I. Introduction.
Before this Texas bankruptcy court are two, related contested matters (one against an individual Chapter 7 debtor and one against his former, long-time personal assistant), initiated by one of the debtor's alleged creditors, involving: (a) what appears to have been an intentional concealment, then destruction, of electronically stored financial records of the debtor; and (b) a request for various sanctions against each of the two individuals in connection with same. The facts are egregious. The analysis regarding what sanctions may be procedurally and legally appropriate, with regard to each of the two individuals, is somewhat complicated.
The two individuals involved are, again, a chapter 7 debtor ("Mr. Corerra" or the "Debtor") and his former personal assistant, Anita Gianardi ("Ms. Gianardi"). The Debtor describes himself as an unemployed divorced father, with no income *83whatsoever,2 raising two sons in a 6,000 Euro-per-month apartment in Paris, France. The Debtor testified that his only form of sustenance, at this point in life, is family loans (mostly from his father).3 Previously, the Debtor was an investment professional, in some form or fashion-raising money or finding investment opportunities for hedge funds and private equity funds. In recent years, the Debtor had a net worth of several millions of dollars, doing business under the following names: L2 Capital Partners, LLC; L2 Capital Management, LLC; L2 Investment Advisors, LLC; SDN Advisors, LLC; Crosscore Management, LLC; Mergent Securities, LLC; LLMN Investments, LLC; Pitanga, LLC; and Baltimore Casino Investments, LLC. Ms. Gianardi worked closely with the Debtor and at least one of his companies, SDN Advisors, LLC, for several years prepetition (first, in an office he maintained in Santa Fe, New Mexico, and then long distance from her home in Colorado).
The Debtor filed bankruptcy in early 2016. An alleged creditor of the Debtor-the New Mexico State Investment Council (the "NMSIC"), a State of New Mexico governmental agency-has been very active in the Debtor's bankruptcy case from the very beginning. The NMSIC is highly skeptical of the Debtor's dramatic and sudden reversal of fortune.4 In fact, the Chapter 7 Trustee in this case-while somewhat active-has often deferred to (or simply joined with) the NMSIC in various investigatory activities, since there are no funds, at this point, in the bankruptcy estate and the NMSIC has been economically motivated to pursue all available bankruptcy tools for recovery against the Debtor.
A. Who is the NMSIC?
The NMSIC is a State of New Mexico governmental agency that is responsible for investing public trust funds for the benefit of its citizens under the New Mexico Constitution.5 The NMSIC has, since the year 2011, been engaged in certain "pay-to-play" litigation against the Debtor, his father, and others. The "pay-to-play" litigation has yet to go to trial (the bankruptcy court lifted the stay to allow it to proceed to trial many months ago). In the "pay-to-play" litigation, the NMSIC has alleged that the Debtor, through his father Anthony Correra-who was a close friend and political ally of former Governor of New Mexico Bill Richardson-developed business and social relationships with an individual named Gary Bland ("Bland"), who for many years served as the New Mexico State Investment Officer and as a member of the NMSIC. It is alleged that the Debtor exploited his relationship with Bland and others to obtain millions of dollars in fees from investment managers willing to pay for his influence-and his father's-in their pursuit of investments from the NMSIC in their hedge funds, private equity funds, etc.6 The Debtor has allegedly admitted that, during Bland's tenure, he received more than $18 million in fees, directly or indirectly, from fund managers, investment advisors and other service providers doing business with the NMSIC. Through the "pay-to-play" litigation, the NMSIC is asserting claims *84against the Debtor for, inter alia , aiding and abetting Bland's breach of his fiduciary duties and unjust enrichment in connection with the actions taken by the Debtor.
Early on in this bankruptcy case, the NMSIC sought authority to take a Bankruptcy Rule 2004 examination of the Debtor7 and his former personal assistant, Ms. Gianardi.8 The NMSIC also sought production of certain financial records from each of them in connection therewith. The NMSIC had questions regarding, among other things, certain financial accounts of the Debtor; transfers of funds and alleged loans from family members;9 and the validity of the Debtor's claimed exemptions (in particular, in certain IRAs). The bankruptcy court ordered the requested Bankruptcy Rule 2004 examinations to occur.10
B. The Computer .
During a Bankruptcy Rule 2004 examination of Ms. Gianardi on October 14, 2016,11 Ms. Gianardi unexpectedly testified that she still had possession of a computer (the "Computer") on which she, for many years, had maintained a digital filing system for the Debtor (i.e., she had, for many years, scanned and archived onto the Computer's hard drive financial documents and other information relating to the Debtor's finances-then shredded the original hard copies).12 Ms. Gianardi also testified that she had simply kept the Computer after she left the Debtor's employ (i.e., the Debtor did not really explicitly give it to her, she just kept it) and that she deleted all of the Debtor's files from the Computer when she stopped working for him (a couple of years before he filed bankruptcy) and now simply used it as her own personal computer.13 The NMSIC and the Chapter 7 Trustee immediately surmised that the Computer-even if files had been deleted-could be a Rosetta Stone, of sorts, in understanding the Debtor's financial maneuverings during the past several years. They wanted a forensic expert to examine the Computer's hard drive to determine if the allegedly deleted files of the Debtor could be recovered .
After more than three months of being unable to work out an informal agreement with Ms. Gianardi to provide access to the Computer (and over objections of the Debtor and Ms. Gianardi-whose attorney's fees, it was later revealed, were being paid by the income-less Debtor), the NMSIC filed a motion to compel access to the Computer to facilitate the creation of a forensic image of it, so as to possibly recover the Debtor's documents from it (the *85"Motion to Compel-Computer").14 The court later granted the Motion to Compel-Computer and also ordered the appointment of a neutral forensic expert to examine the Computer.15
C. Cat Pictures and Movies.
In these contested matters, the NMSIC now alleges an intentional, bad faith spoliation of evidence that is utterly eye-popping. As further described herein, the NMSIC alleges that, in December 2016-shortly after Ms. Gianardi's Bankruptcy Rule 2004 examination, and just after discussions collapsed regarding a consensual production of the Computer : (a) someone inserted multiple USB drives into the Computer,16 (b) then someone using Ms. Gianardi's login information downloaded a "wiping" tool from an internet website onto the Computer to fill unallocated space on the Computer's hard drive-filling some of the Computer's unallocated space with cat pictures and strings of numbers (thus, covering up and making irrecoverable some files that would likely have been retrievable); and (c) then someone using Ms. Gianardi's login information copied 101 movie files (which amounted to 420 gigabytes of data) onto the Computer, in a one-week period, covering most of the hard drive space on the Computer, where deleted files might have remained. The latter two actions essentially overrode the court-appointed forensic expert's ability to retrieve data that might have existed on the space .17 The court-appointed forensic expert was nevertheless able to find dozens of documents on the Computer relating to the Debtor and his father that were apparently never deleted by Ms. Gianardi and also were never produced by the Debtor or Ms. Gianardi (although they would have been responsive to the bankruptcy court's Bankruptcy Rule 2004 Orders directed at them).
The court held a hearing on June 5, 14, & 19, 2018 on: (a) a Motion for Finding of Contempt and Sanctions Against Anita Gianardi for Violation of 2004 Order and Destruction of Evidence (DE ## 264 & 265) (the "Gianardi Sanctions Motion" or "Contested Matter No. 1-Gianardi");18 and (b) a Motion Seeking Sanctions Against the Debtor for Spoliation (DE # 263) (the "Debtor Sanctions Motion" or "Contested Matter No. 2-Debtor").19 The theme of the Gianardi Sanctions Motion is that, while under an obligation to preserve evidence, Ms. Gianardi either allowed documents in her possession on the Computer to be destroyed or actively destroyed them. Similarly, the theme of the Debtor Sanctions Motion is that, while under a duty to preserve evidence, the Debtor either allowed his documents in the possession of his former assistant to be destroyed or aided in their destruction. Specifically, the Debtor failed to take the *86necessary steps to ensure the information was preserved and, in fact, actively opposed the Trustee's and the NMSIC's efforts to recover the deleted evidence. Because of the Debtor's failure to preserve the Computer and the information it contained, virtually all of the information on the Computer has now been lost and is unrecoverable.
As will be more fully explained below, the court finds that both the Debtor and Ms. Gianardi have concealed and destroyed evidence and concludes that significant sanctions should be awarded.
II. Findings of Fact. 20
A. The Peripatetic Debtor .
1. On February 22, 2016, the Debtor commenced his Chapter 7 Case. While the Debtor listed a Dallas, Texas rented apartment for his place of residence, the Debtor testified in this contested matter that he has resided in Paris, France21 (in the so-called Eighth District-on the right bank of the River Seine)22 since approximately the summer of 2009. The court is not clear why the Debtor maintained an apartment in Dallas, Texas, or chose the Northern District of Texas for the venue of his bankruptcy case.23 In any event, the Debtor testified that he has moved around a lot. Indeed, there was evidence that the Debtor has, in recent years, owned homes in Santa Fe, New Mexico; Acapulco, Mexico; and Katy, Texas. He has used an address of an apartment in New York as well.
2. As earlier alluded to, the Debtor described his former occupation as providing investment-related services for hedge funds and private equity funds. However, he testified that he is now unemployed with no income and survives off of borrowed funds from family and, specifically, his father. Among other things, he testified that he has borrowed approximately $800,000 from his father to pay legal fees and expenses in connection with his bankruptcy case.24 He also testified that his current rent for his Paris apartment (which he shares with his two minor sons) is approximately €6,000 per month, and that the annual tuition he pays for private school for his sons in Paris is €40,000 per child. The Debtor's Schedules list only $4,745 of personal and household items, but $4,040,082.95 in exempt IRA funds and children trust funds.
3. The Debtor scheduled a very large number of unsecured creditors in his bankruptcy case-most of which showed "unknown" amounts due. However, only a handful of proofs of claim were filed in the case. The NMSIC-a large disputed creditor *87that has been involved in certain so-called "pay-to-play" litigation with the Debtor in the State of New Mexico for several years-had many questions, early on, regarding the Debtor's assets, liabilities, and transfers that occurred in the months and years before his bankruptcy filing. In fact, it appeared that the Debtor had an unexplained significant decrease in personal net worth in recent years. Among other things, the Debtor allegedly transferred over $4 million to his ex-wife in a consensual divorce settlement two years before bankruptcy (and the Debtor, somewhat incredulously, has claimed not to know the current address or whereabouts of his ex-wife-the mother of his two children over whom he has custody).25 The Debtor has also transferred large sums of money to his father.
B. The NMSIC Seeks Rule 2004 Examinations.
4. The NMSIC sought permission to take Bankruptcy Rule 2004 examinations from the Debtor's father, former accountants, and other professionals in this case. On July 15, 2016, the NMSIC also filed a motion in the bankruptcy court to take a Bankruptcy Rule 2004 Examination of Ms. Gianardi (the "Gianardi 2004 Motion")26 and also one of the Debtor (the "Debtor 2004 Motion").27
5. Both the Debtor 2004 Motion and the Gianardi 2004 Motion contained a long list of documents that were desired as part of the examinations. The motions and their accompanying instructions made clear that the "documents" being sought included hard copies as well as electronic documents-specifically, defining "documents" as including, among other things: "written, printed, or electronic matter that provide information, including, without limitation, emails, text messages, chats, instant messages, facsimiles, websites, social media entries, databases, calendar entries, spreadsheets, notes, jottings, diaries, communications, and all drafts, alterations, modifications, changes, and amendments of any of the foregoing." With regard to electronic documents, there were instructions about how they were to be extracted and produced.28 With regard to "media," it was specified that: "All documents shall be produced via either a secure ftp site, hard drives, CDs, DVDs or other mutually agreeable media."29
6. With regard to the Debtor 2004 Motion, after an objection and some controversy and negotiations regarding such things as examination topics and appropriate length of the examination, the bankruptcy court ordered a Rule 2004 examination with regard to the Debtor, including production of essentially all the requested documents (with some limitations), with such examination and production to occur at the Debtor's lawyer's office in Dallas, Texas (the "Debtor 2004 Order").30
7. With regard to the Gianardi 2004 Motion, the argument presented was that-given her capacity as a long-time personal assistant to the Debtor-not only might she have access to his financial records and knowledge about his assets, but she had also been involved in bizarre litigation involving the Debtor's now-vanished ex-wife who had obtained the $4 million consensual divorce settlement just a couple of years prepetition. Apparently, both Ms. *88Gianardi and the ex-wife accused each other of hacking each other's e-mail accounts.31 This latter fact might be another reason to seek information from her about the Debtor's assets and affairs.
8. The NMSIC represented in the Gianardi 2004 Motion (¶ 36) and in the Certificate of Conference thereto that it had spoken with Ms. Gianardi by telephone on July 12, 2016, regarding a mutually agreeable time and place for a Rule 2004 examination, but she had replied that she was not in a position to agree to anything. Ms. Gianardi currently lives in Loveland, Colorado . She had previously lived in Santa Fe, New Mexico and began working for the Debtor when he had a residence and office there. The NMSIC proposed an examination of Ms. Gianardi and the production of documents by her in a Denver, Colorado office of the NMSIC's outside counsel.
9. On July 18, 2016, a process server personally served Ms. Gianardi in Loveland, Colorado with the Gianardi 2004 Motion and a Notice of Hearing in the bankruptcy court regarding same.32 Ms. Gianardi filed no objection to the Gianardi 2004 Motion or to the bankruptcy court's personal jurisdiction over her. Ms. Gianardi filed nothing at all with the bankruptcy court.
10. On August 29, 2016, after a hearing in the bankruptcy court on August 9, 2016, at which no one appeared for Ms. Gianardi, the bankruptcy court ordered a Rule 2004 examination with regard to Ms. Gianardi, including production of all the requested documents (the "Gianardi 2004 Order").33 The Gianardi Rule 2004 Order required production of 35 categories of documents. The document production was ordered to occur in Denver, Colorado at the law offices of the NMSIC's outside counsel on or before September 9, 2016 at 4:00 p.m. "or such other time and place agreed to by the NMSIC and Ms. Gianardi." The examination was ordered to occur on September 23, 2016, at 9:00 a.m. "or on such other date and time as may be agreed by Ms. Gianardi and the NMSIC." Counsel for the NMSIC represented to the bankruptcy court at the hearing (Mr. Jarom Yates) that he had talked on the telephone with Ms. Gianardi and-while she did not think she had any responsive documents (because she said she no longer worked for the Debtor and, when she left his employ, she said she did not take anything with her)-she did not object to the Gianardi 2004 Motion. The NMSIC's counsel represented that Ms. Gianardi said that, if ordered, she would produce documents and appear.34
11. The NMSIC did not serve a subpoena on Ms. Gianardi, but, as earlier noted, it is unrefuted that, on July 18, 2016, it personally served, through a process server, *89the Gianardi 2004 Motion and Notice of Hearing on her and, on September 6, 2016, it served the Gianardi 2004 Order on her by Federal Express at her place of employment in Loveland, Colorado (the same place it had earlier personally served the Gianardi 2004 Motion and Notice of Hearing on her).35
12. On September 7, 2016, after being served with the Gianardi 2004 Order, Ms. Gianardi sent counsel for the NMSIC a letter seemingly acknowledging an obligation and intention to comply with the Gianardi 2004 Order-stating that the "order requires me to turn over any documents that I have in my possession, custody or control," and further stating that she had "not retained nor have any access to any documents pertaining to Mr. Correra." She further added, "I am unable to provide the court with any documents at all. I have no documents in my possession, my custody or my control."36 These statements-about having no documents-would prove to be untrue. In any event, no documents were produced in connection with the Gianardi 2004 Order.
13. On October 14, 2016, Ms. Gianardi, with Colorado legal counsel now representing her-Andrew D. Johnson from the firm Onsager Fletcher Johnson in Denver-appeared for her Rule 2004 examination (the "Gianardi 2004 Examination") in Denver, Colorado at the offices of the private law firm representing the NMSIC.37 Neither Ms. Gianardi nor her attorney raised any objection to the bankruptcy court's personal jurisdiction over her with regard to issuing the Gianardi 2004 Order or with regard to her appearance that day generally.38 As earlier mentioned, no separate subpoena was issued or served on Ms. Gianardi .39 However, neither she nor her counsel resisted appearing, nor expressed that a subpoena would be needed to compel her attendance or the production of documents.40 They willingly appeared for the Gianardi 2004 Examination without any reservation of rights.
14. During the Gianardi 2004 Examination, Ms. Gianardi testified that she had spoken with the Debtor by phone on the morning of her examination and "probably" a few times about the Gianardi 2004 Examination.41 In the Debtor's Rule 2004 Examination just 20 days later on November 3, 2016, he testified "I don't remember" when asked if he had talked to Ms. Gianardi the morning of the Gianardi 2004 Examination.42 In any event, Ms. Gianardi denied that he helped her hire an attorney or paid for her attorney in connection with the Gianardi 2004 Examination.43 This is inconsistent with the Debtor's own testimony that he paid for two or three attorneys *90for Ms. Gianardi.44
C. The Previously Undisclosed Computer.
15. Ms. Gianardi then revealed at the Gianardi 2004 Examination that, over the approximately seven years she worked for the Debtor (from October 2007 to January 2014),45 she saved extensive amounts of financial and business information relating to the Debtor and his entities on a work computer (the "Computer"). Specifically, beginning in 2007 or 2008, Ms. Gianardi converted the Debtor's personal and business files from paper to digital files and began saving them on the hard-drive of the Computer (shredding original hard copies), which she continued doing through at least 2014.46 Things suddenly got more interesting after the Computer was mentioned. It appeared as though the information that had been saved on this Computer might have been highly responsive to the NMSIC's document requests to Ms. Gianardi.
16. Ms. Gianardi testified that in the year 2009, the Debtor closed his Santa Fe, New Mexico office and she took the Computer to her home , where she continued to do work for the Debtor and his companies for several years.47 Ms. Gianardi further testified that, to this day, she still had the Computer at her home in Colorado and used it for her own life-first stating that it was essentially "donated" to her by the Debtor, then later explaining the Debtor simply let her keep it without discussion.48 She further testified that she deleted all of information of the Debtor's and his companies' shortly after she stopped working for the Debtor in the year 2014 .49 She said that she was not worried about deleting the Debtor's files because she was sure the Debtor had a copy of everything because she "put it all on discs and gave it to him"-although she did not know what he had done with the discs.50 The Debtor has denied having any discs51 -even when confronted with evidence that suggests they exist or existed.52
*9117. The NMSIC, not surprisingly, wanted to inspect the Computer after hearing this testimony of Ms. Gianardi. The NMSIC was concerned that the Debtor himself was not being forthcoming with document production (for example, the NMSIC did not receive as many documents as it expected to get from the Debtor's document production). And the NMSIC thought that, perhaps, any deleted files relevant to the Debtor's financial affairs could be retrieved from the Computer, if an expert was retained to attempt such a task. The NMSIC's counsel said to Ms. Gianardi on the record during her Rule 2004 Examination:
Q: And we would ask that you not do anything further to that computer -
A: Okay.
Q: -in the event that there is a request to see if there's some ability to recover information.
A: Okay.
Q: And so will you agree to not delete anything further from the computer?
A: Yes.
Q: Okay. And will you agree not to intentionally damage the computer?
A: Yes.
Q: Will you agree not to give it away or sell it?
A: Yes.53
D. Attempts to Gain Access to the Computer.
18. The Gianardi 2004 Examination started and ended on October 14, 2016. Thereafter, apparently multiple informal discussions took place between Ms. Gianardi's counsel and the NMSIC's counsel regarding inspection/retrieval of the Computer. These informal discussions ultimately were not fruitful. The NMSIC's counsel represented that it conferred with Ms. Gianardi's counsel in Colorado on multiple occasions to see if it was possible to obtain an image of the Computer without the need to file a motion, including by email on November 10, 2016, November 11, 2016, November 21, 2016, and by telephone both before and after November 10, 2016 (offering to pay the entire costs). However, Ms. Gianardi would not agree to allow the NMSIC to obtain an image of the Computer and insisted that any analysis be limited to the work of a third party and any information produced be limited to information recovered by "key word" searches. The NMSIC did not think this would be useful, under the circumstances, since Ms. Gianardi testified that she intentionally deleted numerous documents.
19. Finally, on February 6, 2017, the NMSIC filed in the bankruptcy court a "Motion Pursuant to Bankruptcy Rule 2004 and 11 U.S.C. § 105(a) to Compel Performance Under Order Granting Motion of New Mexico State Investment Council Pursuant to Bankruptcy Rule 2004 and for Rule 2004 Examination of Anita Gianardi and Production of Documents" (the "Motion to Compel-Computer").54 It is unrefuted that the Motion to Compel-Computer, and a Notice of Hearing regarding same, were served on February 7, 2017, by regular mail to Ms. Gianardi at her home address in Loveland, Colorado; also to her business address in Loveland, Colorado; and also to her then-Colorado attorney who had represented her during the Gianardi 2004 Examination (in addition to various other parties-in-interest, including *92the Debtor and his counsel).55 In the Motion to Compel-Computer, the NMSIC sought an order from the bankruptcy court compelling access to the Computer , to facilitate the creation of a forensic image of the hard drive or drives in the Computer, so that the NMSIC might attempt to recover documents that were deleted from the Computer by Ms. Gianardi.
20. The Motion to Compel-Computer cited Bankruptcy Rule 2004 and Bankruptcy Code section 105(a) as the underlying authority for the relief sought. Basically, the NMSIC argued that the newest relief it was seeking was a follow-on request to the Gianardi 2004 Order and the Debtor 2004 Order. The Motion to Compel-Computer further explained that Ms. Gianardi had testified that, for many years, she had scanned and archived onto the Computer's hard drive financial documents and other information relating to the Debtor's personal finances and finances of several of his business entities (shredding hard copy originals).56 She had further testified that she deleted records without consulting with the Debtor sometime after she left his employ (in 2014). The NMSIC believed that some of the deleted information might be recoverable from the Computer by creating a bit-by-bit forensic image of the hard drive and analyzing it using data recovery tools. Significant to the bankruptcy court, the NMSIC also stated: "Ms. Gianardi's own testimony demonstrates that the Computer, and the Debtor's information contained on it, does not belong to her. The Debtor's testimony also suggests that the Computer did not belong to Ms. Gianardi. During the Debtor's Examination, the Debtor identified the Computer used by Ms. Gianardi as an additional computer that he owned."57
21. The NMSIC also further expressed concern that the Debtor was not being forthcoming with providing documents. In fact-despite Ms. Gianardi's testimony that she at one time copied information from the Computer onto discs and gave them to the Debtor58 -the Debtor testified that he had no recollection of receiving any discs and if he got any, they must have been lost or misplaced.59 The Debtor also appeared to have been haphazard in his own production of documents.60 Thus, any information recoverable from the Computer was likely not recoverable from any other source.
22. On March 8, 2017, Ms. Gianardi, through her newly retained Texas bankruptcy counsel (not to be confused with her Colorado lawyer who sat in on the Gianardi 2004 Examination), filed an objection to the Motion to Compel-Computer (the "Gianardi Objection to Motion to Compel-Computer").61 While the 15-page objection did make a brief argument, at paragraphs 4-9, that the dispute "should be determined in the bankruptcy court for the district in which Ms. Gianardi was requested to produce documents , the District of Colorado" (emphasis added), and further stated that, if the NMSIC had properly served a subpoena on Ms. Gianardi, this would be clear, the objection never mentioned "personal jurisdiction" or *93actually contested the bankruptcy court's personal jurisdiction over Ms. Gianardi.
23. The Gianardi Objection to Motion to Compel-Computer mostly complained that production of the Computer was intrusive and well beyond the scope of what was contemplated by Bankruptcy Rule 2004. It also articulated privacy concerns with regard to the NMSIC or any forensic expert examining the Computer-given that Ms. Gianardi allegedly had a significant amount of her own personal data and pictures on it by this point. Ms. Gianardi sought affirmative relief from the bankruptcy court to protect her personal information on the Computer, in the event the Motion to Compel-Computer was granted. Ms. Gianardi wanted to put restrictions on how the Computer would be searched (with search terms, and the like).
24. The Debtor also separately filed an objection to the Motion to Compel-Computer.62 The Debtor's objection to the Motion to Compel-Computer argued that the NMSIC's request should be denied for several reasons. First, the request to inspect the Computer and its hard drive was argued to be beyond the relief requested in the 2004 Motions. Second, the Debtor argued that the NMSIC had not demonstrated based on the facts alleged that it was entitled to the "drastic remedy" of obtaining an image of the Computer's hard drive. Third, to the extent an image was warranted, the Debtor argued there was no basis to afford the NMSIC's counsel unfettered access to any and all documents and information that might be extracted. Fourth, the request allegedly violated the Debtor's and Ms. Gianardi's privacy rights as the proposed process involved the extraction of documents and information that were allegedly outside the scope of Rule 2004, not responsive to the document requests in the 2004 Motions, and not relevant to any issue that might be raised in the bankruptcy case. Lastly, the Debtor argued that the NMSIC had not, nor could it show, that there were not alternative sources from whom such documents could be obtained through a less intrusive and less costly process.
25. On March 13, 2017, the court held a hearing on the Motion to Compel-Computer. Ms. Gianardi appeared there through her Texas bankruptcy counsel (two lawyers), making a regular appearance-not a special appearance, thus seemingly not preserving any arguments of "lack of personal jurisdiction" that she might have had.63 Ms. Gianardi's Texas counsel represented that the Debtor had paid them a retainer for representation of Ms. Gianardi.64 Ms. Gianardi's counsel represented that "She did voluntarily appear for that exam in Colorado, where she resides, and she believed that her duty was-strictly with respect to that oral deposition."65 Her counsel went on to say at first that Ms. Gianardi did not believe she had a duty to produce "an imaged copy of her hard drive."66 Her belief was that the Computer belonged to her at this point.67 Then her counsel later said, "Your Honor, she is not opposed to having a forensic copy made. We prefer that. She wants every-she wants to get *94out of this mess, I mean two parties that don't trust each other. It's what happens after that that I hope we were going to get some kind of consensus today on. "68 Ms. Gianardi's sole message (through her counsel to the bankruptcy court) was that she did not really want to produce the Computer but, if she had to, she wanted a search term protocol in place and, certainly at a minimum, a protective order to guard private information.
26. At one point during the hearing on the Motion to Compel-Computer, Ms. Gianardi's counsel suggested the idea of an independent discovery examiner with regard to the examination of the Computer: "Not to complicate things further, but maybe the Court might want to give some consideration to, and I floated this idea, I didn't get much traction with it, to an independent discovery examiner that both parties could share the cost of. They would report directly to the Court with any issues that arise after the image is copied on what the, you know, search capabilities are, what are the challenges going to be, on getting them the documents that they need while still protecting my client's privacy right. "69 Nothing was said at this hearing about the bankruptcy court's authority (or lack thereof) to issue orders regarding turnover of the Computer-although Ms. Gianardi's counsel did express that this was all extremely inconvenient for her and that she preferred it be litigated in Colorado where Ms. Gianardi resided.70
E. The Computer Compel Order.
27. The bankruptcy court ultimately approved the Motion to Compel-Computer, but in a slightly modified fashion. The court ordered Ms. Gianardi to produce the Computer to the Chapter 7 Trustee at a mutually agreed-upon location, so that a forensic expert approved by the court could create a forensic image of the hard drive or drives on the Computer.71 The court further provided that the Chapter 7 Trustee should file an application to retain a forensic expert-the cost of which would be split three ways among the NMSIC, the Debtor and Ms. Gianardi-and he or she would be a court-appointed expert as contemplated by Federal Rule of Evidence 706 .72 Certain protections were woven into the order to address the privacy concerns of Ms. Gianardi.73 The Computer Compel Order was never appealed or otherwise challenged.
28. The bankruptcy court deviated from the exact relief sought by the NMSIC in its Motion to Compel-Computer, not only due to the privacy concerns articulated by Ms. Gianardi (for example by injecting an independent fiduciary-the Chapter 7 trustee-into the middle of the process, and also ordering an independent court expert that would not necessarily be the expert the NMSIC wanted), but also because, despite the wording of the Motion to Compel-Computer, invoking Bankruptcy Rule 2004 and Bankruptcy Code Section 105, the court believed the authority for the relief sought certainly seemed to be within certain self-executing obligations in the Bankruptcy Code-including section 542 . The court stated orally at the hearing: "I mean this is-this is property of the estate. Granted, she chose to take it [i.e., *95the Computer], use it, and now she may have personal information on it, but I mean maybe I should just be ordering turn over to the trustee [of] the computer" (emphasis added).74 Indeed, if there was any reason to doubt this was the Debtor's computer, it was dispelled on June 14, 2018, when compelling evidence was produced in the form of a general ledger of one of the Debtor's businesses (SDN Advisors-the one that wrote Ms. Gianardi's paychecks) that showed the purchase of the Computer on June 29, 2011.75
29. To further understand the original mindset of the court with regard to the Computer, first, the Bankruptcy Code imposes certain self-executing statutory obligations upon a debtor (without the requirement of a motion or order). A debtor must cooperate with any trustee appointed in a bankruptcy case to enable him or her to perform the trustee's duties ( 11 U.S.C. § 521(3) ), and a debtor must surrender all property of the estate and recorded information ( 11 U.S.C. § 521(4) ). Moreover, "[o]ther provisions of the Bankruptcy Code impose analogous obligations on a much broader class . With certain exceptions, any entity in possession, custody or control of property that the trustee can use, sell or lease, must turn that property over to the trustee."76 Most notably, section 542(e) provides: "Subject to any applicable privilege, after notice and a hearing, the court may order an attorney, accountant, or other person77 that holds recorded information, including books, documents, records, and papers, relating to the debtor's property or financial affairs, to turn over or disclose such recorded information to the trustee."78
30. Accordingly, not only did the court issue the Computer Compel Order, but-as part and parcel to it-on June 7, 2017, the bankruptcy court approved the Chapter 7 Trustee's retention of Epiq/DTI as a forensic computer analyst (the "Court-Appointed Forensic Expert") to analyze the Computer and seek to recover data from the Computer (the "Epiq Retention Order"),79 pursuant to an application filed April 12, 2017.80 To be clear, Epiq/DTI was identified and selected by the Chapter 7 Trustee-it had not been the first choice of *96either the NMSIC or the Debtor (much less Ms. Gianardi). The Epiq Retention Order provided that payment "shall be divided equally among New Mexico State Investment Council, Anita Gianardi and Debtor, Marc Anthony Correra."81 Like the Computer Compel Order, the Epiq Retention Order was never appealed or otherwise challenged.
31. At a May 18, 2017 hearing on the Epiq Retention, Ms. Gianardi did not appear in person or through counsel. However, the Debtor's counsel appeared and argued for a procedure whereby documents extracted by the forensic expert would be provided first to Debtor's counsel-prior to anyone else and reviewed for privileged information. When the court posed the issue of likely waiver of privilege (since any privileged documents of the Debtor had been in the custody and care of Ms. Gianardi for years now on the Computer which the Debtor had essentially abandoned to Ms. Gianardi),82 Debtor's counsel referred to Ms. Gianardi as the Debtor's agent .83
F. The Epiq Report: Previously Undisclosed Documents, Wiping Tools, Cat Pictures, and Massive Movie Downloads.
32. On February 1, 2018, Epiq circulated the report it prepared at the direction of the court pursuant to the Epiq Retention Order (the "Epiq Report").84 A forensic consultant at Epiq, Mr. Ashraf Massoud, would later testify credibly about the Epiq Report on June 5, 2018. The Epiq Report and Mr. Massoud's testimony revealed several disturbing details. First, despite the testimony of Ms. Gianardi that she destroyed the Debtor's files when she left his employ in 2014 and her representations at all times that she did not have any information responsive to the NMSIC's document requests, Epiq's examination of the image it made from the Computer revealed that Ms. Gianardi had dozens of "live" documents on her Computer that related to work she performed for the Debtor and his father, Anthony Correra. Not only were these documents not produced by Ms. Gianardi, but many of these files have never been produced by the Debtor. The following is a non-exclusive list of the types of "live," undeleted documents found on the Computer:85
a. K-1s, account statements, and other documents relating to several of the Debtor's hedge fund investments, including a transfer request dated May 20, 2014 made from Alkeon in connection with the Debtor's divorce settlement;
b. A list of the Debtor's access codes, passwords, and PINs for several bank accounts, credit cards, and subscription services;86
c. Bank Statements and wire transfer records relating to several of the Debtor's bank accounts (including accounts with Century, HSB, and Lazard), including for periods during the four years prior to the bankruptcy filing;
d. Various IRA statements and account transfer records relating to several of the Debtor's IRA Accounts (e.g. Merlin, *97TradeStation, and Anthony Correra's IRA accounts);
e. An employment contract with the Debtor's bookkeeper;
f. Email communication in 2014 between Ms. Gianardi and the Debtor relating to litigation between the Debtor's ex-wife and Ms. Gianardi;
g. Loan documents between certain of the Debtor's entities and/or entities in which he held an interest;
h. Wire transfer letters between the Debtor's father and the Debtor (including in 2013);
i. Some of the Debtor's tax returns;
j. An affidavit prepared in connection with the Debtor's divorce in 2012; and
k. Logs of Skype chats between the Debtor, Ms. Gianardi and Anthony Correra's wife on behalf of Anthony Correra.
33. Additionally, the Epiq Report indicated that, on December 8 and 9, 2016-approximately two months after her October 14, 2016 Rule 2004 Examination, and while the attorneys were trying to make amicable arrangements for the consensual examination of the Computer-a "wiping tool" was used on the Computer while in Ms. Gianardi's possession, custody, and control, to overwrite unallocated space with a pattern of useless data.87 The person using the wiping tool visited a website called http_xxx.filldisk.com (i.e., http_196.filldisk.com), a site that Epiq concluded has no purpose other than "to fill up the unallocated space with a pattern of data," such as pictures of cats and strings of useless numbers.88 This process overwrote data in unallocated spaces and destroyed the Court-Appointed Forensic Examiner's ability to recover that data.89
34. And there was more. Between December 11, 2016 and December 18, 2016-again, just two months after the October 14, 2016 Gianardi Rule 2004 Examination, and after Ms. Gianardi agreed to leave the Computer undisturbed, and soon after the discussions between Ms. Gianardi and the NMSIC regarding a consensual examination of the Computer broke down, someone using Ms. Gianardi's login account copied a total of 101 movie files (approximately 420 gigabytes of data) onto the Computer hard drive.90 Notably, the Computer only had a 640 gigabyte hard drive. By filling up more than two-thirds of the Computer's hard drive with data, all of the unallocated space on the hard drive, where deleted files might have remained, was over-written. This process destroyed the Court-Appointed Forensic Examiner's ability to determine what data if any, was deleted prior to the large movies files being copied onto the drive because the new movie files had overwritten any potentially recoverable data that might have existed in that space.91 After writing all of these files to the Computer, there was only 5.9% of the drive left for the forensic expert to search for the deleted evidence.
35. Finally, the examination of the Computer by the Forensic Examiner also revealed that various USB flash drives were inserted into the Computer on, inter alia , the following dates:
March 14, 2016 (20 days after the Petition Date);
October 28, 2016 (two weeks after the Gianardi 2004 Examination);
*98November 27, 2016 (six weeks after the Gianardi 2004 Examination);
February 8, 2017 (two days after the Motion to Compel-Computer was filed); and
February 9, 2017 (three days after the Motion to Compel-Computer was filed).92
In part, because of the mass copying of useless data and 101 movies to the Computer in December 2016, the court's expert could not determine what data was copied, removed or deleted when the USB flash drives were used. However, the expert was able to conclude that a folder called "Business Stuff" was accessed, along with files named acct.xlsx and CLAUDIA DIVORCE SUIT.pdf.93
G. Sanctions Motions.
36. On February 23, 2018, the NMSIC filed its "Motion of New Mexico State Investment Council for Finding of Contempt and Sanctions against Anita Gianardi for Violation of 2004 Order and Destruction of Evidence" (the "Gianardi Sanctions Motion"),94 seeking a finding of contempt and imposition of sanctions against Ms. Gianardi for her alleged violation of the Gianardi Rule 2004 Order and for her actions taken with respect to the Computer. The Gianardi Sanctions Motion recites that Ms. Gianardi violated the Gianardi 2004 Order when she failed to produce the documents on the Computer that were responsive to the Gianardi 2004 Order and intentionally destroyed relevant evidence when she used the wiping tool and copied 420 gigabytes of movie files to the Computer. Ms. Gianardi is alleged to have performed those acts even though she was aware that the NMSIC was seeking to recover the deleted files, had agreed not to take further action to delete files or otherwise compromise the Computer, and knew and understood that parties-in-interest in the Debtor's bankruptcy case were seeking to recover the deleted files. Ms. Gianardi's decision to take steps with the Computer to make it impossible to recover deleted data are alleged to have been willful and ostensibly intended to impede the ability of parties in the Debtor's bankruptcy case from obtaining relevant information. Therefore, it is argued, Ms. Gianardi should be held in contempt and sanctioned, including the payment of the NMSIC's and the Trustee's attorneys' fees.
37. Also on February 23, 2018, the NMSIC filed a "Motion of New Mexico State Investment Council Seeking Sanctions Against the Debtor for Spoliation" (the "Debtor Sanctions Motion"),95 seeking a finding of contempt and imposition of sanctions against the Debtor , for either allowing his documents to be destroyed or aiding in their destruction by Ms. Gianardi. Specifically, the Debtor Sanctions Motion argued that the court should find that the Debtor spoliated evidence by failing to preserve the Computer. The NMSIC argued that, regardless of who had possession of the Computer, it should be considered still owned by the Debtor. Even if the Computer were not owned by the Debtor, the Debtor had a duty to inform the Trustee and/or the NMSIC of the existence of the Computer and the fact that it was likely to contain information relevant to the bankruptcy case. The NMSIC further argued that the Debtor was fully aware that the Computer contained voluminous amounts of information relating to his personal and business finances, property, assets, and related dealings. He also knew or *99should have known that the Computer likely held evidence relevant to transfers between the Debtor and his father and other family members, as well as information about his IRA accounts, his hedge fund, and other matters relevant to pending objections to his exemptions. The Debtor failed to take the necessary steps to ensure the information was preserved, and in fact actively opposed the Trustee's and the NMSIC's efforts to recover the deleted evidence. Because of the Debtor's failure to preserve the Computer and the information it contained, virtually all of the information on the Computer was now lost and is unrecoverable. Finally, the NMSIC argued that, even if the Debtor was unaware of the Computer until after the Gianardi 2004 Examination, the Debtor had an obligation to prevent the overwriting of data and the use of the wiping tool while the NMSIC was seeking access to the Computer.
38. On April 2, 2018, the court held a status conference that both Debtor's counsel and Ms. Gianardi's then-Texas counsel attended.96 The court discussed timing for a hearing on both the Gianardi Sanctions Motion and the Debtor Sanctions Motion. Ms. Gianardi's counsel made no objection to the court's personal jurisdiction over her. Ms. Gianardi's counsel informed the court that he intended to withdraw and would be replaced by Ms. Gianardi's newest counsel in Colorado. Ms. Gianard's then-Texas counsel mentioned certain dates that Ms. Gianardi's new Colorado counsel had informed him that she would not be available for a hearing in May. The court ultimately established a detailed scheduling order on the sanctions proceedings and set June 5, 2018 as the hearing date to consider the Gianardi Sanctions Motion and the Debtor Sanctions Motion (the "Combined Sanctions Hearing").
H. Ms. Gianardi's New Counsel and Eleventh-Hour Strategy Pertaining to "Personal Jurisdiction."
39. On April 3, 2018, Ms. Gianardi's Texas counsel filed a "Notice of Withdrawal as Counsel for Anita Gianardi" [DE # 282], stating that "further inquiries regarding Ms. Gianardi should be directed to her new counsel as follows: Laura A. Menninger" (with an address and other contact information included). Ms. Menninger is a Denver, Colorado criminal lawyer. Then, on April 20, 2018, Ms. Gianardi's Texas counsel filed an Emergency Motion to Withdraw as Counsel97 -indicating it was being filed in an abundance of caution, to conform to Local Rules that required a motion and order (rather than a mere Notice)-and an accompanying Unopposed Motion for Emergency Hearing on Motion to Withdraw as Counsel [DE # 290]-indicating that he needed a hearing on the Motion to Withdraw at the court's earliest convenience because the NMSIC was continuing to serve him with discovery requests on behalf of Ms. Gianardi.
40. Specifically, on April 19, 2018, the NMSIC served Ms. Gianardi with a subpoena duces tecum requesting the production of documents as well as interrogatories relevant to the Combined Sanctions Hearing (the "April 2018 Written Discovery").
41. On April 23, 2018, the bankruptcy court held a hearing on Ms. Gianardi's Texas' counsel's Motion to Withdraw. The court granted the Motion to Withdraw, expressing at the same time a concern that Ms. Gianardi's supposed new Colorado counsel had not filed an appearance substituting *100in for prior counsel. On the same day, Ms. Gianardi's new Colorado counsel, Laura Menninger (who is not admitted in Texas and acting without local counsel) filed a "Special Entry of Appearance,"98 stating that she was appearing specially "to contest this Court's jurisdiction to enforce the Rule 2004 Exam Order dated August 29, 2016 (Doc. 143) and any subsequent discovery pertaining to that Order." Ms. Gianardi also filed, on April 23, 2018, a "Notice of Objection to Jurisdiction in Northern District of Texas and Request to Stay Proceedings Related to Ms. Gianardi's Compliance with Rule 2004 Document Production."99 She never requested a hearing with regard to this pleading, including the request to stay further proceedings. However, the pleading argues, for the first time ever, that the "Northern District of Texas Lacks Personal Jurisdiction Over Ms. Gianardi."100
42. On April 23, 2018, Ms. Gianardi, through her Colorado counsel, commenced a miscellaneous proceeding in the Colorado District Court pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 45 (the "Miscellaneous Proceeding"). In the Miscellaneous Proceeding, Ms. Gianardi, again, asserted that the bankruptcy court lacks personal jurisdiction over her.
43. Meanwhile, on May 4, 2018, Ms. Gianardi, through her new Colorado counsel, responded to the April 19, 2018 Written Discovery by invoking her Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination to each and every interrogatory and request for production .101 Additionally, in May 2018, when counsel for the NMSIC inquired of Ms. Gianardi's counsel whether Ms. Gianardi would assert her Fifth Amendment privilege if subpoenaed to appear for a deposition in connection with the Sanctions Motions, Ms. Gianardi's counsel confirmed that Ms. Gianardi would assert her Fifth Amendment privilege in response to any such questions. In fact, Ms. Gianardi's counsel memorialized Ms. Gianardi's position in a Rule 11 letter agreement.102
I. The Evidentiary Hearing.
44. On June 5, 14, and 19, 2018, the court held the Combined Sanctions Hearing. Ms. Gianardi and her counsel did not appear. The court heard testimony from: (a) the Court-Appointed Forensic Expert (actually two persons from the Epiq Firm who worked on attempting to extract information from the Computer), (b) a forensic expert hired separately by the Debtor, (c) the Debtor, and (d) certain of the outside attorneys for the NMSIC.
45. At the hearing, Mr. Massoud from Epiq (the Court-Appointed Forensic Expert), with confirmation from the Chapter 7 Trustee, credibly proved up a chain of custody establishing that the Computer (which happened to be an HP Compaq model CQ 5000 computer, serial number 3CR0480YCT) was obtained by the Chapter 7 Trustee from Ms. Gianardi; an image of the Computer was made; and a forensic analysis was conducted.103
46. There was compelling evidence presented, and the court does now find, that the Computer (and certainly data thereon) were property and records, respectively, of the Debtor that should have been treated by the Debtor and Ms. Gianardi *101as property of the estate.104 From the evidence presented, the court can reasonably infer that the Debtor, through his wholly owned entity, SDN Advisors, and through his personal assistant Ms. Gianardi, bought the Computer on or about June 29, 2011, and provided it to Ms. Gianardi to use for the Debtor and his business and personal affairs;105 that the Computer was first initialized or booted up for service on July 5, 2011;106 and that, when Ms. Gianardi was complying with the court's order in turning over the Computer, this computer purchased on June 29, 2011 was the computer that she turned over, and was the one that had contained the digital filing system of the Debtor.
47. Next, there was credible evidence and the court now finds that there were mass deletions of Debtor files over time.107 The evidence actually indicated that there were mass deletions of data from the Computer by Ms. Gianardi in years 2011, 2012, and 2015108 -during which years the Debtor was in the midst of litigation with the NMSIC as well as other litigation, including a divorce.109
48. Next, Mr. Massoud of Epiq credibly testified that he examined the Computer for various artifacts, deletion activity, copying activity, USB activity, and things of that nature.110 Mr. Massoud credibly testified, and the court now finds, that, on December 8 and 9, 2016-less than two months after Ms. Gianardi's 2004 Examination during which (while represented by counsel) Ms. Gianardi agreed not to delete items from or otherwise disturb the Computer, and while counsel for the NMSIC was attempting to reach consensual arrangements for turnover of the Computer-someone using Ms. Gianardi's user profile used the Computer to visit a site on the Internet called "http_196.filldisk.com" that was loaded onto the Computer and had the effect of covering up space on the Computer hard drive.111 Mr. Massoud credibly testified, and the court finds it is true, that the sole purpose of this website is to fill up the unallocated space on a computer with a pattern of nonsensical data (such as pictures of cats and numbers).112
49. Mr. Massoud also credibly testified, and the court hereby finds, that a couple of days later-during the period of December 11, 2016 through December 18, 2016-someone using Ms. Gianardi's login account copied a total of 101 movie files, approximately 420 gigabytes of data, onto *102the Computer hard drive. This actually overwrote the unallocated space. Unallocated space is where prior deleted data resides until it is overwritten with new data. The new movie file data had overwritten any potentially recoverable deleted data that might have existed on the hard drive prior to this overwriting activity. The 420 gigabytes of movie files that were written to the drive in December 2016 represented approximately 66 percent of the total hard drive space.113 To be clear, Mr. Massoud credibly testified, and the court finds, that, had the movie files not been written to the drive in December 2016, Mr. Massoud would have been able to do one of the following: (a) analyze existing active data that already occupied that 420 gigabytes of data; or (b) analyze and recover data that may have been previously deleted but had not yet been overwritten by new data.114
50. Debtor's counsel attempted to attack the credibility of Epiq and implied at the Combined Sanctions Hearing that Epiq was biased toward the NMSIC because Epiq personnel had communications with the Chapter 7 Trustee and counsel for the NMSIC in connection with preparing its report, and that this somehow tainted Epiq's conclusions and his findings. However, the Debtor's own expert corroborated the findings and conclusions of Mr. Massoud: 101 movies were downloaded onto the Computer in December of 2016 and 420 gigabytes of unallocated space was overwritten as a result. That is not in dispute. The court did not find Epiq to be in any way biased or not credible.115
51. Additionally, the court finds from the credible evidence that USB flash drives were inserted into the Computer on, inter alia , the following dates:
March 14, 2016 (20 days after the Petition Date);
October 28, 2016 (two weeks after the Gianardi 2004 Examination);
November 27, 2016 (six weeks after the Gianardi 2004 Examination);
February 8, 2017 (two days after the Motion to Compel-Computer was filed); and
February 9, 2017 (three days after the Motion to Compel-Computer was filed).116
The court can reasonably infer, from the coincidental timing, facts, and circumstances here that those USB flash drives were used to copy records of the Debtor's *103financial affairs and of his divorce, even though the Debtor claims not to have any back up disks or other storage devices. Even though the Court-Appointed Forensic Expert could not determine what data was copied, removed or deleted when the flash drives were used, he was able to conclude that a folder called "Business Stuff" was accessed, along with files named acct.xlsx and CLAUDIA DIVORCE SUIT.pdf.117
52. The court also heard credible evidence, and hereby finds, that dozens of "live" documents were nevertheless found on the Computer pertaining to the Debtor and his financial affairs. These were documents that had not earlier been produced by either Ms. Gianardi or the Debtor and were responsive to the NMSIC's document requests (and despite Ms. Gianardi stating she had no responsive documents).118 The Debtor did not do anything to protect and preserve that information, even though he knew or at least he should have known that the Computer contained information that was relevant to his financial affairs.
53. The court finds that the depth of Ms. Gianardi's loyalty to the Debtor is deep. It was most evident from certain Skype logs of conversations between Ms. Gianardi and the Debtor that were recovered from the Computer and presented at the Combined Sanctions Hearing.119 Notably, these Skype logs go on much longer than the time Ms. Gianardi allegedly was the Debtor's personal assistant. There are more than 10 pages of Skype logs reflecting conversations beyond the time of her employment (the most recent one being in 2017). One Skype conversation between the Debtor and Gianardi that occurred in May 2011 (apparently in the midst of the Debtor's divorce proceedings) seems to particularly show the depth of Ms. Gianardi's loyalty to the Debtor during that litigation. An excerpt of that conversation is included below:
Marc Correra: Hi
Anita Gianardi: hi you OK?
Marc Correra: yes
Marc Correra: i think i am going to be dead before this is over
Anita Gianardi: I hope not. I may be in jail
Marc Correra: dont worry
Marc Correra: I will always protect you
...
Anita Gianardi: am i in trouble?
Marc Correra: no
Marc Correra: dont worry
...
Marc Correra: Sorry you have to deal with this BS
Anita Gianardi: Me to but I am in until you no longer want or need me. It is a pain though but you are worth it
Marc Correra: she makes everything so difficult
Anita Gianardi: Yup. I feel for you
...
Marc Correra: I will always have you back
Anita Gianardi: Can I say I have come to love you in a friend sort of way. Does that make sense? (sun)
Marc Correra: Yes you can. I feel the same way towards you. Thanks. That means a lot to me.120
54. The court finds that the Debtor and Ms. Gianardi had a very close relationship-beyond *104that of mere boss and personal assistant. She was fiercely loyal to him and considered him to be a close friend. The Debtor confided in her with regard to his marriage, family, and other relationships.121 Ms. Gianardi provided helpful testimony to the Debtor during his divorce case (swearing to the authenticity of his prenuptial agreement with his ex-wife that had been called into question-using the exact language the Debtor requested that she use).122 When confronted with a Skype log between the Debtor and Ms. Gianardi,123 the Debtor confirmed the accuracy of the Skype log:
Q. And you said to her, "I will always have you back." And then she said, "Can I say I have come to love you in a friend sort of way? Does that make sense?" And then your response was, "Yes, you can. I feel the same way towards you. Thanks. That means a lot to me." Did I read that accurately?
A. Yes.
Q. Were you telling the truth when you told Ms. Gianardi that you would always have her back?
A. Yes.
Q. And do you believe that she was telling the truth when she told you that she had come to love you in a friend sort of way?
A. I don't know.
Q. And were you telling the truth when you told her that you felt the same way?
A. Yes.124
55. The Debtor's response to all of this is basically that he did not tell Ms. Gianardi to do anything to the Computer. However, the Debtor admits retaining legal counsel for Ms. Gianardi at his own expense.125 And Ms. Gianardi did not show up to explain or corroborate any of the Debtor's testimony. Her absence at the hearing on these matters, and her assertion of the Fifth Amendment is convenient to the Debtor and his side of the story.126 The court believes it is reasonable to infer from the record before it that Ms. Gianardi intentionally manipulated the Computer to put financial records of the Debtor out of reach, and the Debtor was an active participant in the fraud and the spoliation of evidence that occurred here by Ms. Gianardi. The court believes that, ever since the existence of the Computer was discovered during Ms. Gianardi's Rule 2004 Examination, the Debtor and Ms. Gianardi have coordinated their efforts to thwart the NMSIC's and the Trustee's attempts to obtain access to the Computer. Ultimately, after the Computer was recovered, and Epiq was retained as the Court-Appointed Forensic Expert, Epiq confirmed that certain mass deletions of files occurred, and that actions were taken to fill the Computer's unallocated space making it impossible to recover deleted files.
56. The Debtor has been evasive. His failure to take steps to preserve information on the Computer or to notify the *105NMSIC or the Trustee of the Computer's existence cannot have been mere oversight. Ms. Gianardi was the person he relied on for years (apparently even after the end of her employment) to provide him and others with information. Furthermore, while it appears that Ms. Gianardi took steps to delete data and to make it impossible to recover deleted data from the Computer, it is the Debtor, not Ms. Gianardi, who had the most to lose if some or all of the deleted information on the Computer was recovered.
57. The Debtor had a responsibility to preserve and produce the Computer which was indisputably property of the bankruptcy estate. And he had an obligation as a debtor in this court to preserve records of his financial affairs. The Debtor's obligations here do not merely arise under Rule 37 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The Debtor's obligations here arise under the Bankruptcy Code. Moreover, there was a court order telling the Debtor what he had to do and telling Ms. Gianardi what she had to do and what she had to produce. The NMSIC and the Trustee have been prejudiced because they do not have a complete production of information and documents from the Debtor.
58. The Debtor testified that anything that was ever on the Computer was also backed up and available on the cloud-based services he used.127 However, the Debtor provided no evidence whatsoever to corroborate that testimony and, in fact, the evidence showed that either not to be true or, alternatively, that the Debtor did not turn over documents on the cloud that would have been responsive to the Debtor 2004 Order.
59. The court found the Debtor's testimony regarding having all documents on the cloud that were ever on the Computer to be not at all credible. The Debtor testified in his own Rule 2004 examination that he searched his cloud-housed documents and produced all that were responsive to the NMSIC's document requests128 -and yet hundreds of documents were found on the Computer that were not produced by the Debtor.
60. The Debtor testified that he had "a few" conversations with Ms. Gianardi in October 2016 because she was just very concerned about getting pulled into this.129 When asked if they talked about the Computer, the Debtor said, "No. Only that I think that they wanted the computer or something. I don't remember the -."130 He said that he never told her to wipe data off the Computer or not to turn it over to the Trustee.131 The court found this testimony to be evasive and not credible.
61. As a result of Ms. Gianardi's actions, what the Trustee and creditors are confronted with is that: there were records relating to the Debtor's financial affairs that were potentially very important to the creditors, important to the Debtor's estate, which have been forever lost. Unfortunately, there is no way to identify what those all were, but the court knows that they are gone and can never be recovered, at least from the Computer. Only Ms. Gianardi and only the Debtor know what those records were. One would think that if the Debtor still has those records or has them in the *106cloud that they would have been produced by now. But, this has not happened.
62. It is of critical relevance here that it was the Debtor (through his lawyers), not Ms. Gianardi, that first reached out to retain new counsel for Ms. Gianardi after the Sanctions Motions were filed.132 Not only did the Debtor make arrangements with Ms. Gianardi's criminal defense lawyer to represent her in connection with the Sanctions Motions, but the Debtor agreed to pay for Ms. Gianardi's criminal defense lawyer, including the payment of a $30,000 initial retainer.133
J. Adverse Inferences.
63. The Epiq Report and the information recovered from the Computer are by themselves sufficient to support a finding that Ms. Gianardi intentionally spoliated evidence with the intent to make it unavailable to the NMSIC, the Trustee, and the court, and that she knowingly and willfully refused to comply with the Gianardi 2004 Order and, in bad faith, has intentionally interfered with the administration of this bankruptcy case. As explained further below, the court may also infer Ms. Gianardi's intent to spoliate evidence from Ms. Gianardi's failure to appear and testify and produce evidence that might refute the NMSIC's and Trustee's direct evidence.
III. Conclusions of Law.
A. Bankruptcy Subject Matter Jurisdiction and Venue.
Bankruptcy subject matter jurisdiction exists over these contested matters pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a), (b), and (e)(1). These are core proceedings, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A), possibly (e),134 and (O). Thus, the bankruptcy court has statutory authority to enter final orders. Moreover, the court has determined that it has Constitutional authority to enter final orders in these matters, since they involve a dispute that could only arise in a bankruptcy case-that is, interference with property of a bankruptcy estate and spoliation of records that otherwise should have been provided to a bankruptcy trustee and estate creditors. Finally, venue is proper before this court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1408 and 1409.
B. Ms. Gianardi's Eleventh-Hour Argument that the Bankruptcy Court Does Not Have Personal Jurisdiction Over Her.
As earlier mentioned, Ms. Gianardi did not appear for the three-day Combined Sanctions Hearing (personally or through counsel). However, a Colorado lawyer, Laura A. Menninger (not admitted in the Northern District of Texas, either regularly or on a pro hac vice basis) did file, on April 23, 2018 : (a) a "Special Entry of Appearance" on her behalf, "specially to contest this Court's jurisdiction to enforce the Rule 2004 Exam Order dated August 29, 2016 (Doc. 143) and any subsequent discovery pertaining to that Order";135 and (b) a "Notice of Objection to Jurisdiction in Northern District of Texas and Request to Stay Proceedings related to Ms. Gianardi's Compliance with Rule 2004 Document Production."136 This latter pleading stated that the Northern District of Texas lacks "personal jurisdiction" over Ms. Gianardi *107in that she "is not a party to this case and lacks sufficient connection with the Northern District of Texas to be subject to the Court's jurisdiction."137 The pleading goes on to state that "no subpoena was ever served on her related to the 2004 exam Order. Thus, the Texas Bankruptcy Court does not have personal jurisdiction over Ms. Gianardi under Bankruptcy Rule 2004."138 The pleading recites that Ms. Gianardi lives and works in Colorado, she does not regularly conduct business in Texas, and she does not have the required "minimum contacts" to be subject to the jurisdiction of the Texas courts.139
There are a lot of concepts melded into the short pleading of Ms. Gianardi, and this court must unpack them one-by-one:
First, the argument that the NMSIC's failure to obtain a subpoena, way back when it obtained the Gianardi 2004 Order, deprives the bankruptcy court of personal jurisdiction over Ms. Gianardi fails because-at this juncture-we are way beyond compelling attendance or compelling production of documents at a Rule 2004 examination, from a non-party . Ms. Gianardi is now a party in a properly noticed contested matter, not a mere non-party in a discovery dispute.
Second, the personal jurisdiction jurisprudence cited by Ms. Gianardi is in the context of federal diversity jurisdiction and the Fourteenth Amendment, and things are very different in the world of bankruptcy. The proper analysis is not "minimum contacts" with the State of Texas.
Third, even if personal jurisdiction was somehow a viable argument here, waiver of the argument applies. Ms. Gianardi, while represented by counsel, participated for over 20 months in a discovery process mandated by the bankruptcy court, then subsequent litigation regarding examination of the Computer, without any reservation of rights or objection to this court's personal jurisdiction over her.
(i) First, was a subpoena required to be served on Ms. Gianardi, pursuant to Bankruptcy Rule 2004(c)? Restated, can the bankruptcy court now address Ms. Gianardi's violation of either the Gianardi 2004 Order or the Computer Compel Order, when she was not served with a subpoena back at the time of her Rule 2004 Examination?
The court will start by noting a general principle: a bankruptcy court "has abundant legal authority to order the retrieval of information concerning a debtor and his estate from persons and entities who are not parties in a bankruptcy case, i.e., persons or entities who have neither filed a voluntary petition under section 301 of the Bankruptcy Code nor filed a proof of claim or interest under section 501 of the Bankruptcy Code.140 Nevertheless, proper procedure and due process do matter; thus, the court will appropriately unpack Ms. Gianardi's arguments, beginning with the issue of whether the NMSIC was required to obtain a subpoena in connection with its Gianardi Rule 2004 Examination. Is it fatal to the NMSIC's request that Ms. Gianardi be sanctioned-for her alleged violation of the 2004 Order and/or *108destruction of records of the Debtor-that the NMSIC never obtained a subpoena along with its Rule 2004 Motion and Order? Rephrased, is the failure to obtain a subpoena as to Ms. Gianardi a "non-starter" here?
By way of background, Bankruptcy Rule 2004 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure is "the basic discovery device in bankruptcy cases."141 Rule 2004(a) states that "[o]n motion of any party in interest, the court may order the examination of any entity."142 It has been stated that the scope of a Rule 2004 examination is exceptionally broad and the rule itself is peculiar to bankruptcy law and procedure because it affords few of the procedural safeguards that an examination under Rule 26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure does.143 "Third parties are subject to examination pursuant to Rule 2004 if they have knowledge of the debtor's affairs."144 Courts tend to be reluctant to allow "escape from a Rule 2004 examination unless the party can show that the examination" would be "oppressive or burdensome."145 "A rule 2004 exam has been explained as a broad investigation into the financial affairs of the debtor for the purpose of the discovery of assets of the estate and the exposure of fraudulent conduct."146 The scope of a Rule 2004 *109examination is "unfettered and broad" and "is commonly recognized as more in the nature of a 'fishing expedition.' "147 The purpose of the examination is to enable the trustee to discover the nature and extent of the bankruptcy estate. "Discovery under Rule 2004 is broader than that available under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure."148 Legitimate goals of Rule 2004 examinations include "discovering assets, examining transactions, and determining whether wrongdoing has occurred."149
With this background in mind, it should be obvious that a Rule 2004 examination of somebody like Ms. Gianardi-a long-time personal assistant to the Debtor-is not an unreasonable or impermissible undertaking. Rather, the issue is how is personal jurisdiction within the context of a Rule 2004 exam established over one who resides outside the district where the bankruptcy case is pending and who is not otherwise actually a party to the bankruptcy case? Analyzing the literal wording of Bankruptcy Rule 2004, subsection (a) makes clear that any party in interest who wants to examine any entity who may have information relating to the acts, conduct, property, liabilities or financial condition of the debtor (and the like), may file a motion with the bankruptcy court and obtain an order from the bankruptcy court requiring it. However, subsection (c) goes on to provide that the attendance of an entity for examination and for the production of documents, whether the examination is to occur within or without the district in which the bankruptcy case is pending, may be compelled as provided in Rule 9016 (i.e., the Bankruptcy Rule that incorporates Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 45 -describing subpoenas). It appears to this court (and this is a mere anecdotal observation) that, oftentimes, parties in interest seeking Bankruptcy Rule 2004 examinations (and production of documents) simply go forward with a motion and order and do not bother with obtaining and serving a subpoena. Is this a problem (i.e., not obtaining and serving a subpoena), when a Bankruptcy Rule 2004 witness does not appear, testify and/or produce as ordered? One might wonder why such "belts and suspenders" (i.e., a subpoena as well as an order) would be necessary to enforce compliance? The technical answer is that personal jurisdiction over a non-debtor third party witness in a Rule 2004 context is properly established by serving a subpoena pursuant to under Rule 45. When an order is entered compelling a witness (who is not a debtor and *110is not otherwise a party-in-interest-such as a creditor who files a proof of claim) to submit to an examination pursuant to Rule 2004, a subpoena should be served, in addition to the order to compel attendance, as provided for in Rule 9016 (which makes applicable Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 45 in cases under the Bankruptcy Code). To fully appreciate this, one should be mindful of the overall context. Specifically, it is arguably an extraordinary thing-to take a deposition that is often referred to as a "fishing expedition," and to ask for documents, from a non-party witness who has not been sued, is not suing, and is possibly far away or otherwise somewhat detached from the bankruptcy court. A subpoena is a very formal document, with many form and content requirements, that (unlike a Rule 2004 motion and order) must be personally served on an individual (unlike a complaint initiating an adversary proceeding or a motion initiating a contested matter).150 A subpoena is arguably more attention-grabbing to put someone on notice of what he or she is commanded to do and when. It also contemplates performance within 100 miles of where the deponent resides, is employed, or regularly conducts business.151
There are very few cases that deal with subsection (c) of Bankruptcy Rule 2004. Most of the cases seem to suggest or assume that subpoenas should be issued and served, in addition to the Rule 2004 order from the bankruptcy court.152 While not addressing the exact question in the case at bar, of whether failing to obtain a subpoena in connection with a Rule 2004 examination of a non-party witness is fatal, the court in In re Teknek did provide some useful analysis generally on the topic of Rule 2004 exams of debtors versus non-parties.153 In Teknek , a creditor sought *111certain information pertaining to the debtor, Teknek, LLC, from an individual named Sheila Hamilton as "Debtor Representative"-and her capacity as a "debtor-representative" was unclear. The court distinguished between Rule 2004 examinations directed toward debtors versus non-debtor third parties:
In this case, by filing the voluntary Chapter 7 petition, 11 U.S.C. § 301, the debtor Teknek LLC imposed upon itself a legal obligation to disclose recorded historical data relating to property of the estate to the trustee, § 521(4), Fed. R. Bankr.Pro. 4002. The trustee does not need to subpoena this information, because by virtue of being the "party" who filed and commenced the bankruptcy "case," the debtor has a legal obligation to turn over the information in its custody and control even in the absence of a subpoena. "It is not necessary that the debtor be formally subpoenaed to a Rule 2004 examination; an order of examination is sufficient." 10 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 9016.01, at 9016-2 (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer eds., 15th ed. rev. 2006).154
The court went on to suggest that a subpoena is necessary in the Rule 2004 context to exert personal jurisdiction over a nonparty witness and that "[f]ederal courts do require a certain type of personal jurisdiction over a nonparty witness in order to enforce a subpoena against such a person."155 The court elaborated that the due process clause of the United States Constitution does not require a non-party witness to have "minimum contacts" with the district in which a federal action is pending. Instead, where a non-party witness has been subpoenaed for a deposition in a federal case, the appropriate inquiry is whether the witness has a "nexus to the activities being investigated in the underlying legal proceeding."156 In Teknek , since the debtor and the examinee Ms. Hamilton had failed to clearly raise a personal jurisdiction issue in written or oral form until filing a motion to vacate or reconsider a ruling on an otherwise fully litigated contested motion, the court held that it was raised too late.157
*112The court in In re Marathe expressed similar sentiments.158 Marathe involved a Florida Chapter 7 bankruptcy case of a husband and wife. The Chapter 7 trustee moved to conduct a Rule 2004 examination of the debtors' daughter who lived and worked in New York City and allegedly co-owned with the debtors a nonexempt, unencumbered apartment in New York City of unknown value. The trustee wanted to ask the daughter questions about the apartment. Apparently, no documents were requested. However, a subpoena for the Rule 2004 examination had been issued by an attorney in New York City who was employed as special counsel for the trustee, and the deposition had been scheduled to occur in New York City. The daughter opposed the relief sought and countered with a motion for protective order. The court initially granted the trustee's motion and denied the daughter's motion. The context of this opinion is a motion for reconsideration by the daughter. The daughter argued that she not only lived in New York, but also that she did not have minimum contacts with Florida and it would violate the Constitution's Due Process Clause for the Florida bankruptcy court to subject her to a Rule 2004 examination. The court denied the daughter's motion for reconsideration, concluding that a Rule 2004 examination of her was permissible and appropriate. The court did not focus so much on the need for a subpoena; rather, it focused on the ability to order those with knowledge of the debtor's affairs to testify, pursuant to Rule 2004, regardless of where the person is and regardless of the fact that the person is a "non-party" (and the court implied that "non-party" means a person who is neither the debtor nor a person who has filed a proof of claim).159 In so ruling, the court offered the following legal reasoning: (1) trustees and parties-in-interest in bankruptcy cases may examine any person, including nondebtors, regarding matters that affect the administration of the bankruptcy estate; (2) the daughter's attendance at an examination in New York City would not violate her due process rights, because she had knowledge of property of the bankruptcy estate, and because the examination would be conducted in the district in which she resided; (3) the debtors' interest in the apartment was property of the estate, pursuant to section 541 of the Bankruptcy Code and, under 28 USC. § 1334(e), the bankruptcy court has exclusive jurisdiction over all property of the estate, wherever located, and over disputes regarding whether specific property is property of the estate; "wherever located" is intended to have "global reach";160 (4) if *113an adversary proceeding were to be filed in the Florida bankruptcy court regarding the apartment, Bankruptcy Rule 7004 would allow nationwide service of process on the daughter (in New York-although the adversary proceeding would be filed in the Florida bankruptcy court) and personal jurisdiction could be exercised over her "consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States"; specifically, minimum contacts with the state of Florida would not be necessary-rather the court would have personal jurisdiction over anyone who had sufficient minimum contacts with the United States; (5) here, there was no adversary proceeding filed (yet) against the daughter-Bankruptcy Rule 2004 is merely an investigatory tool prior to the filing of an adversary proceeding and is broad in scope, so that the trustee and parties can gather information (a motion for authority to conduct a 2004 examination may even be granted ex parte , without a hearing, without the advance notice typically required to be given in a contested matter); (6) the trustee had a reasonable need to conduct the examination; and (7) the court further stated that "requiring [the daughter] to attend the examination would not violate her due process rights under the United States Constitution, because [the daughter] had knowledge of property of the bankruptcy estate, and because attending the examination in her own district did not amount to an undue burden or a "constitutionally significant inconvenience."161
This court believes that, as a technical matter, a subpoena was required here in the case of Ms. Gianardi to compel her attendance at a Rule 2004 examination and to compel production of documents pursuant thereto. But it is not fatal to the NMSIC's current request that Ms. Gianardi be held in contempt of court and sanctioned-for her exercising control over the Computer and intentionally putting Debtor documents beyond the reach of the Trustee and creditors in this case. Why? First, this court believes that Ms. Gianardi waived any right to complain about a lack of subpoena when she sat for the Rule 2004 examination. If one voluntarily sits for a deposition, she waives any argument about the need for a valid subpoena.162 Not *114only did Ms. Gianardi sit for her Rule 2004 Examination without complaining about a lack of a subpoena, but she never even mentioned the lack of a subpoena as a potential problem until five months after her examination (on March 8, 2017) through her newly retained Texas bankruptcy counsel (not to be confused with her Colorado lawyer who sat in on the Gianardi 2004 Examination), in the Gianardi Objection to Motion to Compel-Computer.163 While her 15-page objection did make a brief argument, at paragraphs 4-9, that the dispute "should be determined in the bankruptcy court for the district in which Ms. Gianardi was requested to produce documents , the District of Colorado" (emphasis added), and further stated that, if the NMSIC had properly served a subpoena on Ms. Gianardi, this would be clear, the objection never mentioned "personal jurisdiction" or actually contested the bankruptcy court's personal jurisdiction over Ms. Gianardi. The Gianardi Objection to Motion to Compel-Computer mostly complained that production of the Computer was intrusive and well beyond the scope of what is contemplated by Bankruptcy Rule 2004. It also articulated privacy concerns with regard to the NMSIC or any forensic expert examining the Computer-given that Ms. Gianardi allegedly had a significant amount of her own personal data and pictures on it by this point. Ms. Gianardi sought affirmative relief from the bankruptcy court to protect her personal information on the Computer, in the event the Motion to Compel-Computer was granted. Ms. Gianardi wanted to put restrictions on how the Computer would be searched (with search terms, and the like). On March 13, 2017, when the court held a hearing on the Motion to Compel-Computer, Ms. Gianardi appeared there through her Texas bankruptcy counsel (two lawyers), making a regular appearance-not a special appearance, thus seemingly not preserving any arguments of "lack of personal jurisdiction" that she might have had.164 Ms. Gianardi's counsel represented, "Your Honor, she is not opposed to having a forensic copy made. We prefer that. She wants every-she wants to get out of this mess, I mean two parties that don't trust each other. It's what happens after that that I hope we were going to get some kind of consensus today on. "165 Ms. Gianardi's sole message (through her counsel to the bankruptcy court) was that she did not really want to produce the Computer but, if she had to, she wanted a search term protocol in place and, certainly at a minimum, a protective order to guard private information. At one point during the hearing on the Motion to Compel-Computer, Ms. Gianardi's counsel suggested the idea of an independent discovery examiner with regard to the examination of the Computer: "Not to complicate things further, but may be the Court might want to give some consideration to, and I floated this idea, I didn't get much traction with it, to an independent discovery examiner that both parties could share the cost of. They would report directly to the Court with any issues that arise after the image is copied on what the, you know, search capabilities are, what are the challenges going to be, on getting them the documents that they need while still *115protecting my client's privacy right. "166 Nothing was said at this hearing about the bankruptcy court's authority (or lack thereof) to issue orders regarding turnover of the Computer-although Ms. Gianardi's counsel did express that this was all extremely inconvenient for her and that she preferred it be litigated in Colorado where Ms. Gianardi resided.167 In summary, Ms. Gianardi's "lack of subpoena/lack of personal jurisdiction" argument seems too little too late, after both voluntarily sitting for an examination and then responding to the Motion to Compel-Computer without ever using the words "lack of personal jurisdiction."
But as also mentioned earlier, we are now well beyond the stage of a creditor simply seeking a Rule 2004 examination or production of documents with regard to a non-party . Ms. Gianardi is now a party in a contested matter, not a mere non-party in a discovery dispute . If the NMSIC was, at this point, merely seeking to compel Ms. Gianardi to produce documents, there would be a problem-assuming waiver did not otherwise apply. The NMSIC would need to have served a subpoena and then, if Ms. Gianardi continued to fail to produce, go to the compliance court, in the District of Colorado, to compel compliance.168 That court could rule on the issue or, alternatively, transfer the dispute to this court. But when the NMSIC filed the Motion to Compel-Computer, things evolved. That motion triggered something different than a mere motion to compel production of documents. It triggered a new contested matter which sought broader relief. Ms. Gianardi became a party (or respondent) at that point, who was in possession of property of the estate (the Computer) and records of the estate (any electronic data thereon pertaining to the Debtor). This was no longer about producing her own documents. She had something of the Debtor's to which the trustee and creditors were entitled to have access. Regardless of the title used on the Motion to Compel-Computer, it was tantamount to a motion to compel a turnover of records of the estate and/or property of the estate pursuant to section 542(e) of the Bankruptcy Code.169 It was not a mere discovery dispute. Bankruptcy Rule 9014 sets forth the requirements for service on parties/respondents in contested matters-stating *116that a motion initiating a contested matter "shall be served in the manner provided for service of a summons and complaint by Rule 7004." Rule 7004, of course, permits service by First Class Mail and various other means-personal service is not required (as in the case of a subpoena on a non-party). Ms. Gianardi was properly served with the Motion to Compel-Computer as required by Rule 9014.170 She responded.171 She participated in a hearing thereon and an order was issued pursuant thereto, that was never appealed or otherwise challenged.
Then things further evolved. Yet another contested matter was filed with Ms. Gianardi as a party/respondent, on February 23, 2018, when the Gianardi Sanctions Motion was filed.172 Once again, Bankruptcy Rule 9014 sets forth the requirements for service on parties/respondents in contested matters-stating that a motion initiating a contested matter "shall be served in the manner provided for service of a summons and complaint by Rule 7004." Rule 7004, of course, permits service by First Class Mail and various other means-personal service is not required (as in the case of a subpoena on a non-party). Ms. Gianardi was properly served with the Gianardi Sanctions Motion as required by Rule 9014.173 Two months after the Gianardi Sanctions Motion was filed, Ms. Gianardi, for the first time, raised a personal jurisdiction argument. But, by this point-in the context of a second contested matter against her that had been properly served on her pursuant to Bankruptcy Rules 7004(b)(1) and 9014 -the personal jurisdiction argument had no merit.
(ii) Personal Jurisdiction in Bankruptcy Contested Matters and Adversary Proceedings.
To further explain why Ms. Gianardi's personal jurisdiction argument has no merit in the context of the contested matters now before the court, the court will elaborate on Bankruptcy Rule 7004 (which is incorporated into bankruptcy contested matters through Bankruptcy Rule 9014 ), as well as case law addressing personal jurisdiction and due process as it relates to parties against whom relief is sought in bankruptcy cases.
Case law discussing the issue of personal jurisdiction most often arises in the context of adversary proceedings. Bankruptcy Rule 7004 entitled "Process; Service of Summons, Complaint"174 provides:
*117...
(d) Nationwide service of process
The summons and complaint and all other process except a subpoena may be served anywhere in the United States.
...
(f) Personal Jurisdiction
If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of service in accordance with this rule or the subdivisions of Rule 4 F.R.Civ.P. made applicable by these rules is effective to establish personal jurisdiction over the person of any defendant with respect to a case under the Code or a civil proceeding arising under the Code, or arising in or related to a case under the Code....175
Under these provisions, personal jurisdiction may be established over a defendant in an adversary proceeding (or respondent in a contested matter) if: (1) service is effectuated in accordance with Bankruptcy Rule 7004 or Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 4, (2) the proceeding arises under the Bankruptcy Code or arises in or relates to a bankruptcy case (i.e., the court has subject matter jurisdiction), and (3) the court's exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States.
But what does it mean in the unique world of bankruptcy for the court's exercise of personal jurisdiction to be "consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States"? Service of process is the physical means by which personal jurisdiction is obtained over a party. And Title 11 employs Rules 4(a), (b), (c)(1), (d)(1), (e)-(j), (l), and (m) for service of process in an adversary proceeding (or for service of a motion in a contested matter). But how does the Constitution potentially constrain a federal court's power to acquire personal jurisdiction via nationwide service of process? This is not focused upon very frequently in bankruptcy jurisprudence.176 The answer is that, typically, in the bankruptcy context, courts do not measure Constitutional sufficiency under a "minimum-contacts" test with the forum state, as articulated in the famous International Shoe case.177 Rather, because matters in bankruptcy generally fall within federal question jurisdiction (that is, they involve matters that arise under the Bankruptcy Code, or arise in or are related to a bankruptcy case), and because the applicable rules of procedure permit nationwide service of process, many courts simply hold that the analysis stops there and that Fed. R. Bankr. Proc. 7004(d) extends personal jurisdiction over any person who has sufficient minimum contacts with the United States . Some courts have referred *118to this as the "national contacts" test.178
Other courts have rejected such a "national contacts" test and determined that due process requires more-specifically, that the fairness and reasonableness requirements of the Fifth Amendment must be considered.179 A bankruptcy opinion that does a fine job of explaining this was issued in the Texas Reds case.180
In Texas Reds , a Texas resident, Ms. Miller, had entered into an agreement to purchase assets in a New Mexico bankruptcy case. The New Mexico bankruptcy court approved the agreement and then Ms. Miller defaulted. Later, the bankruptcy trustee sued Ms. Miller for breach of contract in an adversary proceeding in the case. Ms. Miller moved to dismiss the adversary proceeding, arguing lack of personal jurisdiction over her. The court denied her motion, finding it had personal jurisdiction over her. The court first stated that a plaintiff in an adversary proceeding bears the burden of establishing the existence of personal jurisdiction. The court noted the plaintiff must satisfy three requirements: (1) service of process had been effectuated in accordance with Bankruptcy Rule 7004 or Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 4, (2) the proceeding arose under the Bankruptcy Code or arose in or related to a bankruptcy case (i.e., in other words, there was federal question bankruptcy subject matter jurisdiction), and (3) the court's exercise of jurisdiction was consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States. Requirements (1) and (2) were easily met in the case. With respect to requirement (3), the court started by noting that, in the world of bankruptcy, the court does not measure Constitutional sufficiency under a "minimum-contacts" test with the forum state, as described in *119International Shoe .181 Rather, because the matters fall within federal question jurisdiction (i.e., bankruptcy) and the applicable rules of procedure permit nationwide service of process, many courts simply hold that the analysis stops there and that Fed. R. Bankr. Proc. 7004(d) extends personal jurisdiction over any person who has sufficient minimum contacts with the United States. But the Tenth Circuit, where New Mexico sits, had rejected this so-called "national contacts" test182 (which merely requires that the defendant have sufficient contacts with the United States, as opposed to the state in which the federal court is located), stating that due process requires something more. Specifically, the fairness and reasonableness requirements of the Fifth Amendment should be considered. The "Fifth Amendment is designed to protect 'litigants from the burdens of litigation in an unduly inconvenient forum.' "183 Thus, in order to determine whether the bankruptcy court's exercise of personal jurisdiction comports with due process requires a two-step analysis. First, the defendant must demonstrate "constitutionally significant inconvenience" (in other words, the defendant's "liberty interests actually have been infringed" and the litigation would be gravely difficult in the chosen forum). The court noted this was a very difficult test to meet, particularly in this age of instant communication and modern transportation, which lessen the burdens of litigating in an out-of-state forum. Second, if the defendant shows "constitutionally significant inconvenience," the court should then consider whether " 'the federal interest in litigating the dispute in the chosen forum outweighs the burden imposed on the defendant."184 Applying this standard, the bankruptcy court in Texas Reds held that the defendant, a resident of San Marcos, Texas-just one state away from New Mexico where the bankruptcy case was-did not show a constitutionally significant inconvenience under the Tenth Circuit's Peay test.185 Further, even if Ms. Miller had established constitutionally significant inconvenience, the bankruptcy court found that the federal interest in litigating this proceeding before the bankruptcy court outweighed the burden imposed on Ms. Miller.
Another court that looked beyond the "national contacts" test was the Delaware bankruptcy court in a case called In re DBSI .186 In the context of a plan trustee's post-confirmation fraudulent transfer avoidance action against a former insider of the debtor living in the State of Idaho, the Delaware bankruptcy court-in response *120to the defendant's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction-first, looked to whether the defendant had sufficient contacts with the relevant forum, which pursuant to Bankruptcy Rule 7004(d), should be deemed the United States. After easily finding such sufficient contacts, the court looked to whether its exercise of personal jurisdiction would comport with "traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice."187 This second inquiry required balancing the burdens placed upon the defendant against the interest in furthering the policies of the Bankruptcy Code. The court held that, while litigating the case in Delaware may have been inconvenient to the defendant, such a burden would not outweigh the benefits of having the adversary proceeding heard in the trustee's selected forum. Moreover, the bankruptcy court noted that Congress obviously contemplated this issue in enacting 28 U.S.C. § 1409. Subsection (a) of 28 U.S.C. § 1409 specifically authorizes commencement of actions in the court in which the chapter case is pending. Subsection (b) of the statute allows for a very limited exception to the rule, i.e., claims under $11,725 against non-insiders can only be brought in the district court for the district in which the defendant resides.188 Thus, except for claims under $11,725 against non-insiders,189 Congress had to know that most avoidance actions in large cases would result in an inconvenience to the defendants. Furthermore, since subsection (b)'s exception applies only to non-insider defendants, this further suggested that Congress contemplated insider defendants, such as the defendant in this case, being hauled into the court where the bankruptcy case was pending. For the aforementioned reasons, the bankruptcy court denied the defendant's motion to dismiss the adversary proceeding for lack of personal jurisdiction.190
To recap, Ms. Gianardi argues that this bankruptcy court lacks personal jurisdiction over her because: (a) she was not properly served (i.e., no subpoena was served on her almost two years ago in connection with the Gianardi Rule 2004 Examination); and (b) she lacks minimum contacts with Texas. Ms. Gianardi's jurisdictional arguments fail. There is no dispute that Ms. Gianardi was properly served, pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr. Proc. 9014 and 7004, with the contested matters initiated by: (a) the Motion to Compel-Computer, and (b) the Gianardi Sanctions Motion. No subpoena, summons or complaint-and no personal service-was required in connection with these contested matters. Moreover, there can be no dispute that Ms. Gianardi has minimum contacts with the United States. Finally, even if due process requires more than a simple application of the "national contacts" test often applied in the unique world of bankruptcy, the court concludes that "traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice"191 are not violated with this court's exercise of personal jurisdiction over Ms. Gianardi. The court concludes that there is no "constitutionally significant inconvenience" (in other words, her liberty interests do not appear to have been infringed and there is no reason to conclude that the litigation is gravely difficult in Texas). Any burden placed upon Ms. Gianardi is outweighed by the interest in furthering the policies of the Bankruptcy Code-one of *121which is to address all issues pertaining to property of the estate and financial records of a debtor in one central forum. While litigating these issues in Texas may have been inconvenient to Ms. Gianardi (even with the Debtor apparently paying for her counsel), such a burden would not outweigh the benefits of having the contested matters heard in the forum presiding over the Debtor's case.
(iii) Waiver.
Finally, even if the lack of a subpoena early on, or other factors could suggest a personal jurisdiction problem, this court additionally concludes that Ms. Gianardi waived her argument that this court lacks personal jurisdiction over her. Neither Ms. Gianardi nor her counsel ever raised any objection to the court's personal jurisdiction over Ms. Gianardi until she filed, on April 23, 2018: (a) a "Special Entry of Appearance" on her behalf, "specially to contest this Court's jurisdiction to enforce the Rule 2004 Exam Order dated August 29, 2016 (Doc. 143) and any subsequent discovery pertaining to that Order"192 ; and (b) a "Notice of Objection to Jurisdiction in Northern District of Texas and Request to Stay Proceedings related to Ms. Gianardi's Compliance with Rule 2004 Document Production."193 These pleadings argued for the first time that the Northern District of Texas lacks "personal jurisdiction" over Ms. Gianardi in that she "is not a party to this case and lacks sufficient connection with the Northern District of Texas to be subject to the Court's jurisdiction."194 The pleadings recite that Ms. Gianardi lives and works in Colorado, she does not regularly conduct business in Texas, and does not have the required "minimum contacts" to be subject to the jurisdiction of the Texas courts.195
First, to be clear, Ms. Gianardi never, for more than a year, objected to the method by which she received the Rule 2004 Order (or the lack of a subpoena therewith). In fact, in a September 7, 2016, letter from her to the NMSIC's counsel, Ms. Gianardi acknowledged receipt of the Rule 2004 Order, simply stating that she had no documents to produce.196 Ms. Gianardi appeared, with counsel, for the Rule 2004 Examination in compliance with the Rule 2004 Order, and she later retained counsel in Texas to appear on her behalf in connection with the Motion to Compel-Computer (which, as this court has stated, initiated a contested matter against Ms. Gianardi for the first time), without any reservation of objections to personal jurisdiction. The Motion to Compel-Computer was properly served on Ms. Gianardi, in compliance with Bankruptcy Rule 9014 and 7004(b)(1) for an individual in a contested matter.197 It was at this point in time that Ms. Gianardi became a "party" in the bankruptcy case. Finally, Ms. Gianardi complied with the Computer Compel Order and provided the Chapter 7 Trustee and Epiq with access to the Computer.
*122Now, after over 20 months of active involvement in this court's proceedings, she contends in the newest contested matter (again, properly served on her in compliance with Bankruptcy Rule 9014 and 7004(b)(1) ) for the first time that the court lacks personal jurisdiction over her.
Objections to personal jurisdiction may be waived.198 Ms. Gianardi never invoked any jurisdictional objection for over 20 months and, in fact, during the entire period acknowledged the court's personal jurisdiction over her by complying with certain aspects of the court's orders and retaining counsel to appear on her behalf before this court. Ms. Gianardi clearly and unequivocally waived any argument that this court lacks personal jurisdiction over her.199 Ms. Gianardi's lengthy participation in the court without objection is a waiver of any objection to this court's personal jurisdiction over her. Ms. Gianardi cannot participate in court proceedings and now, over 20 months later, object to the court's personal jurisdiction over her because those proceedings have not unfolded the way she had hoped. Put another way, Ms. Gianardi may not "pull [her] personal jurisdiction defense 'out of the hat like a rabbit.' "200 She has subjected herself to the jurisdiction of this court and has waived any objection to this court's exercise of personal jurisdiction over her.
C. Section 105 of the Bankruptcy Code as a Basis for Relief with regard to the Gianardi Sanctions Motion.
Having resolved the personal jurisdiction arguments, the court now turns to the merits of, first, the Gianardi Sanctions Motion and, second, the Debtor Sanctions Motion.
As earlier noted, the NMSIC seeks a finding of contempt and imposition of sanctions against Ms. Gianardi for her alleged violation of the Gianardi Rule 2004 Order and, more generally, for her actions taken with respect to the Computer. The Gianardi Sanctions Motion recites that Ms. Gianardi violated the Gianardi 2004 Order when she failed to produce the documents on the Computer that were responsive to the Gianardi 2004 Order and, more importantly, when she intentionally destroyed relevant evidence with a so-called wiping tool and also copied 420 gigabytes of movie files onto the Computer . Ms. Gianardi is alleged to have performed these acts even though she was aware that the NMSIC was seeking to recover the deleted files, had agreed not to take further action to delete files or otherwise compromise the Computer, and knew and understood that parties-in-interest in the Debtor's bankruptcy case were seeking to recover the deleted files. Ms. Gianardi's actions made it impossible to recover deleted data and *123are alleged to have been willful and ostensibly intended to impede the ability of parties in the Debtor's bankruptcy case from obtaining relevant information. Therefore, it is argued, Ms. Gianardi should be held in contempt and sanctioned, including the payment of the NMSIC's and the Trustee's attorneys' fees. The NMSIC references both Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 37(e) and 70(e) as being potential bases for relief with regard to the Gianardi Sanctions Motion,201 but then goes on to argue section 105 of the Bankruptcy Code as the basis for relief.202
The court does not think Rule 37(e) applies here with regard to Ms. Gianardi.203 Even though the underlying facts seem to involve precisely what Rule 37(e) addresses-a failure to preserve electronically stored information in the anticipation or conduct of litigation204 -the reality is that Ms. Gianardi was not a party yet when she manipulated the Computer. She was a non-party witness at that point in time. It was not until February 2017-when the Motion to Compel-Computer was filed-seeking access to property of the estate and/or to the Debtor's data in Ms. Gianardi's possession and control-that Ms. Gianardi became a "party" for the first time in the bankruptcy case. Rule 37(e) applies only to parties.205
Moreover, Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 45(g) does not apply here. Rule 45(g) permits a *124court to hold in contempt a person (not just a party) who, having been served with a subpoena, fails to obey it without adequate excuse or fails to obey an order related to the subpoena. As earlier noted, no subpoena was ever served on Ms. Gianardi. Additionally, the court notes, anecdotally, that courts have grappled with their authority to impose sanctions on non-parties for discovery abuses generally.206
But the court has concluded that it is not without tools here to address what happened to the Computer. As earlier mentioned, this is not a mere discovery dispute at this point. Rather, this dispute involves an act of intentional destruction of property of the estate and an overt effort to make records of the Debtor inaccessible. The court has inherent powers and authority under section 105 of the Bankruptcy Code207 to address abuses of judicial process and bad faith conduct, even when specific rules or statutes are not otherwise up to the task. A court's inherent power to sanction those before it "stems from the very nature of courts and their need to be able to manage their own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of the cases."208 As the Supreme Court has stated:
There is ... nothing in the other sanctioning mechanisms or prior cases interpreting them that warrants a conclusion that a federal court may not, as a matter of law, resort to its inherent power to impose attorney's fees as a sanction for bad-faith conduct. This is plainly the case where the conduct at issue is not covered by one of the sanctioning provisions.... [I]f in the informed discretion of the court, neither the statute nor the Rules are up to the task, the court may safely rely on its inherent power.209
*125Similarly, courts also have the inherent authority to enforce their own injunctive decrees.210 "The mandate of an injunction issued by a federal district court runs nationwide" and "[v]iolation of an injunctive order is cognizable in the court which issued the injunction regardless of where the violation occurred."211 An injunction binds not only parties subject thereto, but also nonparties who act with the enjoined party.212 It has also been noted that section 362 of the automatic stay is, in essence, an injunction precluding not just collection actions and activities, but interference with or exercises of control over property of the estate.213 It is certainly not a stretch to suggest that a blatant and improper exercise of control over property of the estate occurred in the case at bar.
A decision to invoke the court's inherent power to sanction requires a finding that bad faith or willful abuse of the judicial process occurred.214 The finding of bad faith must be supported by clear and convincing proof.215 A court must exercise caution in invoking its inherent power, and it must comply with the mandates of due process, both in determining that the requisite bad faith exists and in assessing fees. When considering an award of sanctions pursuant to its inherent powers, a bankruptcy court may look to Rule 37 as a *126guide to determine the proper level of response to the contemnor's offense.216
The court concludes that Ms. Gianardi received reasonable notice and due process with regard to: (a) what the expectations of the parties and the court were in these bankruptcy contested matters, (b) what type of relief was being requested against her, and (c) what might happen to her. She has been aware of the bankruptcy case since at least July, 2016.217 She received proper notice of the Motion to Compel-Computer.218 She received proper notice of the Gianardi Sanctions Motion which asked the court to impose sanctions upon her (including possibly payment of the NMSIC's and the bankruptcy Trustee's attorney's fees) for spoliation of evidence under section 105 of the Bankruptcy Code or other authority. The court concludes that Ms. Gianardi was fully aware that parties considered the Computer important and necessary for the administration of the bankruptcy case.219 The court concludes that Ms. Gianardi acted in bad faith and in willful abuse of the bankruptcy judicial process. Thus, monetary sanctions are appropriate.
The fact that Ms. Gianardi was not a party in the Correra bankruptcy proceedings until the Motion to Compel-Computer was filed and served on her in February 2017 did not permit her to disregard the bankruptcy court process, of which she was fully aware, with impunity. Ms. Gianardi's behavior provides an instance where the court's inherent powers are necessary to address illegitimate conduct that might otherwise slip between the provisions of the Federal Rules. Her bad faith conduct is intertwined with the Debtor's and, therefore, may be addressed by the court's inherent power.220 The evidence is unrefuted that the Debtor and Ms. Gianardi talked the morning of her Rule 2004 examination and on at least a few occasions since then (by their own admissions).221 The evidence is clear and convincing that Ms. Gianardi knew the Computer was highly important and she promised to leave it alone.222 The evidence is clear and convincing that Ms. Gianardi and her counsel (paid for by the Debtor) significantly delayed and resisted providing access to the Computer. There is clear and convincing evidence that the Computer was purchased by the Debtor's funds or one of his company's funds for his benefit-it was, without a doubt, the Debtor's. The evidence was clear and convincing that the Debtor and Ms. Gianardi have been very close on a personal basis. The evidence was clear and convincing that Ms. Gianrdi has been willing to do whatever the Debtor told her to do in connection with his legal problems and litigation. The evidence was clear and convincing that Ms. Gianardi eventually, after entry of the Computer Compel Order, gave the impression of complying with it, but only after crucial information was wiped and the Computer's hard drive stuffed with 420 gigabytes of movie files. The Epiq Report was wholly *127credible on this point. Based on the findings in the Epiq Report, it is apparent that, after her Rule 2004 Examination, Ms. Gianardi intentionally took steps to obstruct the bankruptcy investigative process and make it impossible to recover discoverable documents that she had deleted from the Computer. The court concludes that this was bad faith obstructionism, undertaken at the direction of, and in affiliation with, the Debtor.
As earlier stated, a federal court has the inherent power to sanction a party who has abused the judicial process.223 The spoliation of evidence is one such abuse.224 Spoliation is the destruction or material alteration of evidence or the failure to preserve property for another's use as evidence in pending or reasonably foreseeable litigation.225 Generally, a party claiming spoliation of evidence must show the following elements: (1) that the party had an obligation to preserve the electronic evidence at the time it was destroyed; (2) that the electronic evidence was destroyed with a culpable state of mind; and (3) the destroyed evidence was relevant and favorable to the party's claim such that a reasonable trier of fact could support that claim.226 A duty to preserve arises when a party knows or should know that certain evidence is relevant to pending or future litigation.227 When evidence is either willfully or intentionally destroyed in bad faith, that fact alone is sufficient to demonstrate the third prong of relevance.228
Ms. Gianardi, although not a "party" in these proceedings until February 2017-approximately two months after she manipulated the Computer to hide Debtor documents (in December 2016)-stated in her October 2016 2004 Examination that she was aware of the litigation between the Debtor and the NMSIC. More importantly, once she was informed at the 2004 Examination and through subsequent communications between the NMSIC and her counsel that the NMSIC desired to recover data she deleted from the Computer, she had a duty to preserve that evidence, particularly in light of the Gianardi 2004 Order and her agreement at the Gianardi 2004 Examination to preserve the Computer. Ms. Gianardi's combined near-simultaneous acts of using the wiping tool and filling the Computer's hard drive with movies demonstrates that Ms. Gianardi acted with the intent to make it impossible to recover data deleted from the Computer. Moreover, given the breadth of the document requests contained in the Gianardi Rule 2004 Order, as well as the NMSIC's requests to recover the Computer in the hopes of retrieving deleted files, Ms. Gianardi knew that the evidence was relevant to matters in the bankruptcy case and likely unfavorable to the Debtor, her close friend and former boss.
(i) The Adverse Inference Request as to Ms. Gianardi, Based on Her Supposed Fifth Amendment Privilege Assertion.
The NMSIC has requested that this court draw adverse inferences against both Ms. Gianardi and Mr. Correra, under relevant circuit-level authority, based upon Ms. Gianardi's invocation of her Fifth *128Amendment privilege.229 As earlier mentioned, on May 30, 2018, the NMSIC filed a Notice of Agreement Regarding Deposition of Anita Gianardi (the "Letter Agreement").230 The Letter Agreement signed by both counsel for the NMSIC as well as counsel for Ms. Gianardi provided that, in connection with any deposition of Ms. Gianardi with regard to both the Gianardi Sanctions Motion and the Debtor Sanctions Motion, Ms. Gianardi would assert her Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination in response to any question relating to the Sanctions Motions. Based upon the Letter Agreement, the NMSIC requested that this court find that Ms. Gianardi had properly invoked her Fifth Amendment privilege and that this court should draw adverse inferences against both Ms. Gianardi and the Debtor with regard to the Sanctions Motions. The court does not agree.
There is ample case authority providing that an individual may not make a "blanket refusal" to answer questions, but instead must affirmatively assert the privilege "with sufficient particularity to allow an informed ruling on the claim."231 In the Palma case from this district, the district court made some important statements about the invocation of the Fifth Amendment privilege, noting that the Fifth Amendment has been interpreted as protecting an individual from being compelled "to produce evidence which may later be used against him as an accused in a criminal action."232 This privilege may be asserted in any proceeding, including a civil proceeding.233 An individual may not make a "blanket refusal" to answer questions, but instead must affirmatively assert the privilege "with sufficient particularity to allow an informed ruling on the claim."234 "He is obliged to answer those allegations that he can and to make a specific claim of the privilege as to the rest."235 "A court must make a particularized inquiry, deciding, in connection with each specific area that the questioning party wishes to explore, whether or not the privilege is well-founded."236 The Fifth Amendment is not a "self-executing mechanism" and may be waived or lost if not *129asserted in a timely fashion.237
Similarly, in Malnik , the Fifth Circuit held in dicta that "a blanket refusal to answer all questions is unacceptable" for purposes of asserting a party's right against self-incrimination.238 In Malnik , the IRS had issued a summons against an individual taxpayer, Alvin Malnik, requiring him to give testimony and produce books and records for the investigation of his tax liability for certain tax years. After rescheduling several times, counsel for Malnik had conferred with the IRS Assistant Regional Counsel, whereupon both agreed that Malnik would not appear personally at all. In fact, the IRS agreed to accept, instead of an appearance and production, a written statement signed by Malnik and his attorney to the effect that, had Malnik personally appeared, he would have asserted "appropriate constitutional privileges." More than seven months later, the IRS filed a petition with the district court to enforce the previously issued summons, which the district court denied. The IRS appealed, and the Fifth Circuit affirmed, finding that the mutual agreement between the IRS and Malnik that Malnik need not comply with the demand of the summons effectively waived the IRS' right to subsequent judicial enforcement of the summons. But, as part of this holding, the Fifth Circuit importantly noted in dicta that these types of "blanket" refusals to answer questions based on the Fifth Amendment were procedurally improper for purposes of Malnik invoking his Fifth Amendment privilege. Moreover, the Fifth Circuit noted that Malnik should have been required to attend and raise his constitutional claims as to specific questions because it was impossible to anticipate every question and conclude that each would present an issue of self-incrimination. While holding that the IRS had waived its right to enforce the summons, the Fifth Circuit did note that the IRS could still issue a separate subpoena relating to the same subject matter, whereupon enforcement would not be barred by application of any res judicata principles, thus leaving the door open to potential future discovery against Malnik.239
In short, where "a deposition is sought, the availability of the privilege is not a ground for vacating the notice of the deposition," but, rather, "[t]he proper procedure is for the deponent to attend the deposition, to be sworn under oath, and to *130answer those questions he or she can answer without running a risk of incrimination," and, "[i]n this way a record can be made and the court can determine whether particular questions asked did entitle the deponent to claim the privilege."240 Based upon the pertinent legal principles articulated in the above-cited authority, this court concludes that the Letter Agreement between the NMSIC and Ms. Gianardi did not serve as a proper invocation of Ms. Gianardi's Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and thus, cannot subsequently be used as a means to draw an adverse inference against Ms. Gianardi or Mr. Correra for purposes of the Sanctions Motions. Such a blanket refusal to answer questions (even if mutually agreed upon) is simply procedurally improper.241
(ii) A More General "Adverse Inference" Rule.
Notwithstanding the above analysis, there is a more general "adverse inference" concept in case law that the court believes applies here-separate and apart from the possibility of there being an adverse interest that can be drawn from an assertion of a Fifth Amendment privilege. Specifically, it has been held, more generally, that "[f]ailure of a party to provide evidence peculiarly available to that party supports the inference that the truth would be damaging."242 Relatedly, when a party fails to call a witness who may reasonably be assumed to be favorable to the party, an adverse inference may be drawn regarding any factual question on which the witness is likely to have knowledge.243
*131Making such an inference is within the court's discretion.244 The Fifth Circuit has stated that this so-called "uncalled witness rule" may only be used when a witness has information "peculiarly within his knowledge" (rather than mere "cumulative" testimony).245 Additionally, while the rule is unavailable when a party is "equally available" to both parties, when the witness is connected in some way to one of the parties, and when that witness would corroborate that party's theory of the case, then the witness is not to be considered "equally available."246
The court believes that the NMSIC absolutely met its initial burden of proof with clear and convincing testimony from the Court-Appointed Forensic Expert, Epiq, that the Computer was tampered with in a big way, shortly after Ms. Gianardi's 2004 Examination, and during which time the NMSIC was trying to negotiate an agreed protocol with Ms. Gianardi's and the Debtor's counsel for its examination. There was abundantly clear evidence that the Computer was tampered with through the use of a wiping tool and through the sudden copying of 101 movies onto the hard drive in a one-week period-so as to make files previously deleted inaccessible. The NMSIC also produced clear and convincing evidence that the Computer was the Debtor's and had been used for many years prepetition to store his files electronically. Thus, the NMSIC met its initial burden of showing an intentional spoliation of Debtor files that should have been produced in the bankruptcy case. The burden then shifted to Ms. Gianardi-with regard to the Gianardi Sanctions Motion-to prove otherwise. She chose not to appear and not to put on a case. She purported to exercise her Fifth Amendment Privilege not to testify. And she, of course, urged an eleventh-hour lack of personal jurisdiction argument (which this court has herein overruled). The court believes it can exercise its discretion to apply an adverse inference here. Ms. Gianardi failed to provide evidence that was "peculiarly available" to her as to the activity on the Computer in December 2016 and to rebut the Epiq Report-this failure to provide evidence can support an inference that the truth would be damaging to her.247 The *132Debtor was paying her legal fees, so cost or expense in sitting for a deposition or testifying at trial was not an issue. There was no explanation offered such as health, family, or business reasons as to why Ms. Gianardi would not testify. We simply know that she wanted to exercise her Fifth Amendment privilege not to testify. Ms. Gianardi should not be considered "equally available" to the NMSIC as she was to herself or the Debtor-obviously-because of her connection to herself and to the Debtor. As noted earlier, the evidence was abundant that the Debtor and Ms. Gianrdi were and likely still are very close and she has been willing to do anything for him.
The court concludes, based on the abundant direct evidence and these adverse inferences it can draw, that Ms. Gianardi intentionally spoliated evidence-the Debtor's records-by tampering with the Debtor's Computer and making the records inaccessible. To be clear, the court is not so much finding and concluding that Ms. Gianardi violated the terms or spirit of the Gianardi Rule 2004 Order (which likely would require, at least initially, the commencement of an enforcement action in the District of Colorado) but, rather is finding and concluding that her actions taken with respect to the Computer (i.e., property of the estate and records of the Debtor) constituted bad faith, intentional conduct that is worthy of sanctions pursuant to the court's inherent power and section 105 of the Bankruptcy Code .
(iii) Gianardi Sanctions .
As earlier mentioned, when considering an award of sanctions pursuant to its inherent power, a bankruptcy court may look to Rule 37 as a guide to determine the proper level of response to the contemnor's offense.248 Certainly, ordering Ms. Gianardi to pay the NMSIC's and the Trustee's reasonable attorney's fees (as requested) that they have incurred in connection with the spoliation of the Computer is well within the type of sanctions contemplated in Rule 37. The court will order Ms. Gianardi to pay the NMSIC's and the Trustee's reasonable attorney's fees associated with the spoliation of data on the Computer. A separate hearing on notice will be set for the NMSIC and the Trustee to present their attorney's fees and costs and Ms. Gianardi will have the opportunity to object.
D. The Debtor's Potential Responsibility for All This: Rule 37(e) as a Basis for Relief with Regard to the Debtor.
Having resolved the issues with regard to the Gianardi Sanctions Motion, the court now turns to the merits of the Debtor Sanctions Motion. Does the evidence and law support holding the Debtor accountable somehow (and imposing sanctions upon him potentially) when the Computer with his data on it was in Colorado-thousands of miles away from him in Paris at all times-and ostensibly under the control of his former assistant?
As earlier noted, the NMSIC urges the court to rule that the Debtor himself spoliated evidence by failing to preserve the Computer. Specifically, it is argued that the Debtor either: (a) allowed his former assistant Ms. Gianardi to run a "wiping tool" on and copy massive amounts of movie *133files on the Computer; or (b) aided and abetted (encouraged? instructed?) Ms. Gianardi in the use of the "wiping tool" and copying of movie files, to ensure that the deleted evidence could not be recovered from the Computer. The court concludes that spoliation occurred here in which the Debtor had a role and for which the Debtor must be held accountable.
As earlier indicated, spoliation is the "destruction or material alteration of evidence or the failure to preserve property for another's use as evidence in pending or reasonably foreseeable litigation."249 A duty to preserve arises when a party knows or should know that certain evidence is relevant to pending or future litigation.250 Once litigation is reasonably anticipated, a potential party to that litigation "must not destroy unique, relevant evidence that might be useful to an adversary."251 This duty "arises not only during litigation but also extends to that period before the litigation when a party reasonably should know that the evidence may be relevant to anticipated litigation."252 The duty to preserve extends to the party's or potential party's employees "likely to have relevant information-the 'key players.' "253 Additionally, "[d]ocuments are considered to be under a party's control 'if the party has the practical ability to obtain the documents from another, irrespective of his legal entitlement.' "254 Where a party no longer owns or controls potentially relevant evidence, the party has an obligation to provide the opposing party with notice of potentially relevant documents and information.255
The court concludes that, even if the Computer was not in the possession of the Debtor, he absolutely had the practical ability to obtain it from Ms. Gianardi-his close formal personal assistant (i.e., a "key player" in his recent past) who had expressed in the past she would do anything for him. The court additionally concludes *134that, even if the Computer was not in the possession of the Debtor, he nevertheless had a duty to inform the Trustee and/or the NMSIC of the existence of the Computer and the fact that it was likely to contain information relevant to the bankruptcy case. Even if the Debtor was unaware of the Computer (or forgot that the Computer still existed) until after the Gianardi 2004 Examination, the Debtor had an obligation at that point forward to ensure its safekeeping and prevent the overwriting of data and the use of the wiping tool while the NMSIC was seeking access to the Computer. Spoliation implicates "both the duty to preserve and the breach of that duty through the destruction or alteration of the evidence."256
The court believes that the Debtor was fully aware that the Computer contained voluminous amounts of information relating to his personal and business finances, property, assets, and related dealings. He had every reason to know that it contained information relevant not only to the bankruptcy case, but to the Debtor's litigation with the NMSIC. He also knew or should have known that the Computer likely held evidence relevant to the investigation of the transfers between the Debtor and his father and other family members, as well as information about his IRA accounts, his hedge fund activities, and other matters relevant to an objection to exemptions. To be precise, the Debtor had multiple overlapping obligations to preserve documents relating to his finances, business dealings, and related matters going back almost a decade. Since at least 2009, the Debtor has been involved in investigations, civil litigation, and litigation with his ex-wife. All of those investigations and litigation involved, inter alia, his financial dealings and the financial dealings of his businesses. Moreover, since at least early in the Debtor's bankruptcy case, the Debtor-who was at all times represented by sophisticated bankruptcy counsel-was aware, or should have been aware, that, at a minimum, there was the material possibility that there would be litigation in the bankruptcy case relating to his previous financial dealings, transfers to his ex-wife, and transfers of money to his father and mother. Indeed, beginning at the first Section 341 Meeting of Creditors, the Trustee and the NMSIC began requesting documents and other information from the Debtor. The court did not find the Debtor's testimony to be either reliable or credible,257 and the court fully believes that, from at least October 2016 and likely sooner, he knew that the Computer still existed and likely contained retrievable data relevant to the bankruptcy case. In fact, it strains credulity to speculate that the Debtor had absolutely nothing to do with his loyal personal assistant (who is not talking) suddenly copying useless data onto the Computer, overriding previously deleted files, at the exact moment the NMSIC and the bankruptcy Trustee were trying to obtain it-especially in light of Ms. Gianardi's history of assisting the Debtor in litigation, as demonstrated by the evidence.
The Debtor, at a minimum, failed to take the necessary steps to ensure the information on the Computer was preserved and, in fact, actively opposed the Trustee's and the NMSIC's efforts to recover the deleted evidence . The Debtor paid for Ms. Gianardi to retain counsel to facilitate her ability to prevent the production and inspection *135of the Computer. Because of the Debtor's failure to preserve the Computer and the information it contained, virtually all of the information on the Computer has now been lost and is unrecoverable.
(i) Appropriate Sanctions Under Rule 37(e).
The NMSIC has asked the court to impose sanctions on the Debtor, including, without limitation, by imposing an adverse inference with respect to a pending exemptions objection and requiring the Debtor to pay the attorneys' fees of the NMSIC and the Trustee. The NMSIC references Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 70(e) as being a potential basis for relief,258 but then goes on to argue general case law regarding spoliation as the basis for relief.259
As earlier noted, recently amended Rule 37(e) -which would apply to the Debtor since he has been a "party" at all times in his own bankruptcy case (and has been a party with respect to the Debtor 2004 Motion, the Motion to Compel-Computer, and the Debtor Sanctions Motion)260 -provides that:
(e) Failure to Preserve Electronically Stored Information . If electronically stored information that should have been preserved in the anticipation or conduct of litigation is lost because a party failed to take reasonable steps to preserve it, and it cannot be restored or replaced through additional discovery, the court:
(1) upon finding prejudice to another party from loss of the information, may order measures no greater than necessary to cure the prejudice; or
(2) only upon finding that the party acted with the intent to deprive another party of the information's use in the litigation may:
(A) presume that the lost information was unfavorable to the party;
(B) instruct the jury that it may or must presume the information was unfavorable to the party; or
(C) dismiss the action or enter a default judgment.261
To summarize, Rule 37(e) authorizes courts to issue sanctions where four conditions are met: (1) electronically stored information ("ESI") should have been preserved in the anticipation or conduct of litigation; (2) the ESI is lost; (3) the loss of the ESI is due to a party's failure to take reasonable steps to preserve it; and (4) the ESI cannot be restored or replaced through additional discovery. If those four conditions are met, the next step in the inquiry is to determine whether (1) the non-offending party has been prejudiced from the loss of ESI, and/or (2) the offending party acted with the intent to deprive another party of the information's use in the litigation. If there is prejudice, Rule 37(e)(1) allows the court to "order measures no greater than necessary to cure the prejudice." But if the offending party acted with intent, Rule 37(e)(2) allows the court to (a) presume that the lost information was unfavorable to the party, (b) instruct the jury that it may or must presume the information was unfavorable, or (c) dismiss the action or enter default judgment.262
*136The ESI loss in the case at bar is not a situation of a technology upgrade resulting in an inadvertent loss of data or a routine procedure of some sort causing an unintentional loss. This was not a situation of operating systems being upgraded or periodic maintenance being performed on the Computer, and something going terribly awry. The evidence is clear that the Debtor's former, close personal assistant-at a time when she had been told that the Computer was going to be needed as part of the Debtor's bankruptcy case-suddenly filled the Computer's hard space with useless data from a wiping tool downloaded from the Internet and then copied 420 gigabytes of movie files (101 movies)-all within a one week period. Then, the personal assistant-whose legal fees are being paid by the allegedly income-less Debtor and who has a history of assisting the Debtor in litigation in the past-refused to testify about it all.
The court concludes that the data on the Computer should have been preserved by the Debtor both pursuant to his duties under sections 521(a)(3), 521(a)(4) and 542 of the Bankruptcy Code and in anticipation of litigation in the bankruptcy case regarding, among other things, his exemptions. Much of the ESI was lost. The loss was significantly due to the Debtor's failure to take reasonable steps to preserve it and likely due to his instructions to Ms. Gianardi to take the actions she did. And it appears the ESI cannot be restored or replaced through additional discovery. While the Debtor testified that he had backed-up all his documents on the Computer "to the cloud," the Debtor never produced an index or any backup documentation from the cloud to establish this. And while Ms. Gianardi testified she had made backup disks of the ESI for the Debtor, no one ever came up with those backup disks and the Debtor testified they did not exist. Thus, the four initial conditions of Rule 37(e) are met.
Next, the court also concludes that the NMSIC and the Trustee have been prejudiced from the loss of data from the Computer. They do not know what they do not know-in other words, there is no way of proving what data was covered up and irretrievably lost on the Computer due to Ms. Gianardi's actions. And neither the Debtor nor Ms. Gianardi are shedding any light on this. However, it is clear from Ms. Gianardi's Rule 2004 Examination testimony, the Skype Logs that were entered into evidence, and some of the live documents that the NMSIC did retrieve that Ms. Gianardi kept track of every detail of the Debtor's life. Thus, had the Computer not been tampered with, the Trustee and the NMSIC would have had plenty of data to piece together answers to major questions they have regarding transfers and validity of exemptions. This constitutes prejudice. Where prejudice exists, even if intent is not found, Rule 37(e)(1) allows the court to "order measures no greater than necessary to cure the prejudice."
(ii) Intent and Adverse Inferences in that Regard.
Finally, the court believes the Debtor acted with the intent to deprive the NMSIC and the Trustee the data for use in litigation. As earlier stated, it strains credulity to assume loyal Ms. Gianardi destroyed data on her own-given the past *137history of cooperation between these two.263 If the Debtor had a role in this and acted with intent, Rule 37(e)(2) allows the court to presume that the lost information was unfavorable to the party or even dismiss an action or enter a default judgment. There is ample evidence to conclude that the Debtor had a role in this and acted with intent to keep the ESI on the Computer from the NMSIC, the Trustee, and the court. The Debtor did not reveal the existence of the Computer at his Section 341 meeting or in connection with his own Rule 2004 examination-it is hard to swallow that the Debtor forgot that his former personal assistant kept a computer that contained almost every detail of his life. Additionally, the Debtor, as mentioned, took specific actions to prevent the production of the Computer after the Trustee and the NMSIC discovered its existence. Not only did the Debtor raise his own objections to the imaging and examination of the Computer, he funded Ms. Gianardi's legal opposition as well. Moreover, because of the close connection between the Debtor and Ms. Gianardi, their respective loyalties to each other, the Debtor's influence over Ms. Gianardi, Ms. Gianardi's testimony that she has always acted at the Debtor's direction, and their admissions that they had talked a few times around the time of the Gianardi Rule 2004 Examination, the court believes that the Debtor directed Ms. Gianardi to use the wiping tool, copy the movie files or otherwise take steps to thwart the court's orders by making it impossible to recover deleted files from the Computer.
(iii) Debtor Sanctions.
The court will likewise impose on the Debtor a sanction of paying the NMSIC's and the Trustee's legal fees and costs-an obligation that will be joint and several with Ms. Gianardi's obligation.
Additionally, the Debtor shall either: (a) produce documents from his cloud account(s) and from disks and from USB storage that have not been previously produced and are responsive to all of the NMSIC's document request within twenty (20) days of the entry of this Memorandum Opinion and Order, or else (b) appear and SHOW CAUSE why the court shall not, as a further sanction under Rule 37(e), infer that the spoliated ESI would have been unfavorable for the Debtor and would have established the invalidity of the exemptions he is claiming, to which the NMSIC and the Trustee have objected.264 The court is giving the Debtor one more opportunity to provide the data on the Computer based on a belief that the data could be available because of the following evidence at the Hearing:
USB flash drives were inserted into the Computer on, inter alia , the following dates:
March 14, 2016 (20 days after the Petition Date);
October 28, 2016 (two weeks after the Gianardi 2004 Examination);
November 27, 2016 (six weeks after the Gianardi 2004 Examination);
February 8, 2017 (two days after the Motion to Compel-Computer was filed); and
February 9, 2017 (three days after the Motion to Compel-Computer was filed).265
*138The court will have a follow up hearing on September 24, 2018, at 1:30 p.m., at which time the court will hear a presentation regarding attorney's fees and costs of the NMSIC and the Trustee in this matter-which the court will review for reasonableness, so as to liquidate the sanctions the court has herein imposed on both the Debtor and Ms. Gianardi. At such hearing, the court will also expect a presentation as to whether the Debtor has restored or replaced or produced somehow the documents that were on the Computer through his cloud account(s) or disks or USBs or otherwise. If the Debtor has not, the court will, as a further sanction, fashion an appropriate adverse interest to apply in the Exemption Objection litigation.
Based on the foregoing,
IT IS ORDERED that a follow-up hearing is set for September 24, 2018, at 1:30 p.m. , at which time the court will hear a presentation regarding attorney's fees and costs of the NMSIC and the Trustee in this matter-which the court will review for reasonableness, so as to liquidate the sanctions the court has herein imposed on both the Debtor and Ms. Gianardi. The NMSIC and the Trustee shall file their written statements of fees and costs by Monday, September 10, 2018, at 5:00 p.m. Central time. Any objection to their reasonableness shall be filed by the Debtor or Ms. Gianardi by Friday, September 21, 2018, at 5:00 p.m. Central time.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that within twenty (20) days of the entry of this Memorandum Opinion and Order, the Debtor shall either: (a) produce documents from his cloud account(s) and from disks and from USB storage that have not been previously produced and are responsive to all of the NMSIC's document requests, or else (b) appear before this court on September 24, 2018, at 1:30 p.m., and SHOW CAUSE why the court shall not, as a further sanction under Rule 37(e), infer that the spoliated ESI would have been unfavorable for the Debtor and would have established the invalidity of the exemptions he is claiming, to which the NMSIC and the Trustee have objected.