(after stating the facts). It is earnestly insisted by counsel for the defendant that the verdict is not sustained by the evidence. They contend that, under the most favorable deductions to -be drawn from the evidence, the plaintiff rode back and forth from his work as a mere licensee, without payment of fare and without any contractual relations of any kind with the defendant. On the other hand, counsel for plaintiff insists-with equal force that -the complaint alleged, and that there is sufficient evidence from which the jury might have inferred, that Hodges, Downey & Company were working for the defendant railway company; and that if it wished to avail itself of the defense that Hodges, Downey & Company were independent contractors it should have pleaded it as a defense. In support of his contention, he cites the case of Kansas City, P. & G. Rd. Co. v. Pace, 69 Ark. 256. We are of the opinion that the contention of counsel for the plaintiff is correct. The plaintiff alleged in his complaint that Hodges, Downey & Company were engaged in the work of reballasting the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway with gravel, and testified that Hodges, Downey & Company were getting out gravel from the Ouachita River for the Iron Mountain Railroad, and that he was working for them when he sustained the injury complained of. Lon Baker, defendant’s bridge foreman, testified that Hodges, Downey & Company were putting gravel on the main line of the Iron Mountain Railroad for it.
The defendant in its answer did not deny that Hodges, *263Downey & Company were working for it, and did not set up as a defense that they were independent contractors.
In the case of Kansas City, P. & G. Rd. Co. v. Pace, supra, the court held that “if a defendant fails to plead any defense it may have the same will 'be treated as abandoned or waived.” See also Missouri & North Ark. Rd. Co. v. Pullen, 90 Ark. 182. In 31 Cyc. 128, it is said: “All defenses not made in the pleadings are considered waived, especially such as are connected with the facts alleged.”
Hence we hold that it is too late now to set tip that Hodges, Downey & Company are independent contractors, but that, under the pleadings and proof, Hodges, Downey & Company were working for the defendant railway company, and that their employees were the servants of the railway company. This being true, the law of the case is as follows:
“Although an employee being transported on a train to his place of work is not a passenger within the common meaning of the term, the railway company owes him the duty of exercising ordinary care for his protection, and he is bound to exercise such care for his own safety as a person of ordinary prudence would exercise under like circumstances.” St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Harmon, 85 Ark. 503.
Under the facts and circumstances of this case as presented by the record, the negligence of the defendant and the contributory negligence of the plaintiff were jury questions. From the version of the occurrence given by the plaintiff, the abrupt and sudden starting of the hand car, without warning to him, just as he was attempting to get on the front end of it, was the cause of his receiving the injury. If true, it was such a consequence as would likely result from the acts complained of. Doss v. Missouri, K. & T. Rd. Co., 116 S. W. (Mo. Ct. of Appeals), 458.
Nor can it be said, as a matter of law, that plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence in attempting to ride upon the front end of the hand car. It was a place where the employees of the defendant usually rode, and a reasonably prudent man might believe that he could ride there with perfect safety. El Dorado & B. Rd. Co. v. Whatley, 88 Ark. 20; Doss v. Missouri, K. & T. Rd. Co., supra.
2. Counsel for defendant next complain that the court *264erred in telling the jury that contributory negligence is a matter of defense, and that the burden of showing .it is upon the defendant. They contend that, while the burden of proving contributory negligence is upon the defendant, it is sufficient if it is shown by the evidence on the part of the plaintiff. Their construction of the laiw is correct, yet it does not follow -that the instruction was prejudicial. The point was ruled against their contention in the case of St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Sparks, 81 Ark. 187. Mr. Justice Riddick, speaking for the court, said: “But it is evident, when the whole charge is considered, that the court did not intend by this instruction to convey the idea that the defendant must introduce evidence to show contributory negligence, even though it was shown by the evidence of the jfiaintiff.” So in this case the defendant pleaded contributory negligence as a defense; and introduced evidence to establish it. /When the instructions are read together, it is evident that the court meant that the jury, in determining- the question of contributory negligence, should consider all the evidence in the case — that of ttie plaintiff as well as that introduced by the defendant.
3. Counsel for defendant also insist that the court erred in instructing the jury on the question of damages for permanent injury. They contend that there is no evidence that the injury is permanent. We think the jury might have inferred from the plaintiff’s own testimony that his injury was permanent. While we think the weight of the testimony was contrary to this view, yet the jury differed with us, and their verdict is binding upon us.
4. Counsel for defendant also assign as error the action of the court in giving the following instruction as modified: “5. If you believe from the evidence that -the plaintiff assisted in starting the hand car, and then undertook to get on the front end of the same, and in doing so was struck by the handle bar and injured, without negligence on the part of defendant’s other employees, you are instructed that he could not recover from the defendant for such injury, and your verdict should be for the defendant.” The modification consisted in inserting the words: “without negligence on the part of defendant’s other employees.” It is insisted by counsel for defendant that the instruction as *265modified involves a contradiction of ideas. If the plaintiff was himself guilty of contributory negligence, he of course was not entitled to recover, regardless of the defendant’s negligence. The modification rendered the instruction meaningless.
It will be noted, however, that the court gave the following instruction at the request of the defendant:
“6. If you believe from the evidence that plaintiff undertook to get on the hand car while it was in motion or just as it was being started forward, and that a person of ordinary prudence would not have done as he did under the circumstances, or if you believe from the evidence that plaintiff did not exercise ordinary care for his own safety, then you are instructed that he was guilty of contributory negligence, which precludes a recovery by him in this action, and your verdict should 'be for the defendant.”
This instruction was in all essential respects like the instruction modified as it was asked by the defendant. In this respect there is a difference between this case and that of the Ohio Handle & Manufacturing Co. v. Jones, ante p. 17. In that case the court by modification rendered an instruction meaningless. We reversed the judgment because it was the only instruction asked by the defendant which presented its version of the case to the jury in a concrete form. LI ere the theory of the defendant as to the manner of plaintiff’s receiving the injury .was fully presented by instruction No. 6, supra, and we hold that, while the court should not have added -the words quoted above, the modification did not render the instruction inherently bad or contradictory to the other instructions, but only made it meaningless; and that because the matters embodied in it were fully presented in instruction No. 6 no prejudice resulted to the defendant from the modification.
Other assignments of error are pressed upon us, but we think they are disposed of by the principles of law above announced.
After a careful examination of the record, we are of the opinion that the case was fairly tried upon the whole, and that no prejudicial errors appear in the record.
The judgment is therefore affirmed.