i. Trusts:— Husband and wife: Purchase with wife's funds.
At the time the mortgage which the bill in this case seeks to foreclose was executed, the mortgagor was not 0Wner of the fee in the mortgaged premises. He had contracted by bond for title with the person who was seized of the fee to purchase the lands upon the payment of' $800. Of this sum $600 had been paid by his wife to the vendor, out of money given her by her father for the avowed purpose of purchasing a home for her and her children. It was. in pursuance of this purpose that the purchase was made and the money paid. The bond for title, however, bound the vendor, by its terms, to execute a deed to the husband, upon the payment of the residue.of the purchase money, and he executed his notes for the deferred payments.
By this arrangement the husband became the apparent, equitable owner of the land, subject to the vendor's lien for the unpaid purchase money; but in fact an equity arose in favor of the wife to the extent of the purchase money paid by her, and would have arisen in toto an full payment, to have a. trust declared and enforced in her favor against the husband and the vendor. This is the established equitable rule, where an estate is purchased in the name of one person and the consideration paid by another. Tiederman on Real Prop., sec. 500 The whole question in such cases is one of intention. And so when the husband pays the purchase money and takes the conveyance in the name of his wife, the presumption that he intended it as a gift is raised from his obligation to provide for her, and there is, therefore, no presumption of a trust. Milner v. Freeman, 40 Ark., 62; Ward v. Estate of Ward, 36 Ark., *115 586; Gainus v. Cannon, 42 Ib., 503. On the other hand, where the deed is taken in the name of the husband, the purchase money being paid by the wife, no presumption of an intention to make a gift arises, but there is a resulting trust in favor of the wife, and the husband .holds the property thus acquired as trustee for her benefit, unless he is able to overcome the presumption by establishing a different intention. Cunningham v. Bell, 83 N. C., 328; Thomas v. Standiford, 49 Md., 181; Loftin v. Whitboard, 92 Ill., 461; Moss v. Moss, 95 Ib., 449; Catherwood v. Watson, 65 Ind., 576.
When it is shown that she intended the purchase for herself, and made the cash payment of the purchase money from her separate means, the fact that the husband takes the conveyance to himself, and executes his individual notes for the unpaid purchase money, does not defeat the trust that arises in her favor to the extent of the payment made by her. Cunningham v. Bell, supra; Keller v. Keller, 45 Md., 269; Hopkins v. Carey, 23 Miss., 58. The burden is still upon the husband to repel the presumption of the trust. Wales v. Newbould, 9 Mich., 45-64; Keller v. Keller, supra,
2. A mortgage: By husband, of pTrtby w¡f°.rin
This was the wife’s attitude toward the premises in ques-1 *■ tion when the husband executed the mortgage in this case, It is not even shown that she knew that her husband was the obligee in the title bond. The mortgagees were cognizant of all the facts. The money which had been paid upon the execution of the title bond was paid by them to the vendor of the land in behalf of the wife. It had been deposited with them by her father with instructions that it should be paid out on her order for the purpose of providing a home for her and her children, and they knew that was the object of the purchase.
The money was paid to the vendor in the wife’s presence and by her direction, and the title bond was at that time or shortly thereafter placed in the mortgagees’ safe for safe keeping. They are not, then, in the attitude of innocent purchasers, but *116took the premises subject to the wife’s equity. Harris v. Brown, 30 Ala., 401. The wife appears, however, to have abandoned the intention, if she ever entertained it, of causing the purchase to be completed by payment out of her separate estate. The residue- of the purchase money was paid by the husband out of his own means. Money was advanced to him by the mortgagees for that purpose. The amount paid in discharge of the notes executed by him at the time of purchase was one-fourth of the purchase price. To the extent, then, of a one-fourth interest the wife’s equity did not attach. The husband’s creditors could have subjected the interest thus acquired by him to the payment of his debts, (Hill v. Bugg, 52 Miss., 397; Heam v. Lander, 11 Bush. (Ky.), 669; Thompson v. Tharp, 3 Metc. (Ky.), 372,) and a mortgage made by him while the title was in the condition described, bound his interest and vested in the mortgagees the right to subject it, upon foreclosure, to the payment of the mortgage debt.
3. Deed to husband and wife — Effect of.
Before the bill was filed, however, to foreclose the mortgage, the vendor of the land, who held the naked legal title, executed a deed to the husband and wife jointly, in pursuance of instructions received from them to that end. What led to the apparent change of ownership to the husband and wife jointly, we are not informed, and the wife has not complained of the character of the conveyance. The effect of it, according to the case of Robinson v. Eagle, 29 Ark., 202, was to vest in the grantees an estate in entirety. But the mortgagees’ rights had become fixed by the mortgage before the execution of the deed, and it could not have the effect of discharging the lien that bound the husband’s interest. The parties to that deed could do nothing that would deprive the mortgagees of recourse on that interest. As between themselves the husband and wife were seized of an estate in entirety in the whole property, but the wife acquired no interest superior to the mortgage in that part of the premises of which the husband was the *117true owner. The husband, however, acquired a new interest in so much of the land as he had previously held in trust only. That, as we have seen, was a three-fourths interest in the whole. Title acquired to lands by the grantor after his conveyance, passes to tlfe vendee, by virtue of the statute in this state, in all respects as if the same title had been in the grantor at the time of the conveyance. Crittenden v. Jordan, 14 Ark., 463; Jones v. Green, 41 Ib., 369; Horsly v. Hilburn, 44 Ib., 458.
We have no reported case in which the statute has been held to apply to a mortgage, but as the mortgage is, with us, as at common law, the conveyance of a conditional estate, and the statute by its terms applies to any conveyance purporting to convey a fee simple or any less estate, (Mansf. Dig. sec. 642,) the provisions must be held to apply to mortgages equally as to conveyances absolute inform. Clark v. Baker, 14 Cal., 612; Vallejo Land Assn. v. Viera, 48 Ib., 572.
The prevailing doctrine of the after acquired title enuring to strengthen the mortgage lien, in the absence of a statutory provision, is that in order to have that effect the conveyance must contain a covenant of warranty or something nearly akin to it. The usual covenant of warranty is not found in the mortgage in this case, but in the habendum clause it is recited that the land shall beheld by the mortgagees, their heirs and assigns “against the lawful claims and demands of all persons whomsoever.” If this is not a specific warranty, it is at least a declaration that the mortgagor purports to convey an estate in fee simple, of which he is seized, subject only to be defeated by payment of the amount named.
Without the aid of the statute referred to, which, as we have heretofore held, modified the rule as to the character of deed required to enable the grantee to take the after acquired title, this conveyance appears to be sufficient to have that effect, but under the statute there can be no doubt of it. Crittenden v. *118 Johnson, supra; Bigelow Estoppel, 296, n. 1; Clark v. Baker, supra.
So that when the bill was filed the mortgage bound a one-fourth interest in the land (in which the wife relinquished her right of dower) and also whatever right the husbdnd took in the other three-fourths by the deed to himself and wife.
5. Subrogation: Paying lien on land.
When the notes were executed the mortgagor and his wife signed a written declaration that the entire mortgage debt was for money advanced to the husband to pay off the purchase money due on the lands. It is admitted that this statement is true in part only, a portion of the mortgage debt having accrued upon a store a.ccount contracted by the husband; but it is argued that the parties are estopped from denying the truth of the statement, and that the mortgagees are subrogated to the rights and remedies of the vendor of the land whose lien was paid with their money. The position is not tenable upon either ground. Without considering the effect of the coverture of Mrs. Ragland upon the operation of the doctrine of estoppel, it is sufficient to say that the declaration was not an inducement to the lending of the money or the execution of the mortgage, (Franklin v. Meyer, 36 Ark., 114; Jowers v. Phelps, Ib., 465; Shields v. Smith, 37 Id., 47,) and was procured by the mortgagees with the full knowledge of its falsity. But if the statement were literally true it would not aid the cause, because the mere advancing or lending money to one to enable him to pay off a lien does not subrogate the lender to the rights of the lien holder when the money is so applied. Rodman v. Sanders, 44 Ark., 504.
It does.not appear from the written declaration or the proof that there was any agreement or intention at the time the money was advanced or paid to the vendor that these mortgagees should be subrogated to his lien, or that they looked to the land for security. The advance appears to have been made solely upon the personal security of the husband, with whom *119the lenders had numerous dealings, and upon a final settlement ■of accounts the mortgage was taken to secure the balance due them.
But it is claimed that the mortgage has been discharged by payment, and the special judge who tried the case actually so found and caused a decree to be entered upon this ground for the defendants.
The facts upon this branch of the case are these: Ragland, the mortgagor, was in the employ of the mortgagees and received a monthly salary from them. He had a running, store •account with the firm. Before either of the notes fell due the partnership between Freed & Block, the mortgagees, -was dissolved, and Block became the sole owner of the mortgage notes and the account subsequently .contracted by Ragland. He •continued the firm business and permitted Ragland’s store account to run and increase from month to month. Ragland’s monthly salary and certain cash payments made by him were credited on this account as the salary fell due or the payments were made. It appears from the exhibits of the annual accounts stated, that Block charged in the accounts the notes with.the interest against‘Ragland as they matured, just as other items of money advanced or goods furnished, and that the balance of the account so stated, after allowing credits, was carried forward and charged in the next account. If the payments made by Ragland are applied to the items of the account in the order of their dates, the mortgage notes which have been carried into the account will be extinguished and something less than $100 will remain due upon the account, which is not secured by the mprtgage. This method of appropriation of payments, as was ruled in Price v. Dowdy, 34 Ark., 285, under a like state of facts, will be presumed to have been the intention of the creditor in the absence of countervailing proof. There is no satisfactory proof of any agreement between the parties, at the time of payment or at any time, to show how the payments should be ap*120plied, and the only proof of the actual appropriation is made by the statements of account taken from the mortgagees’ books.. Block died in July, 1883, soon after the last payment was made. At the time of that payment only two notes were due, and the amount due upon these notes had been entered upon the running account in the manner indicated. Under the circumstances the law made the appropriation of payments to the items in the order of their dates and these two notes were extinguished. Price v. Dowdy, supra. The remaining notes had not matured when the last payment was made, and without agreement with his debtor the creditor could not and the law does not appropriate payments to debts not due. Gates v. Burkett, 44 Ark.
The mortgage lien to the extent of these notes remains, and the decree must be reversed aiid the case remanded, with instructions to enter a decree for the plaintiff for the amount of the three notes maturing last, and interest from date till paid, and if the sum thus found due is not paid, to cause to be sold for its payment, first, a one-fourth undivided interest in the mortgaged premises, and then if necessary whatever interest the husband can convey in the remaining three-fourths.