In 1871, when the Cairo & Fulton, now St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern railway, was being located through this state, various efforts were made by the citizens of the town of Searcy, in White county, to induce the railroad'people to diverge from the contemplated route so as to touch their town; and all these efforts proving fruitless, on the 21st July, 1871, some of them, nine in number, signed articles of association and caused the same to be filed in the office of the secretary of state, they having subscribed the necessary amount of stock, named their directors, their commissioners to open subscription books, and did other things required by law entitling them to file the same.
They thus became a railroad corporation under existing laws and immediately caused books of subscription to be opened and a survey of their contemplated tap or branch road to be made, *278locating the same so as to have its western terminus at the town of Searcy and its eastern terminus or junction with the Cairo & Fulton railway at a point they named Kensett, a short and immaterial distance from the point named in the charter or articles of association. The full amount of stock was subscribed, and the principal portion, amounting to twenty thousand dollars, was taken and subscribed by the town of Searcy in its corporate capacity, after the will of her citizens, qualified to vote, was taken by means of an election in itself regular; and'to pay the same the bonds of the town were issued, sold, and subsequently redeemed by money raised by taxation. Except a small amount expended for surveys, no other money was ever paid for stock subscription except that paid by the town.
Thus, under its corporate name of “The Searcy Branch Railroad Company,” this corporation proceeded to build, according to the provisions of its charter and by-laws, a wooden tramway from Searcy to the Cairo & Fulton road at Kensett, and did complete and put the same in operation, employing the requisite number of coaches drawn by horse-power, at an expenditure of about eighteen thousand dollars. Notwithstanding the fact that none of the stockholders except the town had paid anything for their stock, the affairs of the company continued to be managed by the directors named in the charter, except two who early because lessees of the road, their places being filled by the advice and consent of the town, the only bona fide stockholder.
The revenues derived from Hie annual lease of the road, amounting to about fifteen hundred dollars, less an amount expended on repairs, continued to be paid over to the town by the company. In the early part of the year 1877, owing to rapid and increasing decay of the timbers used for the superstructure and the usual wear and tear of other portions of the road and property, it began to appear to the directors and the citizens of Searcy, that very soon the expense of repairing would absorb *279and ultimately more than absorb the rents and profits of the road. The greater portion of that year was spent in efforts to dispose of the road in a manner that would save the town and the company from loss and yet serve its original purpose, and finally it was proposed to sell it on certain terms named, and failing to effect a sale after repeated efforts, the appellee, W. A. Yarnell, then one of the board of directors of the road, proposed to purchase the road on the terms previously named, with some immaterial modifications, if his brother, another one of the appellees, would unite with him in the purchase.
After consulting with his brother and finding him willing to make the purchase, W. A. Yarnell resigned his place as one of the directors and purchased the road from the other directors for the sum of five hundred dollars in cash, and for the further consideration that they, the Yarnells, should extend the road to West Point, at the head of navigation on Little Red river, a point about four or five miles east of Kensett, making the whole line about twice as long as originally established between Searcy and Kensett, and to equip the whole line with iron rails, and proper coaches drawn by steam power, and to keep the same in operation perpetually; a maximum rate of charges for freight and passengers being fixed in the contract of sale. A deed was made by the president, by direction of the company, to the Yarnells. The Yarnells having extended the road and done other things in accordance with their contract, associated with themselves the other appellees, presumably to make the requisite number of persons, and then filed articles of association in the office of the secretary of state, and thereby became a railroad corporation under the name of “The Searcy & West Point Railroad Company,” and at the institution of this suit were thus owning and operating the road, having expended almost thirty thousand dollars in the extension and equipment of the same under the conditions of their contract of purchase.
The corporate authorities of the town of Searcy instituted this action in September, 1882, to annul the sale of the road to *280the Yarnells, raising sundry issues of law affecting the validity of the sale and transfer of the road, and setting up the foregoing facts in.support of its complaint, denying that the town ever assented to the sale, and alleging that W. A. Yarnell, by reason of his position and influence, gained an undue advantage over the town, and that the town was powerless to assert her rights until she did so.
1. CORP tions: exis tern assailable laterally. ihehCcoi-
There is little controversy as to the facts in this case; the controversy is mainly upon the effect of admitted facts and the questions of law applicable thereto. The appellant denies that the town of Searcy, as the sole stockholder, assented to and authorized the sale, but we think it is fairly established that she did. And we apprehend that the denial is more upon the admissibility than upon the directions and strength of the evidence adduced. It goes without controversy that up to the time when the town of Searcy became a stockholder in the railroad company, every act had been done by the incorporators, stockholders and managers required by law to acquire corporate rights and powers, and it will scarcely be contended that the railroad company up to that time could not have lawfully entered upon private property against the will of the owner for the purpose of making the necessary surveys and location of its road, and .that it could not have procured by judicial sentence a condemnation of private property for its right of way. It had become,, in other words, a railroad corporation under the laws of the state, clothed with all the powers conferred by law upon such. This being So, all conditions precedent having been performed by the incorporators, it is simply out of all precedent for the appellant in. a collateral proceeding like this, or in any other proceeding,, to attempt to show that the corporation was a nullity, by showing that certain conditions subsequent had not been complied with. The existence of a corporation once formed, can only be called in question by a direct proceeding, and that, too, at the suit of the sovereign 'power — the state.
Nor are the breaches of conditions subsequent alleged by the appellant, such as a failure of the stockholders to pay up their subscription, the failure to hold elections to elect directors, and breaches of a similar character, sufficient grounds for the destruction of a corporate existence, even at the suit of the state, where the by-laws, and of course where the law, provides that the directors named in the charter shall serve until their successors are elected and qualified as provided by the laws of this state. Mansf. Dig., sec. 5420; Comm. ex rel. Claghorn v. Cullen, 13 Penn. St., 133; Cahill v. Kalamazoo Mutual Ins. Co., 2 Douglass (Mich.), 124.
Moreover, the town of Searcy having dealt with the Searcy Branch Railroad Company as an ostensible corporation, whereby rights became vested, cannot be heard to plead its want of corporate character. Oregon Ry. Co. v. Oregon Ry. & Nav. Co., 20 A. & E. Railroad Cases, 523. Presumably to make the point that the railroad corporation had ceased to exist by abandonment, and consequently that the town of Searcy, the sole stockholder with paid up stock, was also the sole and exclusive owners of the railroad, the appellant’s counsel contend, in argument, that her subscription to the capital stock of the railroad company, the issuance of her bonds and the levy and collection of taxes to redeem the same, were acts expressly authorized by an act of the general assembly approved July 23, 1868 ; admitting at the same time that laws providing for the carrying of such power into effect were wanting, unless the analogous laws applying to counties be called into requisition, which they say was done in this case.
It is difficult to see the point in this argument. Whether the town was expressly authorized to take stock or not is a question, it seems to us, that has little to do with the town’s sole ownership of the road. At all events, the act approved July 23, 1868, was repealed by a subsequent act, once published in *282the Digest of Arkansas, and more recently copied in Gantt's Digest, beginning at Section 3194, and including Section 3202.
4. Railroads must have five •stockholders.
The indisputable fact is, that there never was a time in Arkansas since the adoption of the general incorporation laws, when railroad corporate rights could be possessed and exercised by one sole owner. There must be at least five owners, or there is no franchise to own. Nor does it mend the matter to say, that a corporation stockholder in another corporation, is of itself composed of many individuals, for as a stockholder it is but one person.
5. Sale by trustee to himself: Whether void or voidable.
The next question in order is, whether the sale to W. A. Yarnell and brother was void per se, because of his being one of the directors of the company until negotiations between himself and the other directors were already pending, and during which he resigned (the sole purpose of his resignation being to place himself in a position to make the purchase), or was it only voidable?
There is and there should be a distinction between the case of a sale to a sole trustee, and a case of a sale to several trustees. Even in the case of one trustee selling the property of his cestui que trust to himself, the rule seems to be, that such a sale is voidable, that is, void or not, according to the circumstances of the case.
Thus in 3 Waite’s Actions, p. 468, cited by the appellant’s counsel in their brief, it is said : “But although a trustee cannot purchase of himself, he may, under special circumstances buy from the cestui que trust if the latter is sui juris."
If it be true that the town of Searcy, as the owner of a majority of the stock in the railroad company, advised, assented to, or afterwards by her acts ratified, the sale of the road to W. A. Yarnell, one of the directors of the company, and if the town of Searcy was at the time sui j^lris, could it be said that the sale was void under the rule quoted above? Again, in Pickett v. School District No. 1, 25 Wis., 551, also quoted by *283appollaut’s counsel, it was held : That the contracts of directors made with one of their number are voidable in equity; meaning of course, that they are not absolutely void.
There may be isolated cases where sales of trust property by a trustee to himself have been treated as void absolutely, but the weight of authority is decidedly in support of the rule by which such sales generally are treated as voidable only, especially in equity.
6, Corporations: Power to sell corporate property.
It is contended by appellant that she had no power to dispose of her corporation property, and for that reason the sale of her interest, whatever it was, to the Yarnells, was null and void.
A municipal corporation may be the owner of two classes of property. One class includes all property essential to, or even convenient for, the proper exercise of municipal functions and corporate powers. The other class includes all property held for general convenience, pleasure or profit. It is needless to inquire into the extent of the rights and powers which a municipal corporation has in and over property of the first named of these classes. It may well be admitted that such an inquiry would involve grave doubts. But the Searcy Branch Railroad, and all its property and franchises, belonged to the second class, and our inquiry is solely as to that.
In Bailey et al. v. Mayor, etc., of New York, 3 Hill, 531, it was held that: “ A municipal corporation, when in the exercise of franchises and the prosecution of works for its emolument or advantage, and in which the state in its sovereign capacity has no interest, is answerable as a private corporation, although such works may also be in the nature of ‘ great enterprises for the public good,’ and ‘ powers granted exclusively for public purposes belonging to the corporation in its public, political or municipal character.’ Powers granted for private advantages, though the public may also derive benefit therefrom, are to be regarded as exercised by the municipality as a private corporation *284and “ municipal corporations in their private character, as owners or occupiers of property, are regarded as individuals.” We quote from the syllabus of the case, which seems to be a correct epitome of the opinion.
The same distinction is made, and the same rule announced in Lloyd v. Mayor, etc., of New York, 5 N. Y. (1 Selden), 369.
Again, if the power to dispose of her property was nowhere expressly granted to the town of- Searcy, it is equally true that it was nowhere expressly withheld, and such disposal nowhere prohibited. The question, therefore, is merely a question of a bare want of power.
8. Power of stockholders to sell.
The contract of sale being otherwise fair and lawful, both parties having performed their respective parts, the plea of “ ultra vires” cannot and ought not in equity and good conscience to avail anything. See Hitchcock v. Galveston, 96 U. S., 341; and Union National Bank, v. Matthews, 98 U. S., 621. Again, it is contended, that the company, even by a vote or assent of stockholders, otherwise expressed, could not sell the road with the franchise. It is true that not even a majority of the stockholders in number or amount, or both, can sell the property of the company against the wishes of the minority, and thus defeat the object for which the corporation was formed; and it may be true that the franchise may not be sold at all, and yet the directors, by unanimous vote of the stockholders, can sell all the other property of the corporation, under the theory that one may at all times sell his own, and thus the incorporators may denude themselves of all power and ability to exercise the right of the franchise; and they cannot avoid the consequences of their acts by setting up the inalienable character of the franchise right. The state alone has such an interest in that, as will enable her to sue for its recovery back to herself, not to the appellant. Again, the mere vehicle of conveyance of title to the road from the company to the Yarnells is objected to, ate not being in conformity to the *285laws of the state insuring perpetual succession in incorporations. This objection is not good, because the stockholders having unanimously parted with all they could part with, there is no one left to claim the succession, and consequently no one left who is in a situation to be heard on such a plea. Besides, the objection is a weak one, eyen in the minds of appellant’s counsel. Why not treat the deed in this case as an equitable assignment of the stock, as suggested by appellant’s counsel ? It is that if nothing more. . Moreover, if there was no other objection to the sale than the mere shape of the instrument by which the title was sought to be transmitted from the company to the Yarn ells, this court, on proper application, in furtherance of justice and right, would compel the transfer to be made in proper form, under the rule that what should have been done the court will compel to be done.
We have thus disposed of the merely legal objections to the sale. Some of these would be unavailable as objections in any case, and all of them are unavailable when relied on by one occupying the relative position of the appellant in this case. The facts of the case may be disposed of more briefly.
Granting for the sake of argument, that his fiduciary relation did not cease by reason of his resignation as one of the directors of the company; and yet the evidence in the case fails to sustain the charge that William A. Yarnell, while in this trust relation, and by reason-of the same, so managed, or assisted in managing the affairs of the company, as to compel a sale of the road to himself, and to his advantage.
All the testimony adduced tends to show that the wooden tramway, in obedience to natural laws, at the end of four or five years from its construction, was so rapidly going into total decay, that early in the year 1877, the company, the town council, the citizens of Searcy and all persons interested, plainly saw that some disposition of the road must be made, other than renting or leasing it as had been the practice. Un*286der the then existing laws, the town of Searcy, as a corporation, was powerless to render pecuniary aid or grant relief in any way. All seemed to regard a sale of the road as the only way out of the difficulty ; the only remedy against the impending ruin. A sale was sought by various methods to be made, to all who might desire to purchase, and finally, when no one else would undertake it, the Yarnells made the purchase upon substantially the same terms as had been repeatedly offered to all others. The original object of the town was to secure connection with the Cairo & Fulton Railroad, for her citizens’ profit and convenience; and in the prosecution of this object, and to gain an end so desirable, the town had expended about eighteen thousand dollars. In the course of time the keeping up of the road began to promise a greater outlay than the town was able to make ; her management and control of it, always awkward, inconvenient and embarrassing, had now become impracticable ; the usual fears of monopolizing demands on the part of the Cairo & Fulton road began to séize the minds of the people, begetting the idea of extending the tap road to West Point, the head of steamboat navigation on Little Red river, so as to destroy or prevent the apprehended monopoly. A sale, of the road was not only desired but was inevitable. To carry out the original design, keep up a connection between the town and the Cairo & Fulton road, to substitute steam for horse-power, and to extend the connection to West Point in answer to the demand of the citizens, and by the payment of the sum of five hundred dollars in addition, the Yarnells became the purchasers of the road; and the evidence goes to show, literally complied with their obligations, and in doing so, expended about the sum of thirty thousand dollars. This certainly was not such a want of consideration, such an inadequate consideration, as will cast a shadow of suspicion upon their dealings; certainly not such as would invalidate, the sale.
Finally, the town of Searcy — having authorized and made the sale through her acknowledged agents; having stood by *287and seen, without warning or objection, the appellees expend their time, labor and means in carrying out their part of the contract, and having waited for a period of nearly five years in apparent acquiescence; when at length the affairs of the road, perhaps under the judicious management of her enterprising citizens (the appellees) had assumed the airs of thrift and prosperity — instituted this action to recover back from them that which she had sold to them, and for which they had paid her such a price. It is not the odious plea of the statute of limitations that is interposed against the appellant’s claim. It is a plea of estoppel — a plea that has for its object the assertion of the principle that one is not to be permitted to profit by his own wrong, or to possess himself as his own of the proceeds of another’s- labor, which he has caused him to expend. The appellant waited until she was no longer able to put the appellees in statu quo, if indeed she ever was; and worse still, she does not even offer to do so. There is not equity in a bill which seeks and does not offer to do equity; nor is there equity in the case of a complainant who deliberately waits until he is no longer able to do equity, and then brings his suit demanding equity. Such is the nature of the case under consideration, as it appears to us.
The decree of the White county circuit court in chancery is therefore affirmed at the costs of the appellant.