The plaintiff’s intestate was the conductor of a gravel train on the defendant’s road, and was killed in a wreck which occurred near the bridge over Hurricane creek. The complaint counted upon negligence in the defendant company in three particulars: 1, In not providing'a secure track; 2, In not causing signals to be given to the train before it reached the place of danger; and, 3, In the employment of a reckless and incompetent engineer.
The answer denied specifically the alleged acts of negligence and averred that the deceased lost his life by his own negligence, or by that of a fellow-servant. A jury trial resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff for $10,000.
Morgart, the deceased, had had an experience of twenty-two years in the operation of railroads. He had been in the defendant’s service some two months, and for the last six weeks of that time had acted in the capacity of conductor of a gravel train, which plied daily between the sand-pits near Benton, and Little Rock and points beyond. The engineer of his train, during this period, was one Campbell. Five miles north of Benton the railroad crosses Hurricane creek; and the trestle supporting the bridge over it was undergoing repairs, new stringers, cross-ties, etc., being put in. Work of this nature had been proceeding at the bridge for several days, and this was known to Morgart. Boards with the printed words, “ Slow ” were kept posted in both directions at the distance of half a mile from the bridge. These were intended for the eye of the engineer, and those in charge of the train, and signified: “ Run from four to six miles an hour.” When the progress of the work obstructed the track, or rendered it impassable, flagmen were stationed at the same distance from the bridge to flag down the train. This signal meant “ Stop, and don’t, attempt to pass the obstacle until the word of command is given.”
*323On the morning of the fatal day, the foreman of the bridge gang had seen Morgart at Benton and had warned him that they would be at work on this bridge that day, and to keep a look-out. Between 7 and 8 a. m. the gravel train came in sight, and, with slackened speed, passed over in safety and proceeded northwards. Several other trains also passed in the interval between that time and Morgart’s return shortly after noon. The bridge force were now at dinner, a few yards away from the track. Before ceasing work, the track was left in line and in fit condition for the passage of trains that were run carefully, and the flag-men were called in.
Approaching Hurricane creek from the north, for a mile .or more, the grade descends at the rate of fifty-two to fifty-eight feet to the mile. The train rushed,down this grade and over the bridge at a speed variously estimated between twenty and thirty miles an hour. The engine was running backwards, the tender being in front; next came the caboose, in which Morgart rode; then followed twenty or more empty flat-cars. As the train approached the bridge Morgart was observed standing in the door of the caboose, and making signals either to the engineer or the brakemen. The engineer was using steam. The tender and engine passed over the trestle, but left the track soon afterwards and ran upon the cross-ties for seventy or one hundred yards. When the train was brought to a standstill, all of the cars . were south of the trestle, the nine rear cars standing on the rail. The others were off the rail, and most of them badly torn up. The caboose was broken into fragments, and Morgart was dead.
The jury could not have found that the proper danger signals had not been displayed. The uncontradicted evidence is that the “slow” boards were out. The track was not impassable for trains running at the speed they indicated. Hence there was no impropriety in withdrawing the flagmen.
Neither could the jury have found that the condition of the track, or of the trestle, was the immediate cause of the wreck. *324The line of spikes fastening the cross-ties to the stringers and some of the spikes for holding the rails to the ties had been drawn out in the morning, and had not been replaced at noon. But there is no reason to suppose that these things had any share in bringing about the wreck. No part of the structure gave way; the bridge timbers were not moved from their position ; and there was no spreading of the rails on the track over the bridge. A “tight rail” had also been observed about noon, near the south end of the trestle. The rail had expanded under the heat of an August sun, and there was a kink in it. But the foreman, a careful and competent man, had, with his own hands and the assistance of one of his gang, righted this rail and had left it straight and in proper position. Every car of the wrecked train passed over the rail without being thrown off at that point. And after the wreck was cleared away, and before the defect in the rail had been further remedied, the delayed trains, going in both directions, passed in safety.
1. Railroads: Duty to keep perfect roadbed.
The charge of the court on this branch of the case was erroneous and misleading. The jury were told, in substance, that the company owed it to their servants to maintain, under all circumstances, a firm roád-bed and safe track. This is the measure of its duty to the public, but not universally to its employes. A railroad track is constantly wearing out and requires frequent renewals. And it is often necessary for gravel and construction trains to go over and upon unsafe portions of the track to transfer the materials needed for making repairs. The duty of the company under such circumstances is to give timely notice of the insecurity, so that the necessary precautions may be adopted to avert danger. Henry v. L. S. & M. S. R’y Co., 49 Mich., 495.
'The testimony on both sides shows that the proximate cause of the disaster was the high speed at which the train was moved, in disregard of the danger signals.
*325Morgart was probably guilty of contributory negligence in making up his train; not so much, perhaps, in running with a reversed engine, as in having the caboose next to the engine, instead of at the rear, its customary and appropriate place. It belonged at the rear end, because in that position the conductor may supervise the whole train, and see that his men do their duty; and also because being nearly twice as heavy as- an ordinary freight car, and being furnished with double brakes, it can be made to act as a powerful clog upon the motion of the train. Its efficiency in checking the speed is impaired when it is put in the forward part of the train. The arrangement of the order of his cars is a matter over which the conductor has supreme control. But there was on this road no inflexible rule, nor uniform custom, requiring the caboose to stand at the end of the train. Therefore, it was in the power of the jury to resolve all doubts on this head in favor of the plaintiff.
But it was impossible for the jury, with a proper regard for the undisputed facts of the case, to absolve Morgart from blame in the matter of the accelerated speed. The rules of the company, printed on its time card and furnished to him, positively forbade him to run faster than fifteen miles an hour under any circumstances,, and subjected the engineer to his orders. The proofs show that upon descending grades the conductor, with his brakemen, can more effectually control the speed than the engineer, who can only shut off steam. Both were at fault here, first, in running above the maximum rate of speed prescribed; and again, in running the last half mile above the rate of six miles an hour.
Now, Morgart’s administrator cannot recover against the company for an injury, resulting in death, caused by Morgart’s own negligence. Neither can she recover if the injury was due to the negligence and misconduct of Campbell, while he was subject to the orders of Morgart, unless the deceased was free from fault and the company was negligent in. employing or *326retaining Campbell in its service. For the two were fellow-servants, engaged in the same employment, or else Morgart was the superior officer in charge, and the presumption is, the train was operated under his orders. Ragsdale v. M. & C. R. Co., 3 Baxt., 59 Tenn., 426; Dillon v. U. P. R. Co., 3 Dillon, 319; C. C. & I. C. R’y v. Troesch; 68 Ill., 545; Dewey v. C. & N. R. Co„ 31 Iowa, 373.
*325 In8jufAt” ne^ugeíiceSf engineer'
*326Some of the recent cases hold that a subordinate officer of a train, such as an engineer or brakeman, is not a co-servant of the conductor, within the meaning of the rule which exempts the master from liability. But this distinction cannot benefit the plaintiff, for it is founded upon the principle that the inferior servant is bound to obey orders, and that the conductor, whose right and duty it is to command the movements of the train, and to control the persons employed upon it, represents the company while performing these duties. Little Miami R. Co. v. Stevens, 20 Ohio, 416; C. & M. Railroad v. Ross, 112 U. S., 377; Moon's Adm’r v. R. & A. R. Co., 78 Va., 745; S. C., 49 Am. Rep., 401.
Campbell had been in the company’s service for six or seven years, first as a fireman and afterwards as a locomotive engineer; and was still in its service at the date of the trial. No attempt was made to show that the company had not exercised due caution in his original hiring, or his subsequent promotion. But evidence was adduced that he had the reputation of being a reckless runner and that he had been implicated in previous wrecks. And it was contended that the company knew, or could have known, of his unfitness, and should have dismissed him.
On the' other hand, it was shown that Campbell bore an excellent character among his superior officers in the operating department of the road, for skill and prudence; and that in the only serious wreck in which he had been involved the company had set on foot an investigation, the result of which was that *327the conductor of the train, and not Campbell, was to blame; and the conductor was suspended in consequence. The master mechanic, whose duty it is to employ and discharge engineers, swore that he had never heard aught, down to the day of the trial, derogatory to Campbell’s reputation as an engineer.
The burden was upon the plaintiff to show that the company had retained Campbell after having cause to believe, either from his general reputation, or his conduct on particular occasions, that he was not a suitable person to entrust with an engine.
If Campbell was notoriously incompetent or reckless, Morgart enjoyed excellent opportunities to become acquainted with his reputation, and also whether that reputation was deserved. Campbell was under him for six weeks, yet he made no complaint.
The rule is, that if the servant knows, as fully as the master, of the unfitness of a fellow-servant, and yet voluntarily continues in the service, he waives the master’s negligence and assumes the risk. Laning v. N. Y C. R. Co., 49 N. Y., 521; S. C. Thomps. on Negl., 932 and notes.
The jury were, in effect, so instructed. If, therefore, their verdict was based upon Campbell’s recklessness in handling his engine and the defendant’s responsibility for the result by keeping him in its service, they must either have forgotten that Campbell had been serving under Morgart for the six weeks immediately preceding, or they failed to apply the principle of law above announced, to this fact. For actual,knowledge of Campbell’s unfitness, or reputation, was not brought home to either party. And the means of knowledge were equally accessible to both, if indeed Morgart did not enjoy superior opportunities for observation.
Upon no sound theory of the law can the verdict be reconciled with the facts in proof.
*328It would be unprofitable to review seriatifi the numerous directions that were given to the jury, and the requests that were refused or modified. For the purposes of a second trial, their correctness can generally be tested by this opinion.
Reversed.