed Statement of Material Facts Not in Dispute, ECF No. 78 ("Statement") ¶ 2; see 19 U.S.C. § 1313(p)(2)(A)(iii).14 Plaintiffs' drawback *1370claims requested a refund of the duties paid, but did not request a refund of taxes and fees. Customs liquidated the various entries and approved drawback refunds to the extent of 99 percent of the duties paid. See Statement ¶ 3.15
Following liquidation, plaintiffs timely filed protests, asking, for the first time, that Customs approve drawback for taxes and fees. Customs denied each of plaintiffs' protests. Statement ¶ 4. Plaintiffs now challenge the denial of those protests. The court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Under USCIT Rule 56(a), summary judgment is appropriate "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Marathon Oil Co. v. United States , 24 CIT 211, 214, 93 F.Supp.2d 1277, 1279 (2000) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As there are no remaining questions of material fact in dispute, summary judgment is proper in this case.
DISCUSSION
I. The Court Reviews Protest Denials De Novo
As noted above, plaintiffs timely filed protests following the liquidation of the subject merchandise for "drawback refunds to the extent of 99% of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States ("HTSUS") Column I duties16 paid on the imported petroleum products designated therein." Statement ¶ 3.
Plaintiffs first argue that this Court's jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) is limited to reviewing the specific reason stated by Customs for denying plaintiffs' protests. Pls.' Br. 2. Thus, because some of Customs' protest denials "did not include the assertion that the drawback claimants failed to complete their claims for taxes and fees before the expiration of a three-year period following export of the substitute merchandise," plaintiffs insist, with respect to those protests at least, they must prevail. Pls.' Br. 2. A review of the protests shows that they were denied for one of three reasons: (1) because the "original decision [was] found correct," (2) because the contested exactions were "ineligible" for drawback, or (3) because the claimant failed to make its claim within the three-year limitation period imposed under 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1). According to plaintiffs, any decision by Customs that failed to expressly raise a timeliness objection (1) constitutes a decision, made final by operation of law, that plaintiffs' claims for taxes and fees were timely, and (2) deprives Customs of the right to assert timeliness as a defense to a valid claim for drawback of taxes and fees. Pls.' Br. 2, 4-5 (first *1371citing 19 U.S.C. § 1514,17 and then citing 19 U.S.C. § 151518 ). Thus, for plaintiffs, "the issue of the timeliness of the drawback claim for taxes and fees is not justiciable as to those protests ... that were denied by Customs for reasons stated other than failing to timely complete the drawback claims." Pls.' Br. 9. In other words, plaintiffs argue that, as to those protests that were denied for reasons other than being time-barred, the court's review is limited to determining whether Customs' stated reason for denying the protest is correct.
Plaintiffs' argument is without merit. "In any civil action contesting the denial of a protest under section 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930, this Court reviews the record de novo ." Rheem Metalurgica S/A v. United States , 20 CIT 1450, 1456, 951 F.Supp. 241, 246 (1996) ; see also BP Oil Supply Co. v. United States , 35 CIT ----, ----, Slip Op. 11-116 at 3, 2011 WL 4343853 (Sept. 16, 2011) ("Denial of a protest is reviewed de novo ."); Marathon Oil , 24 CIT at 213-14, 93 F.Supp.2d at 1279 ("[ 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) ] claims are reviewed de novo , and in this instance the Court owes no deference to Defendant's interpretation."). Thus, when reviewing Customs' denial of drawback, "the court will sustain Customs' decision if it is proper, even if the rationale is not articulated in Customs' decision." Precision Specialty Metals, Inc. v. United States , 24 CIT 1016, 1024, 116 F.Supp.2d 1350, 1360 (2000). Therefore, the court will look to the merits of plaintiffs' claims-including any issues regarding the timeliness of plaintiffs' drawback claims for taxes and fees-notwithstanding any failure by Customs to specifically reference the timeliness provision of 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1) in its protest decisions.
II. Plaintiffs' Arguments Regarding the Timeliness of its Drawback Claim for Taxes and Fees are Foreclosed Under Aectra and Shell
A. A Complete Drawback Claim Must Include a Correct Calculation of Any Amount of Drawback Due
In order for Customs to grant a drawback claim, the claim must be "complete." See 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1). Since 1998, Customs' regulations have specifically defined a "complete drawback claim" as consisting of specified forms, certificates, and notices. See 19 C.F.R. § 191.51(a)(1) (1998). In addition, as case law makes clear, even before promulgation of the 1998 regulation, an importer "at a minimum, was required to place Customs on notice that it was seeking drawback for HMT and ET."19 Shell II , 688 F.3d at 1384. In Aectra II , the Federal Circuit *1372previously found that a "complete" drawback claim must also specifically include a correct calculation of any taxes and fees sought pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 191.51(b) (1998). See Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1371-72 ("The payment of drawback ... is expressly conditioned-by statute-upon compliance with regulations promulgated by the Secretary of the Treasury. One such regulation, 19 C.F.R. § 191.51 (1998), is directly applicable here.... Under the correctly calculate requirement of [ § 191.51(b) ], a complete claim for purposes of the three-year limit of 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1) must include a correct calculation of the amount of drawback due.... [W]e think that on its face the phrase correctly calculate the amount of drawback due requires a claimant to include an accurate calculation of the entire amount that it seeks to be refunded under the drawback statute.") (internal citations omitted). Notwithstanding the Federal Circuit's conclusion, plaintiffs argue that the "correctly calculate" requirement of § 191.51(b) is not a component of a "complete" drawback claim, and therefore, that a claimant need not calculate the amount of taxes and fees sought prior to the three-year limit imposed under 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1). Pls.' Br. 9-11.
Plaintiffs base their argument on a reading of the regulation that governs the "completion of drawback claims"20 in conjunction with the regulations governing the "rejection, perfection, or amendment" of drawback claims.21 See Pls.' Br. 11 (citing 19 C.F.R. §§ 191.51, 191.52(a) and (b) (1998) ). Specifically, plaintiffs argue that when these regulations are read together, "the only reasonable reading" of a "complete" claim is one that contains the forms, certificates, and notices found in § 191.51(a)(1). In other words, for plaintiffs, a complete claim need not contain a "correct calculation" of the amount of drawback due pursuant to subsection (b). Pls.' Br. 11. Plaintiffs argue that this is because the regulations governing the rejection and perfection of drawback claims define a claim as being either "complete" or "incomplete" in terms of containing the specified forms, certificates, and notices, without any reference to subsection (b)'s "correctly calculate" requirement.22 See Pls.' Br. 11. For plaintiffs, this reading renders the Federal Circuit's interpretation of a "complete" claim (i.e. , as requiring the correct calculation of any amount of drawback sought) unreasonable.23 See Pls.' Br. 11.
Plaintiffs then argue that Customs' own construction of its regulations requires a finding that the "correctly calculate" requirement is not part of a "complete"
*1373drawback claim. Pls.' Br. 11-12. To support their position, plaintiffs quote a portion of Customs Headquarters Ruling HQ 228093, in which Customs' Office of Rulings and Regulations was asked to determine what action a port should take when an importer claims 100 percent drawback of duties paid, when by statute, the importer was only entitled to receive 99 percent.24 In particular, plaintiffs direct the court to the following language:
A drawback entry filed with incomprehensible attachments constitutes an incompletely filed claim and is grounds for rejection of a claim under 19 CFR 191.52(a). An overstated claim for drawback should not be rejected , however pursuant to 19 CFR 191.51(b), drawback should not be paid until the calculations have been corrected by the claimant.
Customs Headquarters Ruling HQ 228093 (Aug. 31, 1999) (emphasis added). For plaintiffs, "[i]f claims containing overstatements in the § 191.51(b) calculation of the amount of drawback due are not subject to" rejection as being "incomplete," then such calculations "cannot be a necessary component of a 'complete' claim ...." Pls.' Br. 12. In other words, plaintiffs argue that because Customs has found that failing to include the documents required under § 191.51(a)(1) is grounds for a claim's rejection as "incomplete," but a violation of the "correctly calculate" provision is not, a correct calculation of the amount of drawback due should not be subject to the three-year limitation period found in 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1). See Pls.' Br. 12.
Plaintiff's arguments are unavailing. First, the Aectra II Court decided the issue of whether a "complete" drawback claim made after 1998 must include a correct calculation of whatever amount a claimant seeks to recover, including both taxes and fees. See Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1371-72 ; see also , Delphi Petroleum, Inc. v. United States , 33 CIT 1758, 1763, 662 F.Supp.2d 1348, 1353 (2009) ("Such a finding would be inconsistent with the Federal Circuit's holding in [ Aectra II ] that a 'complete claim' goes beyond the documentary requirements to complete a claim ... and includes the functional requirement to complete a drawback claim ... [by producing ] a calculation of the fees sought .") (emphasis added); Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. v. United States , 35 CIT ----, ----, Slip Op. 11-113 at 35, 2011 WL 3939243 (Sept. 8, 2011) ("A 'complete drawback claim' generally must include the 'drawback entry on Customs Form 7551, applicable certificate(s) of manufacture and delivery, applicable Notice(s) of Intent to Export, Destroy, or Return Merchandise for Purposes of Drawback, applicable import entry number(s), coding sheet unless the data is filed electronically, and evidence of exportation or destruction under subpart G of this part.' In addition, a drawback claim must also include a correct calculation of the amount of reimbursement sought .") (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added).
Federal Circuit precedent makes the correct calculation requirement clear. First, with respect to drawback claims subject to Customs' regulations, the Federal Circuit has held that "a 'complete' claim for purposes of the three-year limit of 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1) must include a correct calculation of the amount of drawback due." Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1372 (citing 19 C.F.R. § 191.51 ).
*1374The case law dealing with claims made prior to promulgation of the regulation also does not aid plaintiffs. The Federal Circuit held in Shell II that, notwithstanding that § 191.51(b) (1998) was not in effect at the time Shell filed its drawback claims, Shell was nevertheless required to place Customs on notice "as to the specific amount it is seeking for a refund," including any taxes and fees. Shell II , 688 F.3d at 1384 ("Shell's focus on whether the pre-1998 regulations lacked explicit requirements to list taxes and fees as part of the total amount is misplaced because ... Customs does not bear the burden to determine the maximum permissible amount for a drawback claim. Rather, it is on the claimant to place Customs on notice as to the specific amount it is seeking for a refund."); see also id. at 1385 n.6 ("To the extent Shell avers that the 1998 regulations created a requirement which did not exist previously, we agree with the CIT and conclude that the 1998 regulatory amendments merely clarified the requirements for what was already required for a proper drawback claim [ (i.e. , a correct calculation of the amount of drawback sought) ]."). Like Shell, plaintiffs here failed to put Customs on notice that they were seeking drawback of taxes and fees within the statutory timeframe.
Finally, as to plaintiffs' argument regarding Customs Headquarters Ruling HQ 228093, merely because Customs found that waiving strict enforcement of the "correctly calculate" requirement when a claimant asked for return of 100 percent, rather than 99 percent, of the duties paid would aid in the efficient handling of claims where there was a common error, it does not follow that Customs intended to create a rule that does away with the correct calculation requirement altogether.
Accordingly, because plaintiffs failed to include a correct calculation of the amount of taxes and fees sought within the three-year limit, the court sustains Customs' denial of plaintiffs' protests.
B. A Correct Calculation of the Amount of Drawback Due Includes Any Taxes or Fees Sought by the Importer
Plaintiffs make a related argument with respect to the correct calculation of the amount of drawback due. Once the Aectra II Court had determined that a "complete" drawback claim under 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1) included the "correct[ ] calculat[ion] of the amount of drawback due," it then addressed what a "correct calculation" specifically requires. Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1372. Looking at the language of 19 U.S.C. § 191.51(b) (the "correctly calculate" requirement), the Court found that "on its face the phrase 'correctly calculate the amount of drawback due' requires a claimant to include an accurate calculation of the entire amount that it seeks to be refunded under the drawback statute," including any taxes and fees. Id.
Plaintiffs argue that even if the "correctly calculate" requirement of § 191.51(b) is a component of a "complete" claim under 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1), the Federal Circuit's decision as to the meaning of the phrase "correctly calculate the amount of drawback due" is not binding authority. Pls.' Br. 14. That is, plaintiffs claim that certain language in the Aectra II decision indicates that the Federal Circuit "was admittedly unaware of Customs' authoritative construction" of what constitutes a "correct calculation" of the amount of drawback due, and therefore, its decision regarding the definition of a "correct calculation" is not binding precedent. Pls.' Br. 14. Specifically, plaintiffs reference the following paragraph as supporting their position:
*1375We are aware of no authoritative administrative construction of the "correctly calculate" requirement of 19 C.F.R. § 191.51(b) (1998) , but we think that on its face the phrase "correctly calculate the amount of drawback due" requires a claimant to include an accurate calculation of the entire amount that it seeks to be refunded under the drawback statute.
Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1372 (emphasis added). For plaintiffs, this language indicates that the Federal Circuit "only observed that it was unaware" of an authoritative administrative construction of the "correctly calculate" requirement, but its ruling did not go so far as to find that such an authoritative construction did not exist. Pls.' Reply Br. 7. Therefore, according to plaintiffs, the Aectra II decision left open the possibility of an alternative construction of what is meant by "correctly calculate the amount of drawback due." Pls.' Reply Br. 7-8 ("Not being 'aware' of alternative regulatory constructions and only 'thinking' they construed the regulation correctly should not be viewed as creating binding precedent.... Given the open-ended nature of Aectra 's determination, this Court has the latitude to consider and rule in plaintiff's favor."). Thus, because plaintiffs claim such "an authoritative administrative construction" of the "correctly calculate" requirement exists, they argue that the court may find in their favor, notwithstanding the Aectra II decision.
It is apparent that the Aectra II and Shell II decisions are binding on the meaning of the "correctly calculate" requirement of 19 C.F.R. § 191.51(b) and also for claims made before promulgation of the regulation governing the "completion of drawback claims." See Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1375 ; see also Shell II , 688 F.3d at 1380 ("[In Aectra II ,] [w]e ultimately held that the importer was not entitled to relief because it failed to claim drawback of taxes and fees within the statutory three-year period within which all drawback claims must be filed."). Indeed, the Aectra II Court based its interpretation on the plain meaning of the regulation, and held, unambiguously, that "a complete claim under 19 C.F.R. § 191.51(b) (1998) requires a claimant to calculate not only the amount of duty but also the amount of taxes and fees sought as drawback." Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1375 ; see also id. at 1372 ("[W]e think that on its face the phrase 'correctly calculate the amount of drawback due' requires a claimant to include an accurate calculation of the entire amount that it seeks to be refunded under the drawback statute. The purpose of the 'correctly calculate' requirement is plain enough from the face of the regulation ; it is to allow Customs to carry out its mandate to process drawback claims under the statute in an efficient and accurate manner.") (emphasis added). Because the meaning of the "correctly calculate" requirement has been settled by the Federal Circuit in Aectra II , and because, even prior to the enactment of the "correctly calculate" regulation, importers were nonetheless "required to place Customs on notice that [they were] seeking drawback for [taxes and fees]," plaintiffs' argument fails. Shell II , 688 F.3d at 1384.
The court also notes that plaintiffs' arguments rely heavily on Customs having explicitly used the word "duty," at times, when referring to the correct calculation requirement of § 191.51(b). This is not surprising, however, since the regulation itself used the word "duty" when referring to the correct amount of drawback to be calculated. See 19 C.F.R. § 191.51(b) (1998) ("Drawback claimants are required to correctly calculate the amount of drawback due. The amount of drawback requested on the drawback entry is generally to be 99 percent of the import duties eligible for drawback .") (emphasis added).
*1376The Aectra II Court, however, considered this when interpreting the meaning of § 191.51(b), and ultimately concluded that the "correctly calculate" requirement nevertheless applied to any amount of drawback sought, including taxes or fees. Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1373 ("In short, we think the first sentence of 19 C.F.R. § 191.51(b) (1998) in effect at the time Aectra filed its claims required a correct calculation of whatever amount a claimant sought to recover, not merely a calculation of the customs duties to be refunded. The remainder of paragraph (b), which does refer specifically to duty, does not limit the requirement of the first sentence but simply discusses the calculation requirement as applied to the duty component of a drawback claim . The second sentence of (b) notes that the drawback due is 'generally' to be 99 percent of the import duties eligible; it does not state an absolute rule .") (emphasis added). Moreover, the Shell II Court found that, "merely setting forth a claim for drawback of import duties does not sufficiently make or preserve a claim for taxes and fees like HMT and ET." Shell II , 688 F.3d at 1384.
Therefore, plaintiffs' arguments regarding the proper construction of the "correctly calculate" requirement are precluded by Aectra II .25
III. The Right to Drawback of Taxes and Fees was Limited Under the 2004 Trade Act to Claimants who had Previously Sought Drawback of Taxes and Fees Within the Three-Year Limitation Period
Plaintiffs then argue that their drawback claims for taxes and fees are not untimely under the "default rule." Pls.' Br. 19. The default rule is the principle that "Congress generally drafts statutes of limitations to begin when the cause of action accrues." Graham Cty. Soil & Water Conservation Dist. v. United States ex rel. Wilson , 545 U.S. 409, 418, 125 S.Ct. 2444, 162 L.Ed.2d 390 (2005). Under plaintiffs' default rule theory, the right to drawback of taxes and fees first arose on December 3, 2004, the date the 2004 Trade Act was enacted, and therefore, the three-year limit for plaintiffs to file a drawback claim for taxes and fees did not begin to run until December 3, 2004.26 Pls.' Br. 19.
The court disagrees. Under the Federal Circuit's interpretation, the 2004 Trade Act "was designed to clarify prior law that 19 U.S.C. § 1313(j) had been intended to permit recovery of HMT" and that "the contrary Texport decision had been in error." Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1369. The Aectra II Court observed that the 2004 Trade Act "was not designed to create a new right to drawback for HMT, but rather to clarify that HMT was always subject to drawback under the statute." Id. at 1370. Therefore, the usual three-year limitation period under 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1) remained for unliquidated claims following the enactment of the 2004 Trade Act. See id. ("Nothing in the text of the [2004 Trade Act] states or suggests that [the 2004 Trade Act was] intended to waive the normal three-year limit imposed by 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1)."); see also 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1) ("A drawback entry and all documents necessary to complete a drawback *1377claim ... shall be filed or applied for, as applicable, within 3 years after the date of exportation or destruction of the articles on which drawback is claimed .... Claims not completed within the 3-year period shall be considered abandoned.").
Based on this analysis, the Aectra II Court found that the 2004 Trade Act's amendments (clarifying the right to drawback of HMT) applied only "to unliquidated entries that already included a timely protective request for HMT ." Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1370 (emphasis added); see also id. ("[I]t was not unreasonable to assume that Congress would limit the right [to drawback of HMT] to those who had previously attempted to claim [drawback of HMT] within the three-year limitations period ...."). In other words, according to the Federal Circuit, the 2004 Trade Act provided a small retroactive window for previously-filed drawback claims that included a "protective claim" for HMT or ET, so long as the entries had not been liquidated or the three-year limitation period had not expired. See id. ; see also Shell II , 688 F.3d at 1385 ("The 2004 amendments applied only prospectively, and to 'not yet finally liquidated [entries]' that 'already included a timely protective request' for taxes and fees." (quoting Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1369-71 ) ); Shell I , 781 F.Supp.2d at 1337 ("Congress predicated the right to drawback of HMT and ET on the filing of a timely claim for such drawback, either during the regular statutory three-year period or during the six-month grace period following the 1999 amendments. The default rule that Shell invokes does not, and cannot, provide otherwise . Therefore ... Shell's 'default rule' argument ... must fail.") (emphasis added). Thus, because plaintiffs did not file their drawback claims for taxes and fees within three years of exportation of the substitute petroleum products, the court finds plaintiffs' claims to be untimely under 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1).
IV. Congress' Enactment of the 2004 Trade Act Did not Violate the Separation of Powers Doctrine
As discussed above, in Texport , the Court of Appeals found that HMT was not a federal exaction imposed "because of ... importation" within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1313(j) (1994). Texport , 185 F.3d at 1297. Specifically, the Court observed that the HMT is "assessed in a nondiscriminatory fashion against all shipments utilizing ports," and therefore, was ineligible for drawback. Id. at 1296. Following Texport , the 2004 Trade Act "eliminat[ed] the requirement that a charge be imposed 'because of' importation," and instead allowed drawback of any charge assessed "upon entry" of merchandise. Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1369. According to the legislative history, Congress made this change because it believed the Texport decision had been in "error" and that "allowing for drawback of the Harbor Maintenance Tax is consistent with original Congressional intent."27 S. Rep. No. 108-028, at 173 (2003); see also Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1369.
*1378In Aectra II , the Federal Circuit, after examining the 2004 Trade Act's legislative history, found that "the amendment was designed to clarify prior law that 19 U.S.C. § 1313(j) had been intended to permit recovery of HMT," and that the "amendment was not designed to create a new right to drawback for HMT, but rather to clarify that HMT was always subject to drawback under the statute." Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1369-70. Plaintiffs claim that Aectra II 's "characterization" of the 2004 Trade Act's amendments to § 1313(j) as "merely 'clarifying ' that the HMT was 'always subject to drawback under the statute ,' " and the Court's observation that the 2004 Trade Act "was not designed to create a new right to drawback for HMT ," expressly contravene the Constitution's separation of powers doctrine "by failing to recognize the finality of the Federal Circuit's prior decision in Texport " and, as such, is "not binding on this Court." Pls.' Br. 22 (quoting Aectra II , 565 F.3d at 1370 ); see also Pls.' Br. 21 (" '[A] judicial decision becomes the last word of the judicial department with regard to a particular case or controversy, and Congress may not declare by retroactive legislation that the law applicable to that very case was something other than what the courts said it was.' " (quoting Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc. , 514 U.S. 211, 227, 115 S.Ct. 1447, 131 L.Ed.2d 328 (1995) ). In other words, drawing a comparison to Plaut ,28 plaintiffs argue that the Aectra II Court's interpretation of the 2004 Trade Act as merely clarifying the law would require the reopening of the Texport and Warren cases, thereby violating the separation of powers doctrine, and thus, that the Aectra II decision may be ignored.
The court is not convinced by plaintiffs' separation of powers theory. Although *1379"the views of a subsequent Congress form a hazardous basis for inferring the intent of an earlier one," United States v. Price , 361 U.S. 304, 313, 80 S.Ct. 326, 4 L.Ed.2d 334 (1960), Congress is nonetheless "free to change [a court's] interpretation of its legislation." Ill. Brick Co. v. Illinois , 431 U.S. 720, 736, 97 S.Ct. 2061, 52 L.Ed.2d 707 (1977) ; see also Guangdong Wireking Housewares & Hardware Co. v. United States , 745 F.3d 1194, 1201 (Fed. Cir. 2014) ("[T]he Supreme Court clarified that 'Congress can always revise the judgments of Article III courts in one sense: When a new law makes clear that it is retroactive, an appellate court must apply that law in reviewing judgments still on appeal that were rendered before the law was enacted, and must alter the outcome accordingly.' " (quoting Plaut , 514 U.S. at 226, 115 S.Ct. 1447 ) ). Indeed, "Congress may amend a statute to establish new law, but it also may enact an amendment to clarify existing law, to correct a misinterpretation, or to overrule wrongly decided cases." Brown v. Thompson , 374 F.3d 253, 259 (4th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Hawkins v. United States , 30 F.3d 1077, 1082 (9th Cir. 1994).
The Plaut case relied upon by plaintiffs was a situation in which Congress purported to reopen final judgments of the courts, i.e. , a case in which Congress' legislation "require[d] its own application in a case already finally adjudicated ...." Plaut , 514 U.S. at 225, 115 S.Ct. 1447 ; see also id. at 219, 115 S.Ct. 1447 ("By retroactively commanding the federal courts to reopen final judgments, Congress has violated this fundamental principle [that a judgment conclusively resolves the case]."). Here, however, the amendments in the 2004 Trade Act do not allow for the reopening of final judgments. Rather, the amendments "overruled" the Texport and Warren decisions by clarifying that HMT is in fact eligible for drawback. Legislation which affects pending and future cases is certainly permissible under the separation of powers doctrine. See Plaut , 514 U.S. at 226, 115 S.Ct. 1447. Thus, to the extent that plaintiffs argue such amendments in the 2004 Trade Act violate the separation of powers doctrine, the court disagrees.
V. Plaintiffs' Argument that Defendant is Responsible for its Delayed Claims for HMT is Waived
In Delphi Petroleum, Inc. v. United States , 33 CIT 1758, 662 F.Supp.2d 1348 (2009), this Court found that plaintiff Delphi was entitled to an extension of the statutorily required three-year limitation period because "Delphi's reliance on advice by the Customs supervisory drawback official ... rendered Customs responsible for the otherwise untimely filing ...." Delphi , 33 CIT at 1764, 662 F.Supp.2d at 1354 (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1) ). In Delphi , an importer, confused by the state of the drawback law at that time, contacted Customs and indicated that although it did not include an application for drawback of HMT and MPF in its original claim, it intended to "file a protest, after [it] receive[d] the duty drawback, with respect to [HMT and MPF] and that that protest [could] be resolved after the court rules on the U.S. Customs appeal [in Texport ]." Delphi , 33 CIT at 1759, 662 F.Supp.2d at 1350. Delphi then asked Customs to "inform [it]" if its stated approach was "incorrect" and, if so, it would "amend this drawback claim to include [HMT and MPF]." Id. , 33 CIT at 1759-60, 662 F.Supp.2d at 1350. Under the advice of a Customs Supervisory Drawback Liquidator, Delphi did not amend its drawback claim to include *1380HMT and MPF, and instead, following liquidation of the entries at issue, filed a protest asking for HMT and MPF for the entries at issue. Id. Customs later denied Delphi's protest with respect to its drawback requests because they were outside the three-year limitation period. Id. 33 CIT at 1761, 662 F.Supp.2d at 1351.
The Delphi Court found that because Delphi was "willing and ready to present the complete claims" (i.e. , including requests for HMT and MPF), but instead, "relied upon the advice of the Supervisory Drawback Liquidator," Customs was "deemed responsible for Delphi's delayed HMT and MPF filings because Delphi had no clear administrative path to follow and a responsible official unknowingly misled Delphi as to the proper course." Id. 33 CIT at 1766, 662 F.Supp.2d at 1355. Therefore, the Court held that "Customs abused its discretion in not granting the extension of time to file the drawback claims" under 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1). Id.
Plaintiffs argue, for the first time in their reply brief, that the same result is warranted here because "Customs by its regulations made it impossible to file a drawback claim, within three years of export, that expressly requested taxes and fees."29 Pls.' Reply Def.'s Resp. Pls.' Am. Mot. Summ. J. and Resp. Def.'s Cross-Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 89 23-24.
As an initial matter, the court finds that because plaintiffs did not articulate their position that Customs was responsible for the delayed taxes and fees filings until their reply brief, they waived their right to press that argument here. See, e.g. , Novosteel SA v. United States , 284 F.3d 1261, 1274 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (holding that plaintiff waived an argument that was not presented this Court "until after [plaintiff] had filed its principal summary judgment brief," reasoning that "parties must give a trial court a fair opportunity to rule on an issue other than by raising that issue for the first time in a reply brief"). However, even if plaintiffs had briefed and preserved this argument, they nevertheless could not prevail.
Specifically, 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1) provides that "[n]o extension [of the three-year limitation period] will be granted unless it is established that the Customs Service was responsible for the untimely filing." 19 U.S.C. § 1313(r)(1). In Delphi , the importer indicated that it was prepared to request drawback of HMT and MPF, but relied on the advice of a Customs Drawback Supervisor to wait until after liquidation to file those claims. Moreover, Delphi's allegation was supported with declarations of witnesses who attested to Customs' advice to wait and file a protest. Here, plaintiffs have offered no admissible evidence supporting its allegation that Customs was responsible for its untimely claim. The Delphi court was very clear that its holding was a narrow one, particular to the facts in that case. See Delphi , 33 CIT at 1764, 662 F.Supp.2d at 1354 ("The court has addressed Delphi's claims in some detail to emphasize the narrowness of the ground upon which Delphi succeeds. Under the facts of this case, Delphi's reliance on advice by the Customs supervisory drawback official for the Port of New York rendered Customs responsible for the otherwise untimely filing and qualifies Delphi for a statutory extension under the final provision § 1313(r)(1)."). Here, plaintiffs' bare assertions that they *1381would potentially face civil and criminal sanction for filing drawback claims for HMT or MPF are not sufficient to entitle them to relief under Delphi . Therefore, the court finds that plaintiffs' claims for HMT, MPF, and/or ET are untimely, as plaintiffs are not entitled to an extension under § 1313(r)(1).
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the court finds that because plaintiffs' drawback claims did not include a calculation of the taxes and fees sought within the three-year limitation period imposed under the statute, these claims are now time-barred. Accordingly, the court denies plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment and grants defendant's motion for summary judgment, thereby sustaining Customs' denial of plaintiffs' protests. Judgment shall be entered accordingly.