This is an appeal in a certified wage and hour class action following a judgment after a bench trial in favor of defendants Certified Tire and Services Centers, Inc. (Certified Tire) and Barrett Business Services. Inc. (collectively defendants). Plaintiffs contend that Certified Tire violated the applicable minimum wage and rest period requirements by implementing a compensation program, which guaranteed its automotive technicians a specific hourly wage above the minimum wage for all hours worked during each pay period but also gave them the possibility of earning a higher hourly wage for all hours worked during each pay period based on certain productivity measures.
As we will explain, we conclude that the plaintiffs' arguments lack merit, and we accordingly affirm the judgment.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Certified Tire's Compensation Program for Automotive Technicians
Certified Tire is a business that sells tires and performs automotive repairs for the general public through its 40 stores in California. Certified Tire employs automotive technicians to diagnose and repair customer vehicles.
Throughout the relevant timeframe, technicians at Certified Tire were compensated through the Technician Compensation Program (the TCP). Under the TCP, a technician is paid an hourly wage for all work performed, but the hourly rate earned by a technician varies from pay period to pay period. A technician's hourly rate for the applicable pay period is guaranteed to be at least an agreed-upon minimum hourly rate that the technician is assigned at the time of hire, which in all cases exceeds the legal minimum wage.1 Under the TCP, the hourly rate paid to a technician during any given pay period *827may be higher than the guaranteed minimum hourly rate based on a formula that rewards the technician for work that is billed to the customer by Certified Tire as a separate labor charge.
Under the formula, each billed dollar of labor charged to a customer as a result of the technician's work during the pay period is referred to as the technician's "production dollars."2 Certified Tire applies the formula by multiplying the technician's production dollars by 95 percent, multiplying that amount by a fixed "tech rate" assigned to the technician depending on experience and qualifications,3 and then dividing by the total hours worked by the technician during the pay period. By applying this formula, Certified Tire determines the technician's "base hourly rate" for the pay period. If the base hourly rate exceeds the technician's guaranteed minimum hourly rate, the technician is paid the base hourly rate for all time worked during the pay period. If the guaranteed minimum hourly rate is higher than the base hourly rate, the technician is paid the guaranteed minimum hourly rate for all time worked during the pay period.4 Overtime hours are paid at one and a half time the hourly rate that applies during the pay period.
Technicians at Certified Tire are required to be clocked in during all work hours, except for their lunch period, and they are paid at an hourly rate for all hours on the clock. The hours during which technicians are clocked in at work are reflected in time keeping reports. Technicians take rest breaks as required by law, and they do not clock out while doing so.
Certified Tire's president testified that he designed the TCP to incentivize technicians "to hustle" to get things done, and to make Certified Tire a more competitive employer in the industry by allowing technicians to significantly increase their hourly compensation based on their efficiency without any cap on the amount of compensation. According to Certified Tire's president, some technicians achieve a base hourly rate of up to $70 per hour during a pay period.
Some work activities that the technicians are required to perform do not directly generate production dollars, as those activities are not associated with labor costs charged to a customer. These activities include certain automotive services, including some oil changes and some tire rotations, *828as well as time spent cleaning or attending meetings. Although technicians do not have the opportunity to increase their base hourly rate by participating in activities that do not generate production dollars, those activities are always compensated because technicians get paid an hourly rate for that work, all of which is performed while they are clocked in.
B. The Lawsuit
The instant appeal is based on multiple wage and hour class action lawsuits filed against Certified Tire and Barrett Business Services, Inc.5 in superior court in Riverside County and San Diego County by plaintiffs Oscar Gutierrez, Pascal Jeandebien, and Michael Rehse. After the lawsuits were coordinated in San Diego County Superior Court,6 a first amended coordinated complaint was filed.7 On December 22, 2015, the trial court certified the class action with respect to several defined classes, two of which are relevant here: (1) "All Technicians employed by Defendant from March 6, 2009, to the present to whom Defendant failed to pay a separate minimum wage for nonproductive time;" and (2) "All Technicians employed by Defendant from March 6, 2009, to the present to whom Defendant failed to pay for off duty rest periods." The trial court also found that Gutierrez, Jeandebien and Rehse (plaintiffs) would adequately represent the class.
The trial court conducted a bench trial in December 2016. In their joint trial readiness conference report, the parties agreed that "[t]he only issue for resolution in Phase I is the legality of [the TCP]. Any other liability and injunctive/damages issues, if necessary, are deferred until after a ruling on Phase I." The parties identified the issue to be determined by the trial court as: "Have Plaintiffs met their burden to show that Certified Tire's Technician Compensation Program violates California law?"
The parties also entered into stipulations concerning the applicable legal standards. Specifically, the parties stipulated that Certified Tire is "governed by the California Labor Code and Wage Order 4[-2001]." ( Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11040.) (Wage Order 4)8 The parties *829agreed that under Wage Order 4, "Every employer shall pay to each employee, on the established payday for the period involved, not less than the applicable minimum wage for all hours worked in the payroll period, whether the remuneration is measured by time, piece, commission, or otherwise." ( Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11040, subd. 4(B).) The parties identified the applicable minimum wage as "not less than nine dollars ($9.00) per hour for all hours worked, effective July 1, 2014, and not less than ten dollars ($10.00) per hour for all hours worked, effective January 1, 2016." In addition, the parties agreed that Wage Order 4 provides for rest period as follows: "Every employer shall authorize and permit all employees to take rest periods, which insofar as practicable shall be in the middle of each work period. The authorized rest period time shall be based on the total hours worked daily at the rate of ten (10) minutes net rest time per four (4) hours or major fraction thereof. ... Authorized rest period time shall be counted as hours worked for which there shall be no deduction from wages." ( Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11040, subd. 12(A).)
The trial court held a bench trial at which several witnesses testified, including the plaintiffs, other technicians formerly or currently employed by Certified Tire, supervisors from Certified Tire, a Certified Tire employee in charge of payroll, and Certified Tire's president. The evidence regarding the details of the TCP was largely undisputed, and it was also undisputed that technicians at Certified Tire were required to clock in for all hours while at work, and they took their required rest breaks while clocked in during the work day.
Plaintiffs' counsel argued in closing that Certified Tire was not in compliance with the minimum wage and rest period requirements set forth in Wage Order 4. Relying on case law that prohibits averaging the amount an employee receives during a pay period for non-paid and paid work hours to comply with the minimum wage requirements (see, e.g., Armenta v. Osmose, Inc. (2005) 135 Cal.App.4th 314, 37 Cal.Rptr.3d 460 ( Armenta ) ), plaintiffs' counsel argued that because of the TCP, Certified Tire was "secretly paying the lower wage-nothing for those non-billed hours-while purporting, making it look like through their averaging, that they're paying at least minimum wage for the non-billed time when, in fact, they're paying nothing for the non-billed time." Plaintiffs' counsel argued that under the TCP, because a technician could not increase the base hourly wage when working on activities that did not generate production dollars those hours are all uncompensated, as "[n]ot a penny hits their pocket when they do an oil change, when they attend a meeting, when they do any cleaning." As similarly argued in plaintiffs' trial brief filed at the close of the bench trial, "Technicians earn no wages for time spent on tasks that do not generate labor dollars for [Certified Tire] (i.e., oil changes, tire rotations, cleaning, meetings, Preventative Maintenance Analysis (PMA), running errands and waiting for customer cars to work on) since those tasks do not add to 'Production Dollars' under [Certified Tire's] formula." (Italics added). Also referring to the fact that technicians do not have the opportunity to increase their production dollars during a rest break because they are not generating labor charged to the customer, plaintiffs' counsel argued that Certified Tire was in violation of the rest period requirement in Wage Order 4. Counsel argued, "I think it's undisputed here that when technicians are on a rest break, they cannot add to their wages during those rest breaks. The wages stay the same." According to plaintiffs, "When Technicians are paid as a percentage of Production *830Dollars they receive no separate wages for ... statutorily mandated rest breaks."
The trial court issued a statement of decision in favor of Certified Tire. After extensively setting forth the testimony and evidence presented at trial and the governing case law, the trial court explained that plaintiffs had not established any violation of the wage and hour laws. The trial court stated,
"First, the parties agree that this is not an 'off-the-clock' case. [Certified Tire's] 'Technician's Timekeeping Reports' accurately reflect the times and hours worked by that Technician during the corresponding time period. ...
"Second, contrary to the Court's concern in Armenta , [Certified Tire] has not 'averaged' the technicians' hours to calculate their wages; instead, [Certified Tire] applies the higher base rate, if any, to all of the hours worked-billed and non-billed labor-by the technicians. The Court recognizes that the technicians' production may vary from one day to the next throughout the two week pay period which, as calculated at the end of two weeks, may be different than a snapshot of the technicians' production on any given day. However, it appears to the Court that, to the extent the technicians are entitled to be paid a higher base rate, the averaging, if any, only adds to (as opposed to subtracts from) the technicians' wages.
Ultimately, the calculation of the technicians' wages, under this formula, is much more about the technicians' wage 'ceiling' rather than wage 'floor.'
"Third, the Court finds that, based on this record, the technicians have been paid, at all times, a guaranteed minimum wage for all of their hours worked -- billed and non-billed labor. In other words, even during pay periods where the technicians have been wholly unproductive, they have been paid minimum wages which comply with the California wage and hour laws at issue in this case."
The trial court entered judgment in favor of Certified Tire on April 12, 2017. On May 9, 2017, a notice of appeal was filed.9
II.
DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
"In reviewing a judgment based upon a statement of decision following a *831bench trial, we review questions of law de novo. [Citation.] We apply a substantial evidence standard of review to the trial court's findings of fact." ( Thompson v. Asimos (2016) 6 Cal.App.5th 970, 981, 212 Cal.Rptr.3d 158.) When the facts are undisputed, "[a] reviewing court determines the meaning of a wage order de novo." ( Gonzalez v. Downtown LA Motors, LP (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 36, 44, 155 Cal.Rptr.3d 18 ( Gonzalez ).)
Here, plaintiffs state that the evidence is undisputed concerning the details and application of the TCP. However, they contend that the trial court erred in concluding, based on those undisputed facts, that the TCP does not violate the requirement that Certified Tire pay the minimum wage and provide paid rest periods as set forth in Wage Order 4. Accordingly, we apply a de novo standard of review to the legal questions presented here.
B. Applicable Case Law Regarding Plaintiffs' Minimum Wage and Rest Period Argument
Plaintiffs' contention that Certified Tire fails to comply with the minimum wage and rest period requirements in Wage Order 4 is based on case law that has developed since Armenta, supra, 135 Cal.App.4th 314, 37 Cal.Rptr.3d 460, was decided in 2005. Plaintiffs contend that, based on that case law, Certified Tire is violating the rule that "an employer utilizing an activity-based compensation scheme (like Certified Tire's TCP), must separately compensate employees for both: (1) time working on tasks which generate no wages; and (2) rest breaks." Based on the same case law, plaintiffs also contend that Certified Tire is impermissibly attempting to establish minimum wage compliance despite its failure to pay for each hour worked by using "an average hourly rate for each hour worked." To understand and evaluate plaintiffs' argument we first review the case law upon which Plaintiffs rely.
In Armenta , workers who maintained utility poles in the field were paid an hourly wage, which was above the minimum wage, but the employer refused to pay an hourly wage for time spent driving to the job sites or processing paper work. ( Armenta , supra , 135 Cal.App.4th at pp. 317-319, 37 Cal.Rptr.3d 460.) The employer argued that this practice did not violate the minimum wage requirement for the hours that were uncompensated because "when an employer pays a higher hourly rate, ... it should be entitled to divide the total number of hours worked into the amount the employee was paid to arrive at an average hourly wage and then determine whether the employee's compensation complied with the minimum wage law," which was the approach followed by federal courts applying the federal Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA; 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq. ). ( Armenta, at pp. 321-322, 37 Cal.Rptr.3d 460, italics added.) Interpreting Wage Order 4 in light of its language and the surrounding statutory provisions, Armenta concluded that "the FLSA model of averaging all hours worked 'in any work week' to compute an employer's minimum wage obligation under California law is inappropriate. The minimum wage standard applies to each hour worked by respondents for which they were not paid. The trial court, therefore, correctly determined that appellant violated [the minimum wage requirement] by failing or refusing to pay for driving time and time spent by foremen processing paperwork." ( Id . at p. 324, 37 Cal.Rptr.3d 460.) Accordingly, under Armenta , when using an hourly-based compensation system, an employer is required to pay at least the minimum wage for each hour worked and may not meet that requirement by showing that the employee was effectively paid more than the minimum wage for all time on the job by dividing the *832amount of the employee's total compensation for the pay period by the total hours worked, even though some time was not separately compensated by an hourly wage.
The rule established by Armenta -that employees must be separately compensated at minimum wage or above for all time worked-was subsequently applied by California courts to "piece-rate" compensation programs, in which employees do not receive an hourly wage but are paid based on the tasks they perform. In Gonzalez, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th 36, 155 Cal.Rptr.3d 18, automobile service technicians were paid on a piece-rate basis for their work. Specifically, technicians were "paid a flat rate ranging from $17 to $32, depending on the technician's experience, for each 'flag hour' a technician accrues." ( Id . at p. 41, 155 Cal.Rptr.3d 18.) Flag hours were assigned to every task that a technician performs and were intended to correspond to the actual amount of time a technician would need to perform the task. ( Ibid . ) A technician who completed a repair task accrued the number of flag hours assigned to that task, regardless of how long the technician actually took to complete the task. ( Ibid . ) A technician's pay for each 80-hour period was based on the number of flag hours accrued during that pay period multiplied by the technician's applicable flat rate. ( Ibid . ) The technicians accrued no flag hours for performing non-repair tasks, such as cleaning, obtaining parts and participating in training. ( Id . at p. 42, 155 Cal.Rptr.3d 18.) Thus, the employees were not directly compensated for non-repair time.
In an attempt to comply with minimum wage requirements, the employer kept track of all the time a technician spent at the work site, whether or not the technician was working on a repair order, and it divided the employee's total earnings over the pay period by the total hours worked to ensure that the employee's effective hourly rate was at least at the minimum wage. ( Gonzalez, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th at pp. 41-42, 155 Cal.Rptr.3d 18.) If the effective hourly rate was less than the minimum wage, the employer supplemented the technician's pay to reach an effective average hourly rate that equaled the minimum wage. ( Ibid . ) Applying the same analysis used in Armenta , Gonzalez concluded that under Wage Order 4 an "employer's method of averaging employees' hours worked in a given pay period in order to compute its minimum wage obligations violated the minimum wage law." ( Id . at p. 46, 155 Cal.Rptr.3d 18.) Technicians "were entitled to separate hourly compensation for time spent waiting for repair work or performing other non-repair tasks directed by the employer during their work shifts." ( Id . at. pp. 40-41, 155 Cal.Rptr.3d 18, italics added.) Gonzalez explained that the analysis in Armenta applied regardless of the fact that the employer "compensated its technicians on a piece-rate basis" rather than based on the payment of an hourly wage. ( Id . at p. 49, 155 Cal.Rptr.3d 18.)10
*833Armenta 's holding also has been extended to the issue of whether an employer paying on a piece-work basis must separately compensate employees for rest periods. In Bluford v. Safeway Stores, Inc. (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 864, 157 Cal.Rptr.3d 212 ( Bluford ), truck drivers were compensated based on the number of miles driven and other variables, but "none of these components directly compensated for rest periods." ( Id . at p. 872, 157 Cal.Rptr.3d 212.) Bluford held that "under the rule of Armenta ... rest periods must be separately compensated in a piece-rate system. ... [¶] Thus, ... a piece-rate compensation formula that does not compensate separately for rest periods does not comply with California minimum wage law." ( Id . at p. 872, 157 Cal.Rptr.3d 212.)11 We note that effective January 1, 2016, the Legislature enacted Labor Code, section 226.2, which codified the holdings of Gonzalez and Bluford , providing for separate payment for nonproductive work time and for rest periods when employees are compensated on a piece-rate basis, but creating certain safe harbors for employers. (See Fowler Packing Company, Inc. v. Lanier (9th Cir. 2016) 844 F.3d 809, 812-813 [describing Lab. Code, § 226.2 ].)
The principle established in Armenta has also been applied to the issue of how rest periods are compensated in a commission-based compensation system. In Vaquero v. Stoneledge Furniture LLC (2017) 9 Cal.App.5th 98, 102, 214 Cal.Rptr.3d 661 ( Vaquero ), furniture store employees were compensated on a commission basis, but the system "did not include any component that directly compensated sales associates for rest periods." ( Id . at p. 114, 214 Cal.Rptr.3d 661.) Vaquero concluded that an employer was required "to separately compensate employees for rest periods if an employer's compensation plan does not already include a minimum hourly wage for such time." ( Id . at p. 110, 214 Cal.Rptr.3d 661.)12
C. The Case Law Cited by Plaintiffs Does Not Establish That Certified Tire Violated Minimum Wage or Rest Period Requirements
As the centerpiece of their argument that Certified Tire's TCP violates the minimum wage and rest period requirements, plaintiffs rely on Armenta , Gonzalez, Bluford and Vaquero for the principle that "an employer utilizing an activity-based compensation scheme ... must separately compensate employees for both: (1) time working on tasks which generate no wages; and (2) rest breaks." Plaintiffs contend *834that the TCP violates these principles because, according to them, technicians earn "no wages" when performing work that does not generate production dollars, and therefore "the TCP violates the minimum wage requirements by failing to provide the required separate compensation" for each hour worked. As we will explain, plaintiffs' argument that the technicians are not "separately" paid for non-productive work in an "activity-based compensation system" suffers from two central flaws, which we discuss in turn.
First, although TCP has similarities to a piece-rate system or a commission-based system because technicians are able to increase their earnings by increasing their production, the TCP is not an "activity-based compensation system" as plaintiffs contend. Instead, it is an hourly-rate system in which technicians are paid at a single hourly rate for all hours worked during a pay period. Armenta , Gonzalez , Bluford and Vaquero are not applicable, as those cases involved either (1) an hourly compensation system including off the clock work; (2) a piece-rate system; or (3) a commission-based system. In contrast, Certified Tire applies an hourly based system that compensates technicians for all the time that they are at work. Technicians earn wages for every single work activity that they perform, including waiting for customers and performing tasks that do not have billed labor costs associated with them. Although the hourly rate differs from pay period to pay period because technicians have the opportunity to increase their guaranteed minimum hourly rate based on the generation of production dollars, the technicians are always paid on an hourly basis for all hours worked at a rate above minimum wage regardless of their productivity, and regardless of the type of activity in which they were engaged during those hours.
Second, plaintiffs' argument depends on their premise that technicians are paid no wages for hours that do not generate production dollars. Plaintiffs contend that, as in Armenta , Gonzalez , Bluford and Vaquero, the technicians were not separately compensated for the time that they spent at work performing "non-productive" tasks. To support this argument plaintiffs ask us to compare the wages that would be earned by two hypothetical technicians at Certified Tire. In an attempt to illustrate plaintiffs' point, we turn to the following scenario: assume one technician generates $2,000 of production dollars in a 30-hour pay period working solely on tasks that generate production dollars. A second technician generates $2,000 of production dollars in a 40-hour pay period, devoting 10 hours of the 40 hours to tasks that do not generate production dollars. Further assume both technicians have a "tech rate" of 30 percent. The base hourly rate for the first technician is $19 per hour ($2000 x .95 x .30 ÷ 30 = $19). The base hourly rate for the second technician is $14.25 per hour ($2000 x .95 x .30 ÷ 40 = $14.25). For 30 hours of work the first technician gets paid $570 during the pay period ($19 x 30 = $570). For 40 hours of work the second technician also gets paid $570 during the pay period ($14.25 x 40 = $570).13
According to plaintiffs, a hypothetical such as this illustrates that because both technicians are taking home the same amount in their paychecks (i.e., $570) even though the second technician worked 10 hours more than the first technician while involved in tasks that did not generate production dollars, the second technician is *835not compensated at all for the last 10 hours of the pay period. We disagree.
In the scenario set forth above, the second technician is paid at an hourly rate that is above the minimum wage for all hours work regardless of the type of work involved. The technician also receives paid rest breaks at above minimum wage for all the time on the clock, even if no production dollars are being generated during the rest period. Put simply, all time on the clock is directly and expressly compensated by Certified Tire at an hourly rate that exceeds the minimum wage. As we find no merit to plaintiffs' contention that the second technician is receiving no wages at all for the time spent on tasks that do not generate production dollars, we reject the plaintiffs' argument that Certified Tire must make a separate additional payment to the technician to comply with the minimum wage and rest period requirements.
Further, contrary to plaintiffs' contention, because technicians are paid at an hourly rate that is above minimum wage for each hour on the clock, this case does not involve averaging of an employee's hourly rate to show compliance with minimum wage requirements. In Armenta and Gonzalez , the employers unsuccessfully argued that they should be able to divide the amount they paid their employees by the total hours worked to establish they had complied with minimum wage requirements for that pay period. ( Armenta , supra , 135 Cal.App.4th at pp. 321-322, 37 Cal.Rptr.3d 460 ; Gonzalez, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th at pp. 41-42, 155 Cal.Rptr.3d 18.) Here, Certified Tire does not need to show compliance with minimum wage requirements by dividing the total amount paid during a pay period by the total hours worked. Instead, Certified Tire directly establishes compliance with minimum wage requirements by paying technicians at a rate above the minimum wage hourly rate for all hours on the clock.
In sum, Certified Tire makes payments to its technicians on an hourly basis at an hourly rate above the minimum wage for all hours worked, and it provides paid rest periods on the clock as required by law. Thus, based on the undisputed facts regarding the manner in which technicians are compensated under Certified Tire's TCP, plaintiffs have not established that Certified Tire is in violation of the minimum wage requirement and rest period requirement in Wage Order 4.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
WE CONCUR:
HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.
NARES, J.