Jones and Glidewell were opposing ndidates for the office of county treasurer of Pulaski county the general election in 1888. Glidewell received the cer*166tificate of election, and entered upon the duties of the office. Jones thereupon instituted this contest for the office. In the circuit court, where the cause was heard on appeal from the county court, the judge found that Jones had received a majority of the votes cast at the election, but refused to award him the office upon the ground that the evidence showed that his adherents had been guilty of illegal practices of such character and so wide spread as to avoid the election. Jones contends that the finding is not warranted by the testimony, and asks us to review the evidence for the purpose of reversing the judgment on that ground.
i. Circuit judge’s findings of fact — Conclusiveness, It is not the practice of appellate tribunals, and has never' been the practice of this court, to enter anew into the investigation of issues of facts which have been tried in a law case by a circuit judge upon conflicting testimony. When a jury isj waived by the parties, and the issues of facts are tried before! the judge, his findings of fact are as conclusive on appeal as| the verdict of a jury; and when the law makes the judge the! trier of facts in cases to which the constitutional right of triaJil by jury does not extend, the same presumption attends hiq findings. Corley v. State, 50 Ark., 308. The reasons whicl sustain the rule in the one case exist as well in the otherj The statute has not established a different rule for electioijl cases, and there is nothing in the policy of the law towarranl the courts in doing so. On the contrary, the rule was foil lowed in Powell v. Holman, 50 Ark., 85, and in Wheat v. Smith, ib., 275; and in Patton v. Coates, 41 Ark., 111, the cause was remanded to the circuit court for a new trial whereas if the court were at liberty to review the facts as il an equity case, judgment would have been entered here accordance with this court’s conclusion upon the facts. Bif while we will not enter upon an investigation to ascerta where the weight or preponderance of the testimony lies, is our province to determine whether a given finding or ve diet has testimony to sustain it; and where there is no col *167fiict in the evidence, or the facts are specially found, the conclusion of law or judgment to be deduced therefrom is purely a question of law to be finally determined by this court.
In the case at bar the court found generally for the contestee, refused the contestant’s request to find that the evidence of illegal practices was not sufficient to warrant the exclusion of the vote of any precinct, and made a special finding of facts.
The trial consumed many days, and the record is voluminous. The evidence which counsel have pointed out as material is in hopeless conflict upon most of the issues, but these conflicts have been determined by the trial judge in favor of the contestee, and that determination is, as we have seen, final. The questions are, what conclusions of fact could the trial court legally draw from the evidence, and what judgment does the law pronounce upon those conclusions?
2- what efforts awManeiection! It may be said that a preponderance of the testimony shows that at the outset of the campaign many of the negro electors of Pulaski county evinced a desire to vote for favored candidates on the Democratic ticket — the contestee among the number; that, as the election approached, a bitter feeling was engendered against them among the people o.f their own race on that account; that it grew to such an extent that negro adherents of the Democratic ticket were silenced in public meetings, stoned in political parade, and cut off in a great measure from the society and sympathy of their race, or threatened with that fate if they persisted in so doing.
There was testimony tending to show that ministers of the gospel were threatened with deprivation of their pastorates, and members of churches of the privilege of worship in their accustomed places, if they persisted in the design of voting for a Democrat; and that voting with that political party was denounced as a sin from some of their pulpits, and that the church influence was potent with the negro race. The practice was disproved as to the other negro churches, and it *168was shown that some of their most intelligent and influential men who were adherents of the contestant discountenanced all these practices and advised the electors to vote intelligently and as they pleased.
But that this spirit of animosity was common in the townships where the black race predominated, the preponderance of the evidence establishes; and that threats of social ostracism, of expulsion from the community, of personal violence and of persecutions from Republican candidates for township offices in case of success, and many indignities which the circuit judge has specially pointed out, were freely indulged in, even to the close of the polls on election day, the circuit judge has specially found from evidence which we are not at liberty to disregard. These influences operated with more or less intensity at different localities, but the court was justified in finding they were the result of a common spirit on the part of a large part of the black citizens to enforce their political views at the polls against those of their race who were disposed to differ from them. To make the plan effective, political societies were formed just before the election, in some of which it was resolved, and in others the members were sworn, to vote open or unfolded tickets. The circuit judge, after finding that a systematic plan was arranged before the election to have all the negroes vote open tickets and that it served the purpose of keeping a reasonably accurate tally for testing the returns of the election officers and also of disclosing to his fellows any negro voter who might try to slip in what was called “a Democratic split or stripped ticket,” by which was meant a Union Labor or Republican ticket containing the names of Democrats pasted or written on the printed form, concluded as follows: ‘‘This (the latter) object seemed to be especially emphasized by the fact that when a colored man would try to vote without exhibiting his ticket, the cry was often raised, ‘Democratic negro,’ ‘mark him,’ ‘spot him,’ ‘we will remember him,’ and various such *169like methods. Representative colored men were shown to be at the polls for the purpose of keeping these tallies, examining their ballots, and noting how all colored men voted. There did not appear to be as much noisy demonstration at the polls as had been made on former occasions, but those regulations as to open tickets, voting and keeping tallies seem to have been very persistently and strenuously enforced in many of the outside townships; and, as was said by some of the witnesses, it was almost impossible for a colored man to get in a vote for any part of the Democratic ticket, that is by ‘stripping’ his ticket, without it being discovered. And many of the witnesses testified thaj: the colored men, with few exceptions, did not like to have it known that they were voting any part of the Democratic ticket.”
The case of Patton v. Coates, 41 Ark., supra, presents many of the same features as the case at bar, but there is a marked distinction between the two. There is proof here of the same spirit of intolerance, of the same efforts on the part of the blacks to enforce unanimity in politics through the influence of the church, ostracism from society and indignities which fall short of intimidation as defined in that case. But there is ’lacking in this case the element of threats and acts of violence, without which the judgment avoiding the election in that case would not have been reached. There is some proof in this case of threats and of actual violence towards negro electors who desired to vote the Democratic ticket, but it was not general and would not justify the conclusion that it prevailed to such an extent as to render the result doubtful. There is however one element in this case which did not enter into the Patton — Coates case, and that is the plan of requiring voters to deposit their ballots in such a manner as to disclose the contents to the bystanders. The effect of such a practice upon an election presents an important question for determination.
*170 guaranties scret *169The constitution declares that ‘‘all elections by the people *170shall be by ballot; ” that “elections shall be free and equal; ” that "no power, civil or military, shall ever interfere to prevent the free exercise of the right of suffrage.” Art. 3, secs. 2 and 3.
The system of voting by ballot has been generally though not universally adopted in the United States, and within a score of years was adopted in England. Public or viva voce voting is still partially preserved at least in the State of Kentucky, the advocates of the system claiming that it prevents hypocrisy and tends to preserve the individual sense of responsibility. On the other hand, it is believed that the ballot promotes tranquillity at elections and gives greater security for independence of thought; that it presents an obstacle to coercion by undue influence, by “uncovering men’s faces and concealing their thoughts; ’ ’ and that it checks bribery through the uncertainty that the bribed party will vote as he promised. These, which are some of the leading reasons for the adoption of the system of voting by ballot, are all based upon the idea of secrecy. “The distinguishing feature of this mode of voting,” says Judge Cooley, “is, that every voter is thus enabled to secure and preserve the most complete and inviolable secrecy in regard to the persons for whom he votes, and thus escape the influence which, under the system of oral suffrages, may be brought to bear upon him with a view to overbear and intimidate, and thus prevent the real expression of public sentiment. ’ ’ “The system of ballot-voting,” he continues, “rests upon the idea that every elector is to be entirely at liberty to vote for whom he pleases and with what party he pleases, and that no one is to have the right, or be in position, to question his independent action, either then or at any subsequent time.” Const. Lim., pp. 604-5.
Many of the States have provided statutes prohibiting a ballot from being received or counted if, by color, mark or exterior device, it can be distinguished from other ballots. *171That these statutes are enacted only to secure, as perfectly as possible, the benefits of secrecy, which the ballot system itself was intended to secure, is attested by all the adjudicated cases on the subject.
“The object of such acts,” say the Supreme Court of Indiana, “is evidently to protect the elector from the undue influence and control of others and secure to him entire freedom of opinion in the exercise of the elective franchise, by enabling him to cast his vote in such manner as to prevent others, who, from their particular relations to him, might by intimidation or otherwise seek to control his vote, from being able to determine from the color of the ticket or some distinguishing mark thereon the party or person for whom he voted.” Druliner v. State, 29 Ind., 308. “The purpose is,” say the Supreme Court of Minnesota, “to protect the secrecy of the ballot so as to secure the voter against intimidation, and not to compel men to vote the ‘straight ticket.’ ” Quinn v. Markoe, 37 Minn., 439. These views of the object of the vote by ballot are sanctioned by all the authorities. McCrary on Elections, sec. 454 et seq.; Williams v. Stein, 38 Ind., 89; Brisbin v. Cleary, 26 Minn., 107; People v. Cicott, 16 Mich., 283; S. C. 97 Am. Dec., 141 and note; Attorney Gen'l v. Detroit Common Council, 58 Mich., 213; Woodward v. Sarsons, 10 L. R., C. P., 733.
So jealously have the courts guarded the right, when it is secured by the constitution, that acts of legislatures requiring election officers to number -the ballots as they are cast have been held to be void because they afford the opportunity of raising the veil of secrecy which the constitution guarantees to the voter. Williams v. Stein, 38 Ind., supra; Brisbin v. Cleary, 26 Minn., supra. See Hodge v. Linn, 100 Ill., 397. The framers of our constitution saw proper to remove this difficulty by providing in that instrument for the numbering of the ballots, but the officers to whom the arrangement of secrecy is intrusted by the constitution can *172divulge it only by the violation of a trust which the law declares a crime.
As further evidence of the regard the law entertains for the secrecy of the ballot, a voter can not be compelled to disclose for whom he voted by a court of justice. Dixon v. Orr, 49 Ark., 238. And this results not from any direct prohibition found in the statute or constitution, but because the privilege of secrecy is inherent in the constitutional guaranty of a vote by ballot. If then the right is so carefully guarded against infringement by the legislature, and public policy prohibits the enforced disclosure by the voter in the courts of the contents of his ballot, can it be held that the adherents of a candidate may, by an enforced system of open voting at the polls which the voter can not escape without incurring their odium, defeat the fundamental object of the ballot system? “Such a view,” says Judge Cooley, “would establish this remarkable anomaly that while the law, from motives of public policy, establishes the secret ballot with a view to conceal the elector’s action, it at the same time encourages a system of espionage, by which the veil of secrecy may be penetrated and the voter’s action disclosed to the public’, ’ ’
The practice is certainly inconsistent with the secrecy of the ballot — the question is, does it avoid the election?
4. The Waiver of secrecy of ballot-Coercion constitution makes a vote by ballot of the essence of an election by the people. Its mandate prohibits the legislature from interfering with the system, and binds the electors themselves to its observance. Neither can dispense with it. The elective franchise is not an unrestrained license; it can be exercised only in accordance with the law. An election held by viva voce voting, although it should fairly record the will of the people, would not be a constitutional election. It must be conducted in accordance with the principles of an election by ballot, or it is no election. But an election by ballot means at least the privilege of exercising the elective *173franchise in secret, and any system practiced at the'polls which makes it reasonable to believe that the electors have been prevented by the deprivation of secrecy from electing the candidate whom a majority preferred, is an illegal annulment of the will of the majority, and not a lawful election of the unpreferred candidate, whatever the ballots actually cast may purport to show. The secrecy of the ballot is a personal privilege which the voter may waive if it is his wish, but of which he cannot be lawfully deprived; and any practice at a poll which defeats the freedom of action of enough electors to render the result doubtful, destroys the freedom of the election. Patton v. Coates, supra. The use of different colored ballots by political parties by which party managers are enabled to distinguish ballots in the hand of the voter, though opposed, as Judge Cooley points out, to the spirit of the constitution, does not avoid the election (Cooley’s Const. Lim., p. 605), because it is still the voter’s privilege to change the ticket as he may desire, so that the exterior shall not in fact proclaim its contents. But when the voter is put to the alternative of opening his ticket to the view of clamorous bystanders at the polls, to prove that its contents are what its color indicates, or else be subjected to the ignominy which the previous threats of his race assure him he will meet, he cannot be said to waive the privilege, but surrenders it under compulsion.
The systematic plan of coercion which the circuit judge found was prevalent before the election, although inimical to the intelligent administration of a republican form of government, does not, as we have seen, avoid the result, because the voters, if undisturbed at the polls, could exercise their freedom of choice without detection and consequently without incurring the penalty which, the evidence shows, attached to independent voting. But when there is no escape from incurring the penalty save by exposure of the ballot, the election ceases to be free within the meaning of the constitutional guaranty.
*174 of5é fe""tio'n— Doubtful result. It is not necessary to show that a majority were actually preven(-cci from voting, or voted against their wishes, by reason of the practice. When the wrong is flagrant and its influence diffusive, it is sufficient that it renders the result doubtful. There is no division, I think, in the authorities upon that proposition. As was said by the court in Patton v. Coates, 41 Ark., supra: “There is a distinction, in the nature of things, between particular illegal votes which may be proven and exactly computed, and which ought to be excluded wherever cast, and the effects of fraudulent combinations, coercion and intimidation. It can never be precisely estimated how far the latter extend. Fraud is secret and timidity shrinks from observation. Their effects depend on moral perversions, nervous organizations and constitutional idiosyncracies. They can not be arithmetically computed. Awe is silent and undemonstrative. Peace may be abject, as well as the result of satisfaction. Yet it cannot be said that elections are ‘free and equal’ where * * * fear deters from the exercise of free will, although there may be no turbulence. It would be to encourage such things, as the ordinary machinery of political contests, to hold that they shall only avoid to the extent their influence can be computed. It seems clear that courts must abnegate the power of preserving the freedom of elections, and abandon the polls to the violent and unscrupulous; or must take the ground, that wherever such practices or influences are shown to have prevailed, not slightly and in individual cases, but generally, and to the extent of rendering the result uncertain, the whole poll must be held for naught. The evils of an occasional success of a minority, if that should sometimes happen in the effort to sustain the fundamental principle of our government, would be but temporary; and in any case would be but slight, in comparison with the subversion of free government, which would surely follow the continued practice of rendering the freedom of elections a mockery.”
*175 ,6-. Doubtful election-Purging It is a serious thing to cast out the votes of innocent elec0 • tors for acts done by others, and it is the province of courts to see that every legal vote cast is counted, when the possibility exists. Dixon v. Orr, 49 Ark., supra. But the rule obtains in elections, as in other affairs, that a man shall not profit by his own wrong, nor by that of others done to allow him to reap the benefit. The only means by which approximate justice may be reached, when the illegal acts render the result doubtful, is to require the party, to whose benefit they inure, to purge the poll of their effect, or suffer the penalty of having its majority excluded from the count of his votes.
The circuit judge has found that a state of facts existed which, upon the application of these rules, avoids the election ■of the contestant. He has not specified the townships by name, but the effect which the law gives to his general finding is to exclude all to which the evidence shows the state of facts applies. Turning to the testimony, we find evidence from which the court was warranted in applying the rule at least to the precincts of Eagle, Eastman and Young; a like ruling might have applied to Ashley township, but the result in that precinct was not proved nor counted. Discarding these townships and counting the others, it leaves the contestant without a majority of the legal votes.
It is urged that the practice of casting open ballots was resorted to only for the purpose of preventing the repetition of frauds upon the ballot which had been perpetrated by the officers of election on former occasions. The trial judge found that that was not the only object, but that it was designed also to serve the illegal purpose of coercing voters. The judges of election seem to have been of different politics, and that is some guaranty of fairness; but whatever the reasonableness of the apprehension may have been, it is not for the courts to say that one violation of the rights of the voter justifies another. No course which in itself violates the law and tends to prevent a free election, can be justified.
*176It was proved that the ballot boxes and the election returns were deposited in the county clerk’s safe, and that before there could be a canvass by the board, the safe was blown open by burglars and a part of the returns showing a majority for contestant were carried away, leaving an apparent majority for Glidewell, upon which he obtained the certificate of office. It is argued, that if the contestant must bear the burden of the wrong done by his constituents, the contestee should not be allowed to derive an advantage from the burglary. It is sufficient for us to answer that the only question we can settle in this case is the right of the contestant to the office. The burglary gives him no title. He can recover the office only upon the strength of his right, not upon the weakness of his adversary’s. What the legal attitude of the latter would be if he (although personally innocent) invoked the aid of a court to put him into office upon a prima facie title based only upon a crime, will be decided when the case arises. The circuit court did not permit the burglary to injure the contestant upon the trial, for he easily proved by secondary evidence the contents of the election returns, and thereby established his cause as surely as though the returns had been present in their integrity. Thereafter the contestee assumed the burden of showing that the returns were in fact false in that they did not voice the sentiment of a free election.
It is said in argument that the circuit judge erred as to the burden of proof; but how and in what regard counsel have not pointed out. He tried the case with the decision of Patton v. Coates before him, and the rule is there so clearly laid down, it is difficult to understand how any misapprehension could arise as to its application in this case. We take it there was none, or counsel would have brought it to our attention.
*177 ,?•, Disaction oi the court an *176The appellant contends that he was deprived of a fair trial because he was compelled to close his case at a time when ‘ ‘h *177offered to introduce other witnesses -who were in attendance. ’ ’ During the progress of the trial it became necessary for the court to adjourn in order to hold a special adjourned term in another county in the circuit, which would be closely followed by the regular term in still another county, which would have legally ended the proceedings already had, and required the parties to retrace their steps at a subsequent term of the court where the cause was pending. To avoid this the court permitted the parties to agree that the cause should be taken up at the point where it was left off, at a special adjourned term after the lapse of the regular term. At the time of making this arrangement, the court gave notice .that the special term could legally last only two weeks, and notified counsel that if they desired a decision of the case at the special term, the time for the further examination of witnesses must be limited to one week. “Counsel for the contestant,” says the record, “expressed a decided opinion for having the case decided during the proposed adjourned session, and remarked that he thought they could finish their testimony in two days after the contestee closed, if, he added, the other side does not take up too much of the time in cross-examination.” The court thereupon gave notice that the contestee would be allowed four days and the contestant two in the first week of the adjourned term. When the time arrived the contestee as accorded his allotted time, and on the second day of the ontestant’s allotted time, which was Saturday, the court djourned at i P. M.; but, to compensate him for the loss of he remaining judicial hours of that day, gave him the entire ay until 6:30 P. M. on the following Monday, when, in acordance with his previous notice, the trial was closed.
This course of conduct does not indicate abuse of judicial iscretion in the regulation of the trial. The time was limited accordance with the wish of the contestant, and was ex-nded beyond the limit for his benefit. There is no effort show that unnecessary time was consumed in the cross-*178examination of his witnesses, and no surprise by the court’s action is claimed. Moreover, it is not shown to what points the testimony of the witnesses was to be directed. Whether it was material or would have tended to affect the result, counsel have made no effort to establish.
Limiting the time for the examination of witnesses, the number of witnesses to a given point, stopping repetitions and irrelevant examinations, are matters necessarily confided to a trial judge. Business could not well be dispatched without it. Thompson, Trials, secs. 352-3. It is only when the complaining party shows that this discretion has been abused that we interfere. It is not shown in this case. Finding no error in the record, the judgment is affirmed.
Battle, Sandels and Hemingway, JJ., concur; HUGHES, J., having been of counsel for parties claiming under the same election, did not participate.