1. Liquors: Sale in prohibition districts: Dragnet proviso. ' The appellant was convicted of carrying on the business of a liquor seller without license, in the city of Hot Springs, Garland county, where the local option law was in force. It is argued that the penalties of the statute defining the offence are suspended in the territory where no license can be issued; and, to sustain the position, we are cited to the case of State v. Cathey, 41 Ark., 308, where it was held that the liquor seller was liable only to the penalties pronounced by the local option law, for sales in local option districts. See, too, DeBois v. State, 34 Ark., 381; State v. Orton, 41 Ib., 305. But the legislature remedied this defect in the license law by 0 J an amendment passed in 1883, known as the drag-net viso to the license law, [ Acts 1883, p. 192,] by which was provided that one who sold liquor in territory where sales were prohibited, might be convicted as for a violation of the license law, or of the local option or special law which prevailed in the territory where the sale was made. Since that enactment we have regarded the penalties of the license act as in force in prohibition districts, and have adjudged that a conviction for selling without a license may be sustained even in a locality where no license could be legally issued. Chew v. State, 43 Ark., 361. But the offence of carrying on the business of a liquor seller, as distinguished from the offence of casual selling without license, was created by the revenue act of 1883, which was enacted subsequent to the license law; and it is argued that this offence is not within the terms of the drag-net proviso above mentioned, and that the case is controlled, therefore, by the decisions cited supra.
2 Same. The drag-net proviso was enacted prior to the revenue law of 1883, and by its terms extends the penalties of the *182general license law to sales in prohibition territory. Now, as penal acts are construed strictly so as not to extend their terms beyond the clearly expressed intent of the legislature, the proviso mentioned cannot be said to cover the subsequently defined offence, unless it is apparent that the act creating it became a part of the license law to which the proviso is attached. The rules for construing a proviso are not different from those that govern any other legislative expression. Friedman v. Sullivan, 48 Ark., 214. It is the intent that is to be arrived at from the context in all cases. The proviso here is not coupled with any particular provision of the license law, but it was the evident intention to extend it to all the penalties denounced by that law. Hence, its denomination as the drag-net proviso. If the license act had been expressly amended subsequent to the proviso so as to change the penalties, or add a new offence, the terms of the proviso would attach to the amendment without doubt, because the intention to make the new provisions part and parcel of the old law would be express. But an act may be modified, changed or amended by implication as effectually as by express reference, [Hill v. Coates, 41 Ark., 149; Scales v. State, 47 Ib., 476; People v. Mahaney, 13 Mich., 481,] and when that is done the law is read as one harmonious whole, just as though it had been originally so arranged by the law making power. It is the only method of arriving at the legislative intent where there are several acts upon the same subject. Following this well understood and common practice, the learned gentlemen who revised the statutes in 1884, incorporated the liquor license provision of the revenue act of 1883 into the general license act, making the drag-net proviso read as applicable to the new penalty denounced by the revenue act, Mansf. Dig., secs. *1834511, 4522. It is true we held in Blackwell v. State, 45 Ark., 90; that the revisers fell into error in substituting the penalties of the revenue act for those of the license act; but that was only upon the theory that the two acts were consistent in that respect, both penalties remaining in force. But there is nothing in that case from which it can be inferred that the revisers erred in applying the proviso to the new penalty.
Penalty of revenue law. The provisions of the revenue law about the liquor traffic A , were not designed for revenue only, else t'he traffic would not have been prohibited and made illegal except upon the condition of taking out a license. The heavier penalty imposed shows it a severer disciplinarian than the former license act. The price to be paid for the liquor license provided for in it superceded the regulation of the license act, both as to wholesale and retail licenses, leaving the machinery for obtaining license to be governed by the latter act, as was ruled in Drew Co, v. Bennett, 43 Ark., 364. The license provisions of the revenue act have thus been treated by the court as modifying and amending the general license act, thereby becoming a part of it. When thus amended, the general proviso of the former act became applicable to the act as amended, and made the liquor seller chargeable with the heavier penalty wherever he carries on the business illegally. We applied the same rule in construing the several statutes of limitation in the case of Railway v. Manees, 49 Ark., 248, and there are numerous instances in which it has been silently recognized. The body of the statute law would be in inextricable confusion under any other rule of construction.
In sustaining a conviction for selling without a license where the law prohibits the issue of a license, the courts thus *184follow the expressed will of the' legislature; but, if the appellant’s contention were true that the provisions of the revenue act above referred to were directed solely to the purpose of taxation for revenue, with no other object in view, he could derive no relief from it, for the seeming inconsistency of condeming one for selling without paying the tax where no tax is legally payable, is not real. The assumption that to charge one with selling without paying the tax implies (falsely) that the payment of the tax would have legalized the business in a prohibited district, rests upon the judicial, anomaly that a violation of the local option law, which prohibits the traffic, is a justification for a violation of the taxing law. But the two acts tend to the same end— the heavier tax of the revenue law being in aid of and not antagonistic to the local option law. Youngblood v. Sexton, 32 Mich., 406; License Tax Cases, 5 Wall., 462.
3. Instructions: Oral explanation of written charge. When the court was about to instruct the jury, the defendant made a special request that the charge be wholly in writing. The court charged the jury in writing, but in doing so made "verbal explanations,’’ as the bill of exceptions has it, "of the written instructions, explaining to the jury how they were to be construed and what the court considered they meant.’’ Objection to this mode of charging was renewed at the time, and the action of the court was assigned as a ground for new trial. The verbal charge was not reduced to writing.
The constitution requires the judge to reduce his charge or instructions to the jury to writing at the request of either party. Art. 7, sec. 23. The law is mandatory and cannot be evaded, when a party demands its execution. National Lumber Co. v. Snell, 47 Ark., 407.
A judgment will not be reversed, however, for an unsub*185stantial error in this regard more than any other; as where provisions of the statute are read to the- jury without being transcribed, [Palmore v. State, 29 Ark., 268] or where the oral charge is simple and without complication and is accurately reduced to writing without unnecessary delay and is set out in the bill of exceptions. Lumber Co. v. Snell, 47 Ark., supra. In such cases we can judicially determine that the error was not prejudicial. O'Donnel v. Segar, 25 Mich., 379-80. But when it does not affirmatively appear that the error is harmless, we cannot disregard the mandate of the constitution. The right guaranteed by the fundamental law would be worthless if it was incumbent on the defendant to show that the charge was erroneous, because that error itself would be ground for reversal. The object of the law was to obtain a carefully considered charge and to prevent any misconception and after-misunderstanding as to its exact tenor and phraseology, when the bill of exceptions came to be considered. Barkman v. State, 13 Ark., 705. Oral explanations of the written charge are within the mischief as well as the oral charge. O'Donnel v. Segar, supra; Head v. Langworthy, 15 Iowa, 235; Ray v. Wooters, 19 Ill., 82; O'Hara v. King, 52 Ib., 306; Bradway v. Waddell, 95 Ind., 170; Sackett on Instructions to Juries, p. 13, sec. 1; Thompson Charg. Juries, sec. 104.
It would not do to indulge the presumption that the oral explanation did not change or modify the written charge any more than the presumption that the charge is right in a case where the court refuses to reduce it to writing.
For this error the judgment must be reversed. It is so ordered.